Psychology Unit 3
Which of the following statements about interpersonal attraction has been supported by research
"Birds of a feather flock together."
The belief that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously is consistent with the
Cannon-bard Theory
The projective test in which people are asked to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblots was developed by
Hermann Rorschach
Although David earns high grades in school, he feels as though he is not very smart. In fact, he believes that if people knew the real him, they would see that he is not a very good or smart person. Adler would suggest that David has a
Inferiority complex
The idea that women do not envy men's penises, but rather the power that is associated with being male in a male-dominated society was proposed by
Karen Horney
Michael's parents have offered to pay him $50 every time he wins a chess tournament, a game that Michael has always enjoyed playing. According to research,
Michael's intrinsic motivation to play chess will decrease
One of the most widely used self-report measures is the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
Jonathan is watching a movie, and the actors say something that could be either funny or upsetting. Other people in the audience begin laughing, so Jonathan begins laughing and concludes the dialogue must be funny. This example illustrates the
Schachter-Singer Theory
A person is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about it. She is taking the
Thematic Apperception Test
Which of the following is not a primary drive
achievement
According to Maslow, our need for ___________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for __________
adequate clothing; self-esteem
Max demonstrates behaviors that are stereotypical of both men and women. Max could be described as
androgynous
Which of the following emotion words will appear last in a child's vocabulary
anxious
The sexual fantasies of men and women
are similar in content and quantity
Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called
assimilation
A positive emotional bond between a child and his/her caregivers is called
attachment
Research suggests that the worst outcomes for children are associated with
authoritarian and uninvolved parenting styles
In the ______ stage, it is important that a child's physical and psychological needs are consistently met and they have positive interactions with the people and events in their world
autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
Billy finds himself attracted to both men and women, and he has sexual relations with members of both sexes. Psychologists would consider Billy
bisexual
The double standard as it typically relates to sex holds that
boys are permitted to have premarital sex, but girls are not
According to Carl Jung, the ideas and feelings that we inherit from our human and non-human ancestors rest in the
collective unconscious
Teresa and Mark have decided not to date other people as a sign of their love for each other. This means that they will not date other people in the interest of the long-term success of their relationship. According to Sternberg, Teresa and Mark's relationship has strong
commitment
The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as
companionate love
A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of
conscientiousness
Reaction formation refers to the process by which people
consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.
Danielle is faced with a decision of cheating on a paper to receive a higher grade, or not cheating and earning a low grade. She reasons that if she cheats on the paper, then she may be caught by her professor, and the consequences would give her sorority a bad reputation. She decides not to cheat. According to Kohlberg, Danielle is likely in the ________ stage of moral development
conventional
Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients symptoms
could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments
Trait theorists are more concerned with _______ personality than _______ it
describing: explaining
According to Erikson, the primary goal in adolescence is to
develop a personal identity
Cale just learned that his girlfriend wants to end their relationship. As he storms out of her dorm room, he kicks a trash-can over, spilling its contents on the floor. Which defense mechanism is Cale most likely using to cope with his anxiety?
displacement
The norm that govern how and when emotions may be expressed are called
display rules
Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and
drive reduction
Sarah, who is 4 years old, is talking on the phone to her uncle, whom she is not seen in several years. Sarah is disappointed that her uncle has not said how much he likes the new dress that she is currently wearing. Her belief that the uncle can see the dress illustrates
egocentric thought
When we experience feelings that have both physiological and cognitive components and those feelings influence our behavior, we are experiencing
emotions
Santa Claus is to Superman as ________ is to _______
endomorph; mesomorph
Compared with heterosexuals, homosexuals and bisexuals tend to
enjoy the same quality of mental health
During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on
erogenous zones
Generalizing from Harlow's studies of infant monkeys, what should parents due to maximize their baby's attachment
establish cuddly body contact
What is the correct sequence of stages in Master and Johnson's sexual response model
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
According to psychoanalytical theory, boys learn to suppress their sexual interests in the mother when they
experience castration anxiety
The idea that holding a particular facial expression will lead to a person feeling emotions in keeping with that facial expression is called the
facial feedback theory
Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized for
focusing too much on moral judgments and not enough on moral behaviors, being based on the moral code of western societies, and ignoring the moral reasoning sales of women
In Yajeh's culture, it is inappropriate for women to express sexual interest in men. Instead, women must wait until they are approached by men. This expectation of women is a(n)
gender role
All of the following are considered teratogens except
genetic anomalies
Research suggests that children who have homosexual parents will probably
heterosexual
Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality
humanistic theorists
Katie has difficulty controlling her aggression. Whenever someone annoys her, Katie will often hit or kick that person. Such an extreme response suggests that katie is dominated by her
id
Which of the following is not a stage in Kübler-Ross's stage model of dying
identification
If you are in a bad mood but have to go to work, you might find that pretending to be in a good mood and smiling ________ your mood. This would support for the _________ of emotion
increases; facial feedback hypothesis
During the ________ stage, children become particularly interested in mastering their social interactions and academic skills
industry-versus-inferiority
Jamie is an overly protective mother, and she maintains close control over her baby's activities. According to Erikson, Jamie's behavior will be most damaging during the ______ stage.
initiative-versus-guilt
According to Sternberg, our feelings of closeness and warmth in loving relationships are an example of:
intimacy
According to Carol Gilligan, the moral reasoning of men is based on ________, and the moral reasoning of women is based on ________
justice; compassionate concern
A major premise of Maslow's hierarchy of motives theory is that
lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs
One problem with gender roles is that they
may lead to stereotyping about men and women's typical abilities
Research on organs suggests that
men and women describe orgasms in much the same way
Psychologists who are interested in the forces that drive human behavior are interested in
motivation
Food deprivation is to _________ as hunger is to ______________
need; drive
Children in the sensorimotor stage do not realize that people continue to exist even though they can't be seen, thus showing that they have not mastered
object permanence
_________ love is a style that is defined by high physiological arousal psychological interest, and concern for the needs of one's partner
passionate
Andrew believes that he is unique in his ability to excel in volleyball. He believes that no one in his high school can play as well as he does. Andrew's beliefs about his special volleyball talent is a part of his
personal fable
The pattern of enduring traits that lead people to act in the same ways over time and in different situations is known as
personality
Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage
phallic stage
The Oedipal conflict is the developmental crisis that occurs in the
phallic stage
Leah and her partner are having sex, Leah's clitoris has begun swelling from increased blood flow, and she is developing a red rash on her chest. She is most likely in the ______ phase
plateau
A child who resolves moral dilemmas by focusing on the concrete rewards and punishments associated with each solution is likely in the ________ stage of moral development
pre conventional
According to psychoanalytical theory, information that is not threatening and can be easily brought into awareness is stored in the
preconscious
While at a party, Lee forces Sheryl to perform oral-genital sex even though she really does not want to do so. Sheryl is the victim of
rape
Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by
reciprocal determinism
When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw her uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of
repression
________ refers to a person's ability to overcome circumstances that place him or her at high risk for psychological harm
resilience
Whenever Kelli touches her neonate on the cheek, he turns his head and looks at the hand with which she touches him. This is known as the
rooting reflex
Which of the following is the correct sequence of needs in Maslow's hierarchy
safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Warm and responsive parenting is to _________ as neglectful and insensitive parenting is to _________
secure attachment; insecure attachment
People who have reached their highest potential and who are happy with their current lives can be described as
self-actualizing
In the children's story the Little Engine that Could, the struggling engine repeatedly tells itself, "I think i can, I think i can" Eventually the Little Engine is able to cross a steep mountain and deliver toys to their destination. Albert Bandura would suggest that the Little Engine has high
self-efficacy
Personal capabilities are components of ________, and personal evaluations are components of _______
self-efficacy; self-esteem
Stephanie is playing with a ball when it rolls down a flight of stairs and out of sight. She makes no attempt to find the ball. Stephanie is still in the
sensorimotor stage
Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that
sexual drives are central to personality development
A person's preference for sexual partners of a particular gender is called that person's
sexual orientation
All of the following are style of attachment except
slow to warm up
Psychological research has shown that, in general, people are most likely to marry
someone who is similar in physical attractiveness, status, ethnicity, beliefs and values
Ted accidentally drops a stack of pots on the floor, causing a sudden loud noise. Ted's newborn flights out her arms, fans her fingers, and arches her back. His newborn has displayed the
startle reflex
It is not unusual for adolescents to participate in clubs and sports during their middle- and high school years. Some psychologists suggest that adolescents channel their increased sexual impulses into these more socially acceptable activities. According to these psychologists, sexual energy is _________ participation in clubs and sports.
sublimated into
Environmental factors that can cross the placental barrier and contribute to birth defects are known as
teratogens
For an embryo to develop male genitalia, what must occur
testosterone must be present
Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between
the actual self and the ideal self
Moral reasoning refers to
the aspect of cognitive development relating to how an individual reasons about moral decisions
Research on emotions and culture suggests that
the expression of basic emotions may be universal
Which of the following statements in most accurate
the expression of basic emotions may be universal
Which of the following is not a weakness that is specific to longitudinal research designs
the influence of cohort effects on the data
On the nature-nurture issue, most developmental psychologists believe that
the interaction of genetic and environmental influences explain behavior better than just focusing on either genetics or the environment
The relationship between the id and the ego is similar to the relationship between
the pleasure principle and the reality principle
Which of the following is a criticism of Masters and Johnson's studies of sexual behavior
the samples were probably not representative of the American population
Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react
the social-cognitive perspective
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his
theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development
All of the following are true about displaying rules except
they only refer to nonverbal behaviors and body language
A child who has reached the concrete operational stage still cannot
think about abstract or hypothetical phenomenon
The hallmark of the formal operational stage is the ability to
use abstract reasoning
Of the following senses, which is LEAST developed at birth
vision
The embryonic period lasts from
weeks 2-8
Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence following conception
zygote, embryo, fetus