Psychology Test 10(gay men report....)

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us, is an aspect of our

environment

The study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change is called

epigenetics

The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as

natural selection

Pat is normally very restless and fidgety, whereas Shelley is usually quiet and easygoing. The two children most clearly differ in

temperament

If research suggested that a pregnant mother's use of an artificial sweetener caused harm to the fetus, the artificial sweetener would be considered a(n)

teratogen

People whose gender identity feels mismatched with their biological sex are

transgender

A human sperm cell contains __ chromosomes

23

_____ refers to the decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed.

Habituation

Professor Smith emphasizes that gender similarities and differences are products of a continuous interplay among genetically predisposed traits, culturally shaped roles, and personally constructed expectations and assumptions. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

a biopsychosocial approach

One of the most consistently damaging teratogens is

alcohol

A human egg contains ________ chromosome and a human sperm contains ________ chromosome.

an x; either an X or a Y

Although identical twins have been shown to have some amazing psychological similarities, one should be cautious about attributing these similarities to genetic factors because

any two strangers are likely to share a string of coincidental similarities.

Gender refers to the ________ characteristics by which we define male and female.

biologically and socially influenced

The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome are most likely to include

brain abnormalities

The social roles assigned to women and men

differ widely across cultures

Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is more time-consuming for women than for men. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior.

evolutionary

Newborns have been observed to show the greatest visual interest in a

facelike image

Social learning theorists emphasize that observation and imitation play a crucial role in the development of

gender identity

A _____ _____ refers to a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

gender role

The belief that boys are more independent than girls is a

gender schema

A segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a specific protein is called a

gene

The biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes are called

genes

Infant visual preferences have been discovered by assessing infants'

habituation

With repeated presentations of a bright red toy, 2-month-old Anita began to respond with less visual attention to the toy. Her decreasing responsiveness best illustrates

habituation

Who are likely to show the greatest similarity in temperament?

identical twins

Environmental influences on personality traits are most clearly highlighted by comparing

identical twins raised together with identical twins raised apart.

The unique temperaments of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture.

interaction

Women are most likely to be sexually attracted to men who seem

mature and affluent

Compared with women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex with different partners and ________ likely to cite affection as a reason for their first sexual intercourse.

more; less

Gay men report ________ interest in uncommitted sex and ________ interest in their partner's physical attractiveness than do lesbian women.

more; more

A random error in gene replication is known as a(n)

mutation

Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to

open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.

A _____ refers to an automatic response to sensory stimulation

reflex

An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature-controlled genetic switch. This best illustrates that genes are

self-regulating

Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be either fearful or relaxed adults most directly highlight the issue of _____ and _____

stability and change

A child's temperament is likely to be

stable over time

A preference for our mother's voice over our father's voice has been detected as early as

the day after birth

People have always responded so positively to Alyssa's good looks that she has developed a socially confident and outgoing personality. This best illustrates

the interaction of nature and nurture

Just after birth, the cries of newborns bear the intonation of

their mother's native language

French toddlers preferred playing with chamomile-scented toys if

their mothers had once used a skin balm with a chamomile scent.

When placed between a gauze breast pad from their nursing mother's bra, week-old nursing babies are likely to

turn their head toward the smell of their mother's pad

An infant boy was raised as a girl following a botched circumcision. During adolescence, the child ________ boys and ________ the assigned female identity.

wanted no part of kissing; did not accept

During the course of successful prenatal development, a human organism begins as a(n

zygote and finally develops into a fetus