psychology final
15. Which of the following (in its most modern incarnation) may emphasize the importance of collaboration with others to produce knowledge and understanding? A. direct instruction B. behaviorism C. social constructivism D. constructivism
D. constructivism
52. Which peer status includes children who are both actively liked and actively disliked by peers? A. popular B. rejected C. neglected D. controversial
D. controversial
25. Which of the following would be emphasized in a child-centered kindergarten? A. the phonetic alphabet B. colors and shapes C. gross and fine motor skill development D. experimentation, exploration, and discovery
D. experimentation, exploration, and discovery
77. Which of the following might interfere with the development of self-regulation in adolescence? A. advances in cognitive skills B. greater independence C. an increased ability to delay immediate gratification D. feelings of invincibility and social comparison
D. feelings of invincibility and social comparison
83. Older adults are more likely to link their well-being to ______, while younger adults are more likely to assess their well-being in terms of _____. A. their accomplishments; physical attraction B. their accomplishments; their careers C. their accomplishments and good health; their ability to accept change D. good health and their ability to accept change; their careers
D. good health and their ability to accept change; their careers
30. Developmentally appropriate education is an evolving concept and varies by program. Recent changes have given more attention to A. those with learning disabilities. B. IDEA policies. C. ethnic minorities. D. how strongly academic skills should be emphasized and taught.
D. how strongly academic skills should be emphasized and taught.
59. Leslie recalls her painful divorce. At the time, she felt like a failure but now realizes that many aspects of her life improved as a result of this challenge. This process is an example of A. the fluctuating self. B. the ideal self. C. possible selves. D. life review.
D. life review.
57. In her social skills training group, Thaina is learning how to attract positive attention by being a good listener and making appropriate comments. What is Thaina's likely peer status? A. popular B. controversial C. rejected D. neglected
D. neglected
47. Sam is participating in a social skills group that focuses on teaching the children how to join in with peers and make friends. In regard to peer status, Sam is most likely a(n) A. average child. B. popular child. C. controversial child. D. neglected child.
D. neglected child.
11. What was the life expectancy in the United States in 1900? A. 39 years B. 47 years C. 54 years D. 61 years
B. 47 years
29. What has research shown about the effects of a developmentally inappropriate kindergarten approach? A. No study has yet shown a correlation between DAP and any improved performance or learning effects in children. B. Some studies have linked it to a range of improved learning and performance effects, but some studies have shown no benefit. C. DAP programs consistently show fewer results over the long term than the Montessori approach. D. Several studies have shown improved performance as a result of DAP instruction, but those gains are typically lost by adolescence.
B. Some studies have linked it to a range of improved learning and performance effects, but some studies have shown no benefit.
54. Which peer status is consistently linked to development and maintenance of conduct problems? A. neglected B. average C. rejected D. controversial
C. rejected
39. Which of the following peer contexts influences child and adolescent development? A. religious setting B. sporting event C. neighborhood D. All of these answers are correct.
D. All of these answers are correct.
72. Which of the following is likely to improve a child's self-esteem? A. Find out what a child values and help develop skills and competence in this area. B. Provide encouragement from both adults and peers. C. Help a child confront a problem and try to cope with it. D. All of these answers are correct.
D. All of these answers are correct.
89. Maria is experiencing identity confusion. Which of the following statements describes Maria? A. She is withdrawn and isolated from her family. B. She is immersed in her friends and equates her identity with the crowd. C. She is withdrawn and isolated from her friends. D. All of these are possible descriptions of Maria.
D. All of these are possible descriptions of Maria.
3. Which of the following religions believes in reincarnation? A. Evangelical Christian B. Catholic C. Mormon D. Hindu
D. Hindu
9. Which of the following is an unintended consequence of the medical community's emphasis on prolonging life? A. Children learn to fear growing older and dying. B. Older adults have unrealistic expectations about what the quality of their life will be. C. Chronically ill patients have time to plan a funeral. D. It allows people to deny or avoid the certainty of death.
D. It allows people to deny or avoid the certainty of death.
69. Cross-cultural research shows which of the following about adolescents around the world? A. Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had a healthy self-image. B. Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had an unhealthy self-image. C. Less than half of the adolescents had a healthy self-image. D. Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had unrealistically positive self-images.
A. Almost three-fourths of the adolescents had a healthy self-image.
73. Which of the following is NOT a strategy for increasing self-esteem? A. Avoid problems to prevent failure or disappointment. B. Develop competence in areas of personal interest. C. Cultivate friendships and sources of emotional support. D. Using learned skills to work toward and reach goals.
A. Avoid problems to prevent failure or disappointment.
31. Janene and Michael head a low-income family. They are concerned that their young children are not acquiring the necessary skills and experiences necessary for academic success in school due to their low-income situations. What program is designed to address their needs? A. Head Start B. IHAD C. IEP D. DAP
A. Head Start
10. Two hundred years ago, approximately what percentage of children died before the age of 10? A. almost 50 percent B. almost 60 percent C. 30 percent D. 20 percent
A. almost 50 percent
13. Which of the following is a teacher-centered approach to learning? A. direct instruction B. behaviorism C. constructivism D. social constructivism
A. direct instruction
6. Compared to many other cultures, people in the United States A. are death avoiders and death deniers. B. have deeper religious beliefs associated with death. C. have a greater exposure to rituals associated with death. D. experience a greater sense of loss when a family member dies.
A. are death avoiders and death deniers.
24. Advocates of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act argue that it will have all of the following positive effects except for A. assesses a wide range of student skills. B. improved student performance. C. more time teaching subjects that are tested. D. high expectations for all students.
A. assesses a wide range of student skills.
82. Scott realizes that his memory is not what it used to be. He carries a small notebook with him to write down important information that he will need to recall later. This is an example of A. compensation. B. accommodation. C. a contradiction within the self. D. optimization.
A. compensation.
8. Using all the life-prolonging methods possible, even in the face of certain death, is a sign of A. denial of death. B. medical advancement. C. an intolerance of euthanasia. D. naïveté.
A. denial of death.
96. According to Marcia, adolescents who have not explored meaningful alternatives or made any commitments or show no interest in such matters are in a state of identity A. diffusion. B. foreclosure. C. moratorium. D. achievement.
A. diffusion.
18. Every morning, Ms. Santos dictates a vocabulary word, including its spelling, meaning, and an example of it used in a sentence. Which teaching method does this best illustrate? A. direct instruction B. cognitive constructivist C. social constructivist D. whole learning
A. direct instruction
20. Which approach to student learning is criticized for turning children into passive learners who do not learn to think critically or creatively? A. direct instruction B. cognitive constructivist C. social constructivist D. whole learning
A. direct instruction
65. Self-esteem is linked to many different factors. It is important to remember that the research on self-esteem is not _____, but is largely _____. A. experimental; correlational B. correlational; experimental C. stable; fluctuating D. global; domain-specific
A. experimental; correlational
28. Developmentally appropriate practices at the kindergarten level are likely to A. focus on the uniqueness of the individual child. B. use age-level standardized tests to measure performance. C. de-emphasize socioemotional development. D. be achievement-based.
A. focus on the uniqueness of the individual child.
85. According to Erik Erikson, a key aspect of adolescent development is the need to A. form an identity. B. develop trusting relationships. C. be independent. D. explore his or her sexuality.
A. form an identity.
88. Yves had a tumultuous adolescence. As a young adult, he isolates himself from his peers and family. According to Erikson, Yves emerged from his adolescent crisis with A. identity confusion. B. identity formation. C. identity crisis. D. identity isolation.
A. identity confusion.
91. As articulated by James Marcia, an adolescent who is in one of his four stages of identity development but has not yet experienced a crisis could be experiencing A. identity diffusion or identity foreclosure. B. identity foreclosure or identity moratorium. C. identity moratorium or identity achievement. D. identity achievement or identity diffusion.
A. identity diffusion or identity foreclosure.
90. In contrast to Erikson's belief about identity formation, contemporary theorists believe that identity is formed A. in a gradual process of discovery that occurs across the lifespan. B. after an individual leaves home. C. by resolving a series of crises that emerge during adolescent development. D. long before adolescence.
A. in a gradual process of discovery that occurs across the lifespan.
55. John Coie suggests three reasons that aggressive, peer-rejected boys may have problems with social relationships. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of these boys? A. lack of spontaneity and impulsiveness B. easily aroused to anger C. fewer social skills D. lack of sustained attention
A. lack of spontaneity and impulsiveness
60. Judy reminisces about when her children were young. She reveals to her daughter that she often felt tired and discouraged during those times. Seeing her children as parents helps Judy realize that she was and is a good mother. This is an example of A. life review. B. the fluctuating self. C. possible selves. D. self-esteem.
A. life review.
4. What do members of the Gond culture of India believe causes death? A. magic and demons B. natural forces C. a supreme being D. selective fate
A. magic and demons
67. In most age periods, self-esteem is higher in _____ than in _______. A. males; females B. females; males C. adolescence; middle childhood D. adolescence; middle adulthood
A. males; females
38. To whom are children most likely to turn in times of stress?A. parents B. teachers C. peers D. grandparents
A. parents
45. Charlie is well liked by many of his peers. He has high self-esteem, controls his temper, and is generally cheerful. What is Charlie's peer status? A. popular B. controversial C. average D. neglected
A. popular
32. Project Head Start was designed to provide children from low-income families with A. pre-first grade opportunities to develop skills important for success in school. B. training in job-related skills to reduce reliance on public assistance programs. C. low-cost meal programs so they would be physically ready to learn more effectively. D. alternative academic programs rather than having to attend poor-quality neighborhood schools.
A. pre-first grade opportunities to develop skills important for success in school.
35. According to Jean Piaget and Harry Stack Sullivan, what is a primary thing children learn from their peers? A. reciprocity B. fine motor skills C. role-playing D. autonomy
A. reciprocity
17. Which of the following would a constructivist-based classroom LEAST likely incorporate? A. rote memorization B. child's interests, needs, and learning styles C. experimentation and exploration D. structured and unstructured play
A. rote memorization
41 Another student bumps into Kari in the classroom. As the student turns to apologize, teary-eyed Kari runs back to her seat feeling picked on. Kari has committed an error in A. social cognition. B. social script forming. C. perspective reciprocating. D. social schema formation.
A. social cognition.
44. The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is termed A. sociometric status. B. socioemotional standing. C. acceptance rank. D. cohort approval status.
A. sociometric status.
5. Differences between the Gond culture of India and the Tanala culture of Madagascar highlight the fact that A. the reaction to death is influenced by the perception of its causes. B. the perception of death is influenced by lifestyle. C. the reaction to death is influenced by age. D. the perception of death is influenced by its relationship to the victim.
A. the reaction to death is influenced by the perception of its causes.
16. Every morning, Mr. Lawson's students learn one new word. First, students make a guess at the meaning. Next, they explore their anthology book for the word in context. Finally, they look up the word in a dictionary. Which teaching method does this best illustrate? A. direct instruction B. constructivist C. social constructivist D. whole learning
B. constructivist
51. Candie is a cheerleader. She is often named as best friend by peers, but many of her peers also actively dislike her. What is Candie's peer status? A. popular B. controversial C. rejected D. neglected
B. controversial
92. According to Marcia, _____ is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternatives. A. commitment B. crisis C. foreclosure D. diffusion
B. crisis
7. U.S. culture uses euphemistic terms for death. This is an indication of A. reverence. B. denial. C. naïveté. D. anger.
B. denial.
95. Thirteen-year-old Cody does not understand or care about how his strengths and weaknesses will guide him into different roles in the future. According to Marcia, Cody is in a state of identity A. achievement. B. diffusion. C. commitment. D. moratorium.
B. diffusion.
43. Jake responds calmly when his friend teases him about his haircut. Jake is showing competence in A. sociometric status. B. emotional regulation. C. victimization. D. social cognition.
B. emotional regulation.
84. Sal is 75 years old. He is most likely to personally invest in his A. health. B. family. C. friends. D. work.
B. family.
58. As individuals get older, they describe _____ possible selves and portray them in more _____ ways. A. more; abstract B. fewer; concrete C. fewer; abstract D. more; concrete
B. fewer; concrete
97. Wayne has not explored different life options. His parents want him to become a lawyer, and he is planning to attend the law school that they have chosen for him. Marcia would say that Wayne is in a state of identity A. diffusion. B. foreclosure. C. moratorium. D. achievement.
B. foreclosure.
68. Compared to a seven-year-old child, a nine-year-old child is likely to A. give a less realistic self-evaluation. B. give a more realistic self-evaluation. C. have much lower self-esteem. D. have an unhealthy self-image.
B. give a more realistic self-evaluation.
62. Self-esteem refers to _____, while self-concept refers to _____. A. self-worth; self-image B. global self-evaluation; domain-specific evaluations C. global self-evaluation; self-worth D. domain-specific evaluations; global self-evaluation
B. global self-evaluation; domain-specific evaluations
94. According to Marcia, the existence of an individual's crisis or commitment in the process of developing a self determines their A. identity diffusion. B. identity status. C. identity foreclosure. D. identity moratorium.
B. identity status.
66. Compared to in childhood, most adolescents have _____ self-esteem. A. higher B. lower C. fluctuating D. inflated
B. lower
48. Which peer status group includes children who are not disliked by peers but who are rarely nominated as best friend and are often described as shy? A. rejected B. neglected C. average D. controversial
B. neglected
81. Thora loves to paint but realizes her fine-motor movement is not what it used to be. She now paints in the morning when she experiences fewer tremors and makes sure to go slowly when working on her projects. This is an example of A. selection. B. optimization. C. compensation. D. assimilation.
B. optimization.
98. A study of 40-year-old adults who attended Perry Preschool, a high-quality preschool program, found that compared to those who had not attended, more A. were unable to hold a steady job. B. owned their own homes. C. had high credit debt. D. had not graduated from high school.
B. owned their own homes.
33. Brent and Kegan are about the same age and maturity level. They are A. friends. B. peers. C. classmates. D. siblings.
B. peers.
36. Research shows that children who are isolated from or rejected by peers may be A. more obedient to adults. B. prone to depression. C. more socially competent. D. unhappy as children but happier-than-average in midlife.
B. prone to depression.
56. In his social skills training group, Travis is asked to role-play and discuss possible reactions to hypothetical negative encounters with peers. What is Travis' peer status? A. neglected B. rejected C. average D. popular
B. rejected
49. Kael is participating in a social skills group that focuses on correctly interpreting and appropriately acting on peer input information. In regard to peer status, Kael is most likely a(n) A. average child. B. rejected child. C. popular child. D. controversial child.
B. rejected child.
61. Joann is an older adult who attends a group that shares its past experiences, familiar objects, and photographs with each other. This kind of therapy is known as _____ therapy. A. life review B. reminiscence C. regression D. narcissism
B. reminiscence
37. All of the following parental behaviors have been linked with children's social competence and acceptance EXCEPT A. warmth. B. rough play. C. provision of opportunities. D. advice giving.
B. rough play.
22. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act is aimed at improving student performance through: A. parent involvement. B. school accountability. C. teacher training. D. student motivation.
B. school accountability.
74. The ability to control one's behavior without help from others is known as A. perspective taking. B. self-regulation. C. self-esteem. D. self-awareness.
B. self-regulation.
27. Critics of the Montessori approach (and proponents of DAP) argue that in addition to cognitive development, what should be addressed in early childhood educational programs? A. behavior management B. socioemotional development C. physical skills D. fine motor refinement
B. socioemotional development
1. People, places or contexts, times, objects, and symbols are all components of a culture's death ________ A. stages. B. system. C. prevention strategy. D. definition.
B. system.
19. The director says, "We believe that direct instruction and drill and practice will help our kindergarten students master the skills needed for future school success. We don't waste time on silly games and fluff." This kindergarten is more A. learner-centered. B. teacher-centered. C. developmentally appropriate. D. academically comprehensive.
B. teacher-centered.
Memorial Day in the United States and the Day of the Dead in Mexico are part of which death system component? A. places B. times C. objects D. symbols
B. times
76. At what age do infants, relying on others for signals about acceptable behavior, begin to show compliance to caregivers' demands? A. 1-6 months B. 6-12 months C. 12-18 months D. 18-24 months
C. 12-18 months
12. What is the life expectancy in the United States today? A. 69 years B. 73 years C. 79 years D. 84 years
C. 79 years
50. Which peer status group includes children who do not have best friends and who are actively disliked by peers? A. neglected B. average C. rejected D. controversial
C. rejected
26. Amir attends a preschool in which he independently selects activities and spends a varied amount of time on each, as he desires. His teacher acts as a facilitator rather than a director. Amir most likely attends a A. school for the gifted. B. Project Head Start school. C. Montessori preschool. D. school that emphasizes paper-and-pencil activities.
C. Montessori preschool.
53. __________ children often have more psychosocial difficulties later in life than __________ children. A. Popular; controversial B. Controversial; rejected C. Rejected; neglected D. Neglected; controversial
C. Rejected; neglected
21. Ms. Espinoza uses a direct instruction approach when teaching reading and often assigns hands-on, constructivist projects for reinforcing new skills. What would educational psychology experts say about this teacher's instructional approach? A. Most experts agree that effective teachers use a direct instruction approach exclusively. B. Most experts agree that effective teachers use a constructivist approach exclusively. C. Some experts say that many effective teachers use both a constructivist and a direct instruction approach. D. Experts agree that effective teachers focus on testing skills.
C. Some experts say that many effective teachers use both a constructivist and a direct instruction approach.
23. Which of the following is a criticism of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) act? A. Too much emphasis is placed on social skills and creativity. B. Parent accountability is overlooked. C. Student achievement is too narrowly assessed. D. Teacher accountability ratings are too subjective.
C. Student achievement is too narrowly assessed.
93. According to Marcia, the part of identity development in which individuals show personal investment in an identity is known as A. diffusion. B. crisis. C. commitment. D. moratorium.
C. commitment.
34. What does a child get from peers that he/she typically cannot get from siblings? A. same-sex friends B. a sounding board for intimate feelings C. comparison to others who are the same age D. a view of the world from another's perspective
C. comparison to others who are the same age
14. Which of the following emphasizes the child's active role in building knowledge and understanding through exploration and discovery? A. direct instruction B. behaviorism C. constructivism D. social constructivism
C. constructivism
79. The selective optimization with compensation model is based on the idea that older adults fare better when they A. ignore their increasing limitations. B. use technology to broaden and increase their daily activities and efforts. C. effectively and creatively allocate new skills to tasks they want to master. D. reduce their self-control and regulation.
C. effectively and creatively allocate new skills to tasks they want to master.
75. Those who engage in self-regulation are more likely to have A. high achievement but low life satisfaction. B. lower achievement but high life satisfaction. C. high achievement and high life satisfaction. D. low self-esteem.
C. high achievement and high life satisfaction.
71. Letti allows her young son to try many different activities—sports, chess, music, and so on. She wants him to discover his natural abilities and interests in order to A. help him realize his limitations. B. decrease his self-consciousness. C. increase his self-esteem. D. increase his multiple selves.
C. increase his self-esteem.
40. Which of the following traits is linked to impaired peer relations? A. overzealous religiousness B. hyperactivity C. negative emotionality D. unrealistic optimism
C. negative emotionality
78. Paul Baltes and colleagues believe that successful aging by older adults involves A. a significant reduction in self-control and regulation. B. producing new resources beyond their existing ones across all domains. C. selection, optimization, and compensation. D. attempts to regain ability losses and attain all life goals.
C. selection, optimization, and compensation.
42. Mia plays alone at recess. The school counselor teaches Mia how to introduce herself and how to join in with peers. The school counselor is trying to increase Mia's A. perspective-taking skills. B. information-processing skills. C. social knowledge. D. peer aggression.
C. social knowledge.
63. Which of the following statements is NOT supported by research findings? Low self-esteem is A. correlated with perceived negative physical appearance. B. correlated with depression and lack of happiness. C. strongly correlated with adult job performance. D. correlated with poor mental and physical health in later life.
C. strongly correlated with adult job performance.
70. All of the following are possible reasons why older adults don't have lower self-esteem than young or middle-aged adults EXCEPT A. they don't interpret their "losses" as negatively as younger adults would. B. they are able to reach their emotion-related goals. C. their knowledge-related goals have increased. D. they compare themselves with other older adults rather than younger adults.
C. their knowledge-related goals have increased.
64. Of the following, self-esteem is correlated most strongly with A. athletic competence. B. behavioral conduct. C. scholastic competence. D. physical appearance.
D. physical appearance.
99. One criticism of the contemporary approach to early childhood education is that it A. disallows direct instruction. B. focuses too little on academic subject areas. C. teaches to the lowest-achieving students. D. places too much pressure to achieve on children.
D. places too much pressure to achieve on children.
46. Which peer status includes children who have many friends and are rarely disliked by peers? A. neglected B. controversial C. average D. popular
D. popular
86. Erikson termed the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy A. psychosexual commitment. B. psychosocial crisis. C. identity confusion. D. psychosocial moratorium.
D. psychosocial moratorium.
87. Sometimes Kianna wants to become a lawyer and focuses her attention on school work. Other times she finds playing with children so fun and spends most of her time as a volunteer at a preschool. Kianna's change of interests is an example of Erikson's A. identity withdrawal. B. identity confusion. C. psychosocial confusion. D. psychosocial moratorium.
D. psychosocial moratorium.
80. Curtis loves to garden, but his arthritis makes it difficult. Now he limits the plants he tends to those that do not require much maintenance. This is an example of A. a contradiction within the self. B. optimization. C. compensation. D. selection.
D. selection.