Psychology Modules - Chapter 6

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that (a) memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better (b) the first items learned are more easily remembered (c) people only remember things related to current events (d) this information will stay in sensory memory longer

(a) memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

Memory is defined as the __________. (a) retention of information or experience over time (b) ability to concentrate on more than one activity at a time (c) process of getting information out of storage (d) process of getting information into storage

(a) retention of information or experience over time

__________ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past (a) retrograde (b) prospective (c) anterograde (d) divided

(a) retrograde

Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of the garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an example of __________ memory. She also has to remember that she needs to get the car's oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of __________ memory. (a) retrospective; prospective (b) explicit; implicit (c) implicit; explicit (d) prospective; retrospective

(a) retrospective; prospective

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of __________. (a) selective attention (b) divided attention (c) multitasking (d) storage

(a) selective attention

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is __________ plus or minus __________. (a) seven ; two (b) four ; two (c) nine ; five (d) two ; one

(a) seven ; two

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated air the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened? (a) the concept of long-term potentiation (b) the hierarchy system of classification (c) the implicit memory concept (d) the schema concept

(a) the concept of long-term potentiation

Rehearsal involves __________ information. (a) the conscious repetition of (b) the biological memory of (c) psychologically connecting (d) unconsciously remembering

(a) the conscious repletion of

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation? (a) this concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened (b) the concept hypothesizes that there are three systems in memory (c) the concept hypothesizes that working memory is a three-part system that allows us to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks (d) the concept hypothesizes that information at the beginning or end of a list will be better remembered than information in the middle of the list

(a) this concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened

Which of the following are components of Baddeley's working memory theory? select all that apply (a) phonological loop (b) central executive (c) eidetic imagery (d) visuo-spatial sketchpad

(a), (b) and (d)

Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following? (select all that apply) (a) memory (b) reasoning (c) heart function (d) physical functioning (e) language (f) blood pressure

(a), (b), (d), and (e)

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes. (a) experiment with different organizational techniques (b) organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize (c) review notes that you are preparing to memorize (d) encode and pay attention to all outside information

(a), (b), and (c)

Select all of the following that cause retrieval failure (a) effects of time (b) personal reasons for remembering (c) errors in storage (d) attending too closely to the information

(a), (b), and (c)

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in __________ memory (a) prospective (b) retrospective (c) explicit memory (d) implicit

(a), (b), and (c)

Which of the following statements apply to the concept of working memory? (Select all that apply) (a) it is a mental blackboard (b) it consists of three parts (c) it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory (d) it is based on principles of Ebbinghaus

(a), (b), and (c)

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory? (Select all that apply) (a) it provides us with identity (b) sharing personal experiences creates social bonds (c) it allows us to hold information in its original sensory form for an instant (d) it allows us to learn from our experiences

(a), (b), and (d)

Which of the following statements are true regarding eyewitness testimony? (Select all that apply) (a) Memory can be distorted by new information (b) There is a specific location in the brain where eyewitness memories are stored (c) Bias may be involved (d) Witnesses may share their thoughts (e) Memory can fade

(a), (c), (d), and (e)

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder? (select all that apply) (a) it can affect memories differently (b) it can break down later memories (c) it can affect the retention of new memories (d) it can be anterograde or retrograde

(a), (c), and (d)

Which of the following are true in regard to memories of traumatic events? (select all that apply) (a) they may be more accurate than memories of non traumatic events (b) they are likely rehearsed the day before the traumatic event (c) stress-related hormones play a role in memories that involve personal trauma (d) they may be subject to deterioration and distortion

(a), (c), and (d)

Which of the following is the best example of the reminiscence bump? (a) Lucy is having trouble remembering the names of her new neighbors; the names of her previous neighbors keep popping into mind instead (b) Stephanie remembers more things that happened in her teens and 20s than she does for any other decade of her life (c) Charles has vivid memories from the summer after he got married (d) Steve remembers a funny story that happened to him when he was in the second grade

(b) Stephanie remembers more things that happened in her teens and 20s than she does for any other decade of her life

What do researchers currently believe regarding amnesia? (a) amnesia only affects semantic but not episodic amnesia (b) amnesia reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory; people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired (c) cases of amnesia provide no useful information about the difference between semantic and episodic memory (d) amnesia only affects episodic but not semantic memory

(b) amnesia reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory; people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired.

Which of the following circumstances illustrate motivated forgetting? (Select all that apply) (a) an individual forgets information out of working memory (b) A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful (c) Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma (d) An individual loses information out of procedural memory

(b) and (c)

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory? (a) take advantage of elaborative rehearsal (b) chunk the information (c) study the same information several times (d) rehearse the information

(b) chunk the information

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is __________ memory (a) sensory (b) long-term (c) short-term (d) visuospatial working

(b) long-term

Encoding failure occurs when the information was __________. (a) context-dependent (b) never entered into long-term memory (c) not properly rehearsed (d) never entered into register

(b) never entered into long-term memory

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of __________ memory. (a) prospective (b) procedural (c) repressed (d) autobiographical

(b) procedural

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with __________ memory. (a) implicit (b) prospective (c) procedural (d) retrospective

(b) prospective

Interference occurs when __________. (a) information has been stored but not used for a long period of time (b) the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said (c) information is not made ready for storage (d) the instructor never repeats himself, so you have no clue as to what is important

(b) the instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what she just said

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are __________ systems in memory. (a) four (b) three (c) two

(b) three

Eli knows the name of the capitol of his state, but he forgets it is when his teacher asks. This is known as __________. (a) proactive interference (b) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon (c) the theory of parallel disturbed processing (d) Alzheimer's

(b) tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory? (select all that apply.) (a) it is a memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience (b) it is memory for how to perform skills and tasks (c) it has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic (d) it is sometimes referred to as declarative memory

(c) and (d)

H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of __________. (a) retrograde amnesia (b) retroactive interference (c) anterograde amnesia

(c) anterograde amnesia

Dr. Marsh has her general psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of __________. (a) rehearsal (b) the serial position effect (c) elaboration (d) the primacy effect

(c) elaboration

The two main components of long-term memory are __________ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and __________ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming. (a) long-term ; short-term (b) short-term ; long-term (c) explicit ; implicit (d) implicit ; explicit

(c) explicit ; implicit

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of __________. (a) the serial position effect (b) chunking (c) imagery (d) sensory memory

(c) imagery

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of __________. (a) long-term memory (b) elaboration (c) rehearsal (d) priming

(c) rehearsal

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as __________ memory. (a) implicit (b) episodic (c) semantic (d) priming

(c) semantic

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time? (a) working memory (b) long-term memory (c) sensory memory (d) short-term memory

(c) sensory memory

__________ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer. (a) iconic (b) sensory (c) short-term (d) long-term

(c) short-term

Which of the following is NOT a factor that causes retrieval failure? (a) Effects of time (b) Personal reasons for remembering (c) Errors in storage (d) Attending too closely to the information

(d) Attending too closely to the information

What is the term used to describe the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden? (a) Flashbulb memory (b) Short-term memory (c) Prospective memory (d) Motivated forgetting

(d) Motivated forgetting

According to levels of processing, the process of __________ involves three levels (a) assessment (b) attention (c) information (d) encoding

(d) encoding

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes? (a) parietal (b) occipital (c) temporal (d) frontal

(d) frontal

Rehearsal increases the __________. (a) length of time that information can be held in sensory memory (b) amount of information that can be held in short-term memory (c) amount of information that can be held in sensory memory (d) length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

(d) length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her abnormal psychology class work with use studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that __________. (a) this strategy won't improve memory but will result in the students liking her more than other professors (b) this will allow the information to stay in sensory memory for longer (c) the first items learned are more easily remembered because they are rehearsed more (d) memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

(d) memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Long-term memory is a __________ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information (a) shortened (b) working (c) phonological (d) permanent

(d) permanent

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the __________ effect (a) reminiscence (b) recency (c) chunking (d) primacy

(d) primacy

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of __________. (a) memory (b) retention (c) storage (d) retrieval

(d) retrieval

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage? (a) elaboration (b) rehearsal (c) encoding (d) retrieval

(d) retrieval

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led then to conclude that __________. (a) a memory center exists in the brain, but researchers can't agree on its location (b) there is no one memory center in the brain (c) no conclusions can be made about a memory center in the brain (d) there is a memory center in the brain

(d) there is no one memory center in the brain

__________ amnesia occurs when you cannot remember what happened AFTER you fell down and hit your head.

anterograde

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s __________ memory was impaired, but his __________ memory was less affected.

explicit ; implicit

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in __________ __________ focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory

eyewitness testimony

__________ memories may feel very accurate because they are so much more vivid than other memories, but the details of those memories are not always correct

flashbulb

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as __________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

A __________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

schema

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from __________-term memory to __________-term memory.

short ; long

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Which of the following is NOT a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized (a) memory for words (b) traumatic character of memories (c) emotional memories

(a) Memory for words

Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units? (a) chunking (b) packaging (c) workspacing (d) recalling

(a) chunking

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as __________ memory. (a) declarative (b) working (c) episodic (d) sensory

(a) declarative

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using? (a) encoding (b) storage (c) short-term memory (d) retrieval

(a) encoding

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of __________ memory. (a) implicit (b) explicit (c) semantic (d) explicit

(a) implicit

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds be can still ride. This is an example of __________ memory. (a) procedural (b) explicit (c) episodic (d) semantic

(a) procedural

The conscious repetition of information is also known as (a) rehearsal (b) chunking (c) sensory memory (d) working memory

(a) rehearsal

Explicit memory is the __________ recollection of information such as facts and events. (a) non-conscious (b) classically conditioned (c) conscious (d) unintentional

(c) conscious

In a longitudinal study examining how long explicit memories last, researchers found that forgetting of information tended to happen in the first __________ years and then leveled off.

3

__________ disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning

Alzheimer's

True or False: Flashbulb memories are only accurate and durable if they are for negative events

False

True or False: Flashbulb memories tend to be extremely accurate

False

True or False: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location

False

True or False: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

False

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental __________ to remember the necessary route.

Imagery

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are __________ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Sensory

__________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer that the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

Sensory

True or False: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, visa-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive.

True

True or False: People with amnesia may forget episodic information but have semantic information still completely intact, and vice versa

True

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters: 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is __________.

chunking

A subtype of implicit memory involves __________ __________, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classical conditioning

The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of __________.

connectionism or PDP

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as __________ memory.

declarative

When __________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing

elaboration

The initial recording of information into memory is called __________.

encoding

__________ failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory

encoding

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory, a special form of __________ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollections of his or her life experiences.

episodic

During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at that lecture is __________ memory. Her memory for the actual information in the periodic table is __________ memory.

episodic ; semantic

__________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

implicit

__________ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

interference

What are the three levels of autobiographical memory? (a) personal visual knowledge (b) fact-based knowledge (c) life time periods (d) event-specific knowledge (e) general events

life time periods, general events, and event-specific knowledge

Before using memory processes, you must first __________ the information you are about to study.

organize

__________ memory is a part of long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even in the absence of rehearsal.

permastore

In terms of the effects of serial position, the __________ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

primacy

Carolyn is given a set of words to study, and "dog" is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Carolyn is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as _________.

priming

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used __________, a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance.

priming

__________ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ___________ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned terms

recall ; recognition

Lee Anne is telling her children stories about when she was young. Although the children keep asking Lee Anne for stories about when she was a little girl, Lee Anne can more easily remember events when she was a teenager and in her 20s. Lee Anne's memories are consistent with the idea of the __________ __________

reminiscence bump

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a __________ memory.

repressed

After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the last four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing __________ amnesia.

retrograde

The term used to describe remembering to do something is prospective memory. The term used for remembering the past is __________ memory.

retrospective

Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant, be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best description of this is a __________, which is a schema for an event.

script

__________ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

selective

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as __________.

semantic

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitation of __________-__________ memory.

short-term

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to __________ events.

traumatic

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. Select all of the following that describe a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized (a) showing high levels of alertness (b) memory of words (c) traumatic character of memories (d) emotional memories

traumatic character of memories, emotional memories

The concept of __________ memory was proposed as an alternate conceptualization of short-term memory.

working

The general term __________ refers to the loss of memory.

amnesia

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a __________ memory.

flashbulb

Herman Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on __________.

forgetting

__________ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

memory

Which of the following best describes memory performance for participants who were asked to identify a series of pictures? (a) Participants were nearly 100% accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could only remember about 57% with accuracy. (b) Participants were only 57% accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could remember nearly 100% with accuracy. (c) Participants were only 25% accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could remember about 88% with accuracy. (d) Participants were nearly 40% accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could only remember about 5% with accuracy.

(a) Participants were nearly 100% accurate after 2 hours but 4 months later could only remember about 57% with accuracy.

Flashbulb memories may be, at times, very durable and accurate for which of the following reasons? (a) the memories are likely to be rehearsed in the days following the event (b) the memories are likely to be for only negative events (c) the memories are likely to be emotional (d) the memories are for unimportant events

(a) and (c)

Which of the following statements are true regarding short-term memory? (select all that apply) (a) it is a limited-capacity memory system (b) it can hold unlimited information (c) It can store information longer than sensory memory (d) it involves procedural memory, which is memory for skills.

(a) and (c)

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how __________ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds. (a) autobiographical (b) flashbulb (c) prospective (d) semantic and factual

(a) autobiographical

__________ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections. (a) connectionism (b) integrationism (c) serial processing (d) levels of processing

(a) connectionism

In one study where researchers asked participants to study and later identify pictures that were presented, the researchers found that __________. (a) memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time (b) memory does not change; participants' memory performance remained stable with time (c) memory improves; participants' memory performance improved with time (d) memory is inconsistent; researchers were able unable to find a consistent pattern in participants' performance

(a) memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time