Psychology Quizzes 6-7 (Exam 3)

An intelligence score that falls below ________ indicates significant cognitive delays, and may be indicative of an intellectual disability. 130 40 70 100

70

What kind of professional would be most qualified to administer an intelligence test? A board-certified psychiatrist. A social worker who operates in a high school or middle school. An employee of the Social Security administration. A professional trained in psychology.

A professional trained in psychology.

What was the most controversial conclusion made by Arthur Jensen with regard to Level 1 and Level II intelligence? Those without Level II intelligence should be sterilized so that they could not reproduce. African Americans, as a group, had the lowest amount of Level II intelligence. Level I intelligence at higher levels should exempt citizens from military service. Level I intelligence could only be mastered by those who were socioeconomically advantaged.

African Americans, as a group, had the lowest amount of Level II intelligence.

What is the main idea of social learning theory? Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. Fear is a conditioned response.

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence? Charles Spearman Robert Sternberg Raymond Cattell Howard Gardner

Robert Sternberg

What is the Flynn effect? The observation that each generation has a significantly lower IQ than the previous generation. The idea that standard intelligence tests are flawed when they are used to compare ethnic groups. Once a person knows his IQ, he stops trying to excel academically. The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for? representative bias anchoring bias functional fixedness hindsight bias

functional fixedness

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence. interpersonal; intrapersonal musical; linguistic logical-mathematical; interpersonal intrapersonal; naturalist

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? playing the slot machine checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. primary latent partial conditioned

latent

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________. reflexive instinctive reactive learned

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? conditioning reflexes instinct learning

learning

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. phoneme morpheme letter syllable

morpheme

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. neutral stimulus and a neutral response conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response neutral response and a conditioned response neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. primary partial secondary continuous

partial

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. syntactic unit syllable phoneme morpheme

phoneme

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. operant classical primary secondary

primary

"Each person is born with a genetic potential to reach a certain level of potential, but whether or not they accomplish that level depends on their environments and experiences." This is the foundation of the ________ model. triarchic evolutionary g-factor range of reaction

range of reaction

Which individual was asked by the French government to create an assessment tool - an intelligence test, of sorts - that would be used to identify schoolchildren who would be more likely to have difficulty in school? Louis Terman Marcelle Curie Sir Francis Galton Alfred Binet

Alfred Binet

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics. Prototypical Artificial Ideal Natural

Artificial

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A.blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student C. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables D. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

B

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? Fear is a conditioned response. One can learn new behaviors by observing others. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. Priming Cognition Personality Conceptualization

Cognition

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. Beliefs Emotions Values Concepts

Concepts

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. Ivan Pavlov Rosalie Rayner Edward C. Tolman Little Albert

Edward C. Tolman

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model? punishment and reinforcement acquisition and extinction continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement latent learning and insight learning

acquisition and extinction

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________. think outside the box to arrive at novel solutions to a problem analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast produce new products or ideas and invent novel solutions to a problem provide correct or established answers to a problem

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. associative instinctive reflexive processual

associative

Which of the following is an example of instinct? baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked a teacher demonstrating algebra to students a toddler who is being toilet trained by her parents. believing that nudity is wrong

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? fear cannot be a conditioned response boys display more fear than girls emotion can be a conditioned response boys display fear differently from girls

emotion can be a conditioned response

The ________ theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful. social learning behavioral evolutionary the cognitive

evolutionary

The type of intelligence that involves seeing complex relationships and solving problems is ________ intelligence. applied intrapersonal crystallized fluid

fluid

What is the confirmation bias? focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision believing the event you just experienced was predictable stereotyping someone or something unintentionally

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words? language semantics syntax interpretation

semantics

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? shaping learning reinforcement acquisition

shaping

Which statistic is a measure of how data are dispersed in a population and can be used to give context to larger data sets? variability heritability standard deviation correlation coefficient

standard deviation

The practice of administering, scoring, and interpreting an assessment tool in the same manner is called ________. cohorting standardization validation norming

standardization

Which of the following is an example of a reflex? jumping for joy when your favorite team wins a championship addressing your elders as "sir" or "ma'am" because that is how you were raised the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light deciding that you want to be a parent

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light