PSYCHOLOGY UNIT 2

Jared would describe a square as having four equal sides and four right angles. This is Jared's __________ of a square. A. model B. hierarchy C. feature D. concept

D. concept

By imagining where she was when she last walked in the door, Marla retraced her steps to find her keys. This is an example of a __________ dependent memory. A. mood B. echoic C. state of being D. context

D. context

Meredith got every word on her vocabulary test correct, which she attributed to using the words in a story. This is an example of __________. A. distributing study time B. organizing information C. making it personal D. creating a narrative

D. creating a narrative

The theory that states that memories fade due to passage of time is __________. A. retrieval failure B. motivated forgetting C. echonic forgetting D. decay theory

D. decay theory

According to the study on memory interference conducted by McGeoch and McDonald (1931), as interference __________, retention __________. A. changes . . . stays the same B. increases . . . improves C. decreases . . . declines D. decreases . . . improves

D. decreases . . . improves

While Mary was at the store, she pictured her dog eating food out of a watermelon, which reminded her that she needed dog food and watermelon. This is an example of __________. A. schema B. method of loci C. serial-position effect D. link method

D. link method

What does iconic memory store? A. mental traces of things we hear B. mental traces of things we feel C. mental traces of things we smell D. mental traces of things we see

D. mental traces of things we see

According to "New ISU Study Finds Eyewitness Memory Susceptible to Misinformation After Testing," eyewitness testimonies can be inaccurate due to intentioned or unintentional __________. A. repression B. pseudoforgetting C. judgment D. misinformation

D. misinformation

Which of the following suggests that forgetting occurs due to not wanting to remember unpleasant information? A. decay memory B. retrieval failure C. ineffective encoding D. motivated forgetting

D. motivated forgetting

The set of things or events that catch one's attention is called __________. A. rehearsal B. memory C. sensory D. stimuli

D. stimuli

A group of concepts linked or connected together by related concepts is a conceptual hierarchy. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

A person is born with concepts already formed. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

A person who is good at multitasking can effectively focus one's attention on driving while talking on the cell phone. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

According to Craik and Lockhart (1972), shallow processing and deep processing are the two main types of processing. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Echoic sensory memory is used when a lightning bolt flashes across the sky. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Forgetting takes place only in short-term memory. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Memories of specific personal events are examples of semantic long-term memories. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Memory reconstructions are extremely accurate reproductions of information from one's long-term memory. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Overlearning information hinders deep processing. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Phonemic encoding, where word sounds are emphasized, has proven to lead to less forgetting. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Enrique made a list of things he needed from the store. He listed all of the fruits, then the dairy, and finally, some household cleaning items. Enrique's list is an example of a __________. A. semantic network B. conceptual hierarchy C. schema D. concept

B. conceptual hierarchy

Memory is the process of __________ information. A. recognizing, storing, and encoding B. encoding, storing, and retrieving C. storing, receiving, and recoding D. encoding, receiving, and storing

B. encoding, storing, and retrieving

Kevin can remember his first trip to the fair like it was yesterday, when in fact it was years ago. This memory is stored in what type of long-term memory? A. procedural B. episodic C. recency D. implicit

B. episodic

Research seems to indicate that using a narrative to recall information leads to decreased levels of recall. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Retention is how the brain encodes information. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Retrograde amnesia is the memory loss of events that occurred after the onset of amnesia. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Semantic encoding is emphasizing the physical structure of a word, such as its length or how it is printed. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Short-term memory lasts a fraction of a second before the information is lost. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

Gettier contributed to what we know about the __________ model, while Rosch contributed to what we know about the __________ model. A. prototype . . . concept B. exemplar . . . prototype C. character . . . exemplar D. prototype . . . exemplar

B. exemplar . . . prototype

The Mandler study, which tested the effects of categorizing items, concluded that the number of categories used to remember information has little to no effect on recall. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

F

A theory is a way of explaining observations. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Attempting to both study and watch television is an example of divided attention. T F

T

Being able to ride a bike is an example of an implicit long-term memory. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Chunking is a method that can be used to increase the capacity of one's memory by breaking information down into separate units. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Concepts allow someone to organize information and avoid relearning. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Creating a mental image wherein items to be remembered are linked together is an example of the link method. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Deciding whether or not something occurred is a process called reality monitoring. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Dementia refers to a loss of brain function that usually first appears as forgetfulness. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Expecting to see cages and animals at the zoo before arriving is an example of one using a schema to predict what items would be at the zoo. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Experiences and language skills lead to more complex concepts. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

If someone is attempting to focus on multiple tasks at one time, it could be said that they have divided attention. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

In studies measuring retrieval, information retrieved can be measured as the amount of information lost, which is called __________, or the amount of information retained, which is called __________. A. retrieval . . . storage B. forgetting . . . remembrance C. storage . . . retrieval D. remembrance . . . forgetting

B. forgetting . . . remembrance

Eliza remembers her grandfather telling the story of how he met her grandmother 50 years ago. Eliza's grandpa has these memories stored in his __________ memory. A. short-term B. long-term C. implicit D. echoic

B. long-term

Kevin read a book on outer space, and then applied the information to his recent trip to the aerospace museum. Of what type of deep processing is this an example? A. organizing information B. making it personal C. creating a narrative D. distributing study time

B. making it personal

Paying attention to the __________ of words often leads to deep processing. A. number B. meaning C. sound D. structure

B. meaning

Whenever Jack hears a new word, he tries to place it in a sentence that makes sense to him. This is an example of __________. A. structural encoding B. semantic encoding C. elaboration D. rehearsal

B. semantic encoding

Mood and context are factors that can enhance memory. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

One way that a memory could be distorted is if it includes information that did not actually occur. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Phonemic encoding is emphasizing the sound of a word. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Recall requires a person to reproduce information on one's own. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Recognition requires one to pick out information already learned. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Relearning requires one to memorize information a second time. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Riding a bike is an example of a procedural memory. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Source-monitoring error is one explanation for unintentional plagiarism. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

The ability to recognize faces remains lasting and strong, while the ability to remember names doesn't last as long. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

The human brain can handle only one attention-consuming task at a time. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

The misinformation effect occurs when people incorrectly recall an event they've witnessed due to misleading information about the event. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

The prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and hippocampus are brain structures attributed to memory. T F

T

The process of storing, encoding, and retrieving information is known as memory. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon is a type of retrieval failure. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

Two ways to transfer a memory into long-term memory are maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

When a person's attention is divided, one's brain is switching back and forth between tasks rather than distributing attention among all the tasks at the same time. T F

T

George A. Miller published a paper proposing that __________. A. short-term memory is limited to remembering information for seven minutes B. short-term memory is limited to remembering about seven items of unfamiliar material C. short-term memory can retain information for seven years D. there are seven people in the world who do not have short-term memory

B. short-term memory is limited to remembering about seven items of unfamiliar material

At what age can a child begin to form large concepts such as objects, people, animals, and events? A. 2 years B. 6 months C. 10 months D. 7 years

C. 10 months

As Penny read a book about horses, she applied the information to her experience at her uncle's farm last summer. This is an example of __________. A. rehearsal B. visual imagery C. elaboration D. short-term memory

C. elaboration

In Harry Bahrick's study, he found participants to be really good at recognizing the __________ of old high school classmates. A. homes B. ages C. faces D. names

C. faces

Read the scenario below and answer the question that follows. Randy was in an earthquake. Afterwards she talked to her neighbors, who explained the earthquake as "destructive" and "scary." When asked by another person if anything had fallen during the earthquake, Randy said something did fall when, in fact, nothing had fallen. Her factual error is most likely due to which of the following? A. reality monitoring B. schemas C. misinformation effect D. source-monitoring error

C. misinformation effect

One example of divided attention is __________. A. stimulus B. rehearsal C. multitasking D. processing

C. multitasking

W. C. F. Krueger's study, which involved students memorizing a list of nouns they had already mastered, contributed to studying the effects of which of the following? A. narratives B. interference C. overlearning D. organization

C. overlearning

Karen has been having a difficult time remembering the verbs in her new French class because she keeps mixing them up with the verbs she learned in her old Spanish class. This is an example of __________. A. retroactive interference B. retrograde amnesia C. proactive interference D. anterograde amnesia

C. proactive interference

The method of encoding information to memory is called ___________. A. retention B. reviewal C. processing D. rehearsal

C. processing

Right before Shaw left the house, he stopped to try and decide whether or not he remembered to grab his cell phone like he had intended. This is called __________. A. source monitoring B. misinformation effect C. reality monitoring D. schema

C. reality monitoring

Using a new word in a sentence for deeper understanding is an example of __________. A. shallow processing B. phonemic encoding C. semantic encoding D. structural encoding

C. semantic encoding

When Karen saw the doughnuts in the bakery section of the store, she remembered that she still needed to get frosting for her homemade cupcakes. This connection is an example of a __________. A. prototype B. schema C. semantic network D. hierarchy

C. semantic network

_________ is focusing on something specific in the environment. A. Attention B. Stimuli C. Memory D. Rehearsal

A. Attention

The memory process of transferring information into one's memory system is called __________. A. encoding B. processing C. storing D. retrieving

A. encoding

Recognizing how many syllables there are in a new word or what word it rhymes with is an example of _________. A. phonemic encoding B. structural encoding C. shallow processing D. deep processing

A. phonemic encoding

Scott hadn't been on a bicycle in 12 years, but he hopped on and pedaled away without any hesitation. The skill of being able to ride a bike is stored in Scott's __________ memory. A. procedural B. episodic C. explicit D. short-term

A. procedural

One advantage of the __________ model is quick recognition. A. prototype B. exemplar C. language D. concept

A. prototype

The __________ model is the most recognized model for explaining how concepts are formed. A. prototype B. language C. exemplar D. concept

A. prototype

The idea that one cannot forget something they've never learned is called __________. A. pseudoforgetting B. repression C. amnesia D. dementia

A. pseudoforgetting

The ability to keep information or events in one's memory until they are chosen for retrieval is called __________. A. retention B. rehearsal C. processing D. retrieval

A. retention

Some studies have shown that children with a "weak" memory are more likely to engage in __________ activities. A. risky B. short-term C. adventurous D. volunteer

A. risky

When Maria's friend mentioned an upcoming concert, Maria quickly thought about the new CD that was supposed to come out that day. This connection that occurred as a result of the word "concert" is an example of a __________. A. semantic network B. hierarchy C. concept D. schema

A. semantic network

For deep processing to occur, it is better to study in __________ session(s) than in __________ session(s). A. several short . . . one long B. two long . . . one short C. one long . . . several short D. one short . . . two short

A. several short . . . one long

According to Craik and Lockhart (1972), the three levels of processing are __________, _________, and _________. A. sensory . . . shallow . . . deep B. sensory . . . short . . . long C. shallow . . . intermediate . . . deep D. short . . . deep . . . long

C. shallow . . . intermediate . . . deep

One disadvantage to the exemplar model is that there are __________. A. very few features that need to be remembered B. too many matches for each concept C. too many exceptions to each concept D. very few exceptions to each concept

C. too many exceptions to each concept

When in an argument, it is not uncommon for one or both parties to bring up past frustrations. These are __________ dependent memories. context mood state of being iconic

mood

Flashbulb memories are believed to be __________ and __________ memories of a significant event. vivid . . . detailed vague . . . accurate inaccurate . . . detailed detailed . . . vague

vivid . . . detailed

Explain chunking, recency effect, and primacy effect in regards to short-term memory when more than nine items of unrehearsed information are taken in.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Chunking increases the capacity of short-term memory by recoding information into more meaningful units. When large amounts of information are given, short-term memory usually remembers the first set of unrehearsed information (primacy) or the last set of unrehearsed information (recency), but few things from the middle.

Describe the difference between elaboration and visual imagery.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Elaboration is taking a new idea and making a connection to another idea. Visual imagery is creating a mental picture in one's head to remember a new word.

Explain prototype model and exemplar model.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Exemplar model is a list of common characteristics made for each new item. This is also called a concept definition. A prototype model is a mental image created that has the average characteristics of an item.

What are the two types of long-term memory? Name a characteristic of each.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Explicit memory is used for facts, events, and meanings such as names, dates, events, and ideas. There are two subtypes of explicit memory: semantic and episodic. Implicit memory is used for skills and motor patterns such as actions skills and operations, like riding a bike or driving a car. One subtype of implicit memory is procedural memory.

Describe the difference between focused attention and divided attention.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Focused attention is paying attention to one thing or task. Divided attention is paying attention to more than one thing or task.

Why might one choose to use a mnemonic device in order to remember information?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Mnemonic devices are used as a strategy for improving memory. Mnemonic devices make it easier to remember information that is difficult, long, or complex.

Using the exemplar model, how would one form a concept of a cat?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: One would create a list of characteristics and descriptions, such as furry, long tail, pointy ears, whiskers, four legs, and sharp claws.

What is serial-position effect, and what is one way to protect against it when studying a list of information?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Serial-position effect occurs when the beginning and ending information of a list are more easily recalled than middle information. A way to protect against this is to spend extra time studying information in the middle of a list.

To what did Sir Frederic Bartlett attribute the inaccurate memory constructions in his study using "War of the Ghosts"?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Sir Frederic attributed inaccuracies to schemas. Memory reconstruction is one part actual events and one part personal schema, which can result in inaccuracies when memories are reconstructed.

Define source-monitoring error.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Source-monitoring error occurs when one source is misidentified as being the source of a memory.

What were the findings in the study by Gordon Bower and Michael Clark (1969)?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: The study by Bower and Clark found that people who used narratives did far better in remembering a list of words than people who did not use narratives. Narratives are an effective strategy for processing information at a deeper level.

Explain the three ways of organizing concepts.

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: There are three ways of organizing concepts: conceptual hierarchy, where one groups similar information together, schemas, where one organizes what one already knows about something, and semantic networks, where a group of concepts are linked or connected together by related concepts.

What is "multitasking"?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Multitasking is an example of what can happen when an individual attempts to divide one's attention among more than one task.

What are the two main functions of forming concepts?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Forming concepts avoids relearning new information and organizes information by allowing one to group things into categories and prototypes with average features.

What is the difference between a 10-month-old and a 5-year-old in forming concepts?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information:A 10-month-old can form concepts for large categories such as objects, people, and animals. A 5-year-old is capable of more difficult concepts such as sharp, hot, and above. Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: A 10-month-old can form concepts for large categories such as objects, people, and animals. A 5-year-old is capable of more difficult concepts such as sharp, hot, and above.

Using the prototype model, how would one form a concept of a fish?

Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information:Using the prototype model, a person might form an image or picture that looks like an average fish in one's head. The image may have gills, a small mouth, and fins, and it will be used to compare to other fish that one sees. Responses may vary but should include some or all of the following information: Using the prototype model, a person might form a mental image or picture of an average fish. The image may have gills, a small mouth, and fins, and it will be used to compare to other fish that one sees.

A concept is the general idea of objects, events, animals, or people based on common features, traits, or characteristics. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

A mnemonic device is a strategy used to improve memory. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T

A schema may be the reason that one doesn't remember items that are out of place. Please select the best answer from the choices provided T F

T