Psychology Unit 3

Which of the following statements about interpersonal attraction has been supported by research

"Birds of a feather flock together."

The belief that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously is consistent with the

Cannon-bard Theory

The projective test in which people are asked to describe what they see in ambiguous inkblots was developed by

Hermann Rorschach

Although David earns high grades in school, he feels as though he is not very smart. In fact, he believes that if people knew the real him, they would see that he is not a very good or smart person. Adler would suggest that David has a

Inferiority complex

The idea that women do not envy men's penises, but rather the power that is associated with being male in a male-dominated society was proposed by

Karen Horney

Michael's parents have offered to pay him $50 every time he wins a chess tournament, a game that Michael has always enjoyed playing. According to research,

Michael's intrinsic motivation to play chess will decrease

One of the most widely used self-report measures is the

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2

Jonathan is watching a movie, and the actors say something that could be either funny or upsetting. Other people in the audience begin laughing, so Jonathan begins laughing and concludes the dialogue must be funny. This example illustrates the

Schachter-Singer Theory

A person is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about it. She is taking the

Thematic Apperception Test

Which of the following is not a primary drive

achievement

According to Maslow, our need for ___________ must be met before we are preoccupied with satisfying our need for __________

adequate clothing; self-esteem

Max demonstrates behaviors that are stereotypical of both men and women. Max could be described as

androgynous

Which of the following emotion words will appear last in a child's vocabulary

anxious

The sexual fantasies of men and women

are similar in content and quantity

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas is called

assimilation

A positive emotional bond between a child and his/her caregivers is called

attachment

Research suggests that the worst outcomes for children are associated with

authoritarian and uninvolved parenting styles

In the ______ stage, it is important that a child's physical and psychological needs are consistently met and they have positive interactions with the people and events in their world

autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt

Billy finds himself attracted to both men and women, and he has sexual relations with members of both sexes. Psychologists would consider Billy

bisexual

The double standard as it typically relates to sex holds that

boys are permitted to have premarital sex, but girls are not

According to Carl Jung, the ideas and feelings that we inherit from our human and non-human ancestors rest in the

collective unconscious

Teresa and Mark have decided not to date other people as a sign of their love for each other. This means that they will not date other people in the interest of the long-term success of their relationship. According to Sternberg, Teresa and Mark's relationship has strong

commitment

The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as

companionate love

A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of

conscientiousness

Reaction formation refers to the process by which people

consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious impulses.

Danielle is faced with a decision of cheating on a paper to receive a higher grade, or not cheating and earning a low grade. She reasons that if she cheats on the paper, then she may be caught by her professor, and the consequences would give her sorority a bad reputation. She decides not to cheat. According to Kohlberg, Danielle is likely in the ________ stage of moral development

conventional

Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients symptoms

could not be explained readily in terms of neurological impairments

Trait theorists are more concerned with _______ personality than _______ it

describing: explaining

According to Erikson, the primary goal in adolescence is to

develop a personal identity

Cale just learned that his girlfriend wants to end their relationship. As he storms out of her dorm room, he kicks a trash-can over, spilling its contents on the floor. Which defense mechanism is Cale most likely using to cope with his anxiety?

displacement

The norm that govern how and when emotions may be expressed are called

display rules

Psychologists have used four perspectives in their efforts to explain motivation. These include an emphasis on instincts, optimum arousal, a hierarchy of motives, and

drive reduction

Sarah, who is 4 years old, is talking on the phone to her uncle, whom she is not seen in several years. Sarah is disappointed that her uncle has not said how much he likes the new dress that she is currently wearing. Her belief that the uncle can see the dress illustrates

egocentric thought

When we experience feelings that have both physiological and cognitive components and those feelings influence our behavior, we are experiencing

emotions

Santa Claus is to Superman as ________ is to _______

endomorph; mesomorph

Compared with heterosexuals, homosexuals and bisexuals tend to

enjoy the same quality of mental health

During the early psychosexual stages, the id's psychic energy is focused on

erogenous zones

Generalizing from Harlow's studies of infant monkeys, what should parents due to maximize their baby's attachment

establish cuddly body contact

What is the correct sequence of stages in Master and Johnson's sexual response model

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

According to psychoanalytical theory, boys learn to suppress their sexual interests in the mother when they

experience castration anxiety

The idea that holding a particular facial expression will lead to a person feeling emotions in keeping with that facial expression is called the

facial feedback theory

Kohlberg's theory of moral development has been criticized for

focusing too much on moral judgments and not enough on moral behaviors, being based on the moral code of western societies, and ignoring the moral reasoning sales of women

In Yajeh's culture, it is inappropriate for women to express sexual interest in men. Instead, women must wait until they are approached by men. This expectation of women is a(n)

gender role

All of the following are considered teratogens except

genetic anomalies

Research suggests that children who have homosexual parents will probably

heterosexual

Which psychologists are most likely to criticize standardized personality tests for failing to capture the unique subjective experience of the individual personality

humanistic theorists

Katie has difficulty controlling her aggression. Whenever someone annoys her, Katie will often hit or kick that person. Such an extreme response suggests that katie is dominated by her

id

Which of the following is not a stage in Kübler-Ross's stage model of dying

identification

If you are in a bad mood but have to go to work, you might find that pretending to be in a good mood and smiling ________ your mood. This would support for the _________ of emotion

increases; facial feedback hypothesis

During the ________ stage, children become particularly interested in mastering their social interactions and academic skills

industry-versus-inferiority

Jamie is an overly protective mother, and she maintains close control over her baby's activities. According to Erikson, Jamie's behavior will be most damaging during the ______ stage.

initiative-versus-guilt

According to Sternberg, our feelings of closeness and warmth in loving relationships are an example of:

intimacy

According to Carol Gilligan, the moral reasoning of men is based on ________, and the moral reasoning of women is based on ________

justice; compassionate concern

A major premise of Maslow's hierarchy of motives theory is that

lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs

One problem with gender roles is that they

may lead to stereotyping about men and women's typical abilities

Research on organs suggests that

men and women describe orgasms in much the same way

Psychologists who are interested in the forces that drive human behavior are interested in

motivation

Food deprivation is to _________ as hunger is to ______________

need; drive

Children in the sensorimotor stage do not realize that people continue to exist even though they can't be seen, thus showing that they have not mastered

object permanence

_________ love is a style that is defined by high physiological arousal psychological interest, and concern for the needs of one's partner

passionate

Andrew believes that he is unique in his ability to excel in volleyball. He believes that no one in his high school can play as well as he does. Andrew's beliefs about his special volleyball talent is a part of his

personal fable

The pattern of enduring traits that lead people to act in the same ways over time and in different situations is known as

personality

Gene spends a good deal of time bragging about his numerous sexual exploits. Freud would have suggested that Gene is fixated at the ________ stage

phallic stage

The Oedipal conflict is the developmental crisis that occurs in the

phallic stage

Leah and her partner are having sex, Leah's clitoris has begun swelling from increased blood flow, and she is developing a red rash on her chest. She is most likely in the ______ phase

plateau

A child who resolves moral dilemmas by focusing on the concrete rewards and punishments associated with each solution is likely in the ________ stage of moral development

pre conventional

According to psychoanalytical theory, information that is not threatening and can be easily brought into awareness is stored in the

preconscious

While at a party, Lee forces Sheryl to perform oral-genital sex even though she really does not want to do so. Sheryl is the victim of

rape

Because Mr. Maloney trusts his employees, he treats them kindly. His kindness leads them to work diligently on his behalf, which in turn increases his trust in them. This pattern of trust, kindness, diligence, and increasing trust illustrates what is meant by

reciprocal determinism

When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw her uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Inge is using the defense mechanism of

repression

________ refers to a person's ability to overcome circumstances that place him or her at high risk for psychological harm

resilience

Whenever Kelli touches her neonate on the cheek, he turns his head and looks at the hand with which she touches him. This is known as the

rooting reflex

Which of the following is the correct sequence of needs in Maslow's hierarchy

safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Warm and responsive parenting is to _________ as neglectful and insensitive parenting is to _________

secure attachment; insecure attachment

People who have reached their highest potential and who are happy with their current lives can be described as

self-actualizing

In the children's story the Little Engine that Could, the struggling engine repeatedly tells itself, "I think i can, I think i can" Eventually the Little Engine is able to cross a steep mountain and deliver toys to their destination. Albert Bandura would suggest that the Little Engine has high

self-efficacy

Personal capabilities are components of ________, and personal evaluations are components of _______

self-efficacy; self-esteem

Stephanie is playing with a ball when it rolls down a flight of stairs and out of sight. She makes no attempt to find the ball. Stephanie is still in the

sensorimotor stage

Contemporary psychodynamic theorists are most likely to disagree with Freud's assumption that

sexual drives are central to personality development

A person's preference for sexual partners of a particular gender is called that person's

sexual orientation

All of the following are style of attachment except

slow to warm up

Psychological research has shown that, in general, people are most likely to marry

someone who is similar in physical attractiveness, status, ethnicity, beliefs and values

Ted accidentally drops a stack of pots on the floor, causing a sudden loud noise. Ted's newborn flights out her arms, fans her fingers, and arches her back. His newborn has displayed the

startle reflex

It is not unusual for adolescents to participate in clubs and sports during their middle- and high school years. Some psychologists suggest that adolescents channel their increased sexual impulses into these more socially acceptable activities. According to these psychologists, sexual energy is _________ participation in clubs and sports.

sublimated into

Environmental factors that can cross the placental barrier and contribute to birth defects are known as

teratogens

For an embryo to develop male genitalia, what must occur

testosterone must be present

Carl Rogers would have suggested that many of the defense mechanisms described by Freud are used to minimize the perceived discrepancy between

the actual self and the ideal self

Moral reasoning refers to

the aspect of cognitive development relating to how an individual reasons about moral decisions

Research on emotions and culture suggests that

the expression of basic emotions may be universal

Which of the following statements in most accurate

the expression of basic emotions may be universal

Which of the following is not a weakness that is specific to longitudinal research designs

the influence of cohort effects on the data

On the nature-nurture issue, most developmental psychologists believe that

the interaction of genetic and environmental influences explain behavior better than just focusing on either genetics or the environment

The relationship between the id and the ego is similar to the relationship between

the pleasure principle and the reality principle

Which of the following is a criticism of Masters and Johnson's studies of sexual behavior

the samples were probably not representative of the American population

Which perspective most clearly emphasizes that our personalities help create the situations to which we react

the social-cognitive perspective

The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget is best known for his

theory proposing that children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development

All of the following are true about displaying rules except

they only refer to nonverbal behaviors and body language

A child who has reached the concrete operational stage still cannot

think about abstract or hypothetical phenomenon

The hallmark of the formal operational stage is the ability to

use abstract reasoning

Of the following senses, which is LEAST developed at birth

vision

The embryonic period lasts from

weeks 2-8

Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence following conception

zygote, embryo, fetus