purina Nutrition 101

pet food manufactures often use more than one protein source in a dog or cat food because no single ingredient contains the correct proportions of all essential amino acids required by dogs or cats

True

federal agencies regulate the pet food industry?

U.s Department of Agriculture (USDA)

which type of pet food, dispensed only through veterinary clinics, is formulated with unique nutrient profiles to help veterinarians manage specific health conditions?

Veterinary

For pet foos that arent considered super premium diets use

3.5kcal/g for protein and carbohydrates and 8.5 kcal/g for fat

For super premium diets use

4.0kcal/g for protein and carbohydrates and 9.0 kcal/g for fat.

highly qualty dry cat and dog foods typically contain

5% to 8% ash (7% is commonly used in calculations)

digestibility (%) =

55g intake - 9g in feces/ 55g intake =54.83 x 100 = 83.6% digestibility

cominbation of ingrwdient must make up at least

95% of the total product and be listed in order by weight from greatest to least

Digesta not digest refers to

GI tract contents

(GDV)

Gastric dilatation-volvulus

In feeding trails dog and cats

eat the diet while their health and performance are monitored

soy is

excellent source of protein and essential amino acids

dietary protein levels consistent with complete and balanced nutrition may negatively affect kidney function of healthy older dogs

false

Which nutritional component stimulates intestinal tract movement, controls intestinal passage time and helps a cat or dog feel full when eating fewer calories?

fiber

a highly digestible pet food produces products

firm, well formed feces

hot spots may or may not be seen in dogs with

food allergy or toxicity

The format and content of information inculded on pet food packaging is deterrmined by

guidelines established by the Association of American Feed control officials(AAFCO)

Sufficient protein, fatty acids, zinc, copper, vitamin A and B-complex vitamins are needed for

healthy skin, and a deficiency of any of these nutrients can lead to poor hair coat and skin problems

onions in any form have long been known to be toxic to dogs and cats causing

heinz body anemia and weakness

fresh garlic also has caused

heinz body anemia in chronic toxicity

advantages of semi-moist cat and dogs foods can inculde

high palatbility compared to dry pet foods, these diets have a savory flavor that appeals to dogs and an acidic note that appeals to cats

on a dry matter basis canned pet foods typically contain

higher levels of protien, phosphorus, sodium and fat than dry or semi-moist diets

Allergies to flea bites, pollen, mold or other allergens are commonly cited causes of

hot spots

clinical signs of biotin deficiency inlcude

hyperkeratosis hypersalivation anorexia bloody diarrhea cats having hair loss and dry secretions around eyes, nose and mouth

the nutritional adequacy statement tells you

if a food provides complete and balanced nutrition for a particular life stage (or all life stages)

similar to gravy, digest may be added to pet food to

increase palatability.

soy also provides beneficial substances such as

isoflavanoids and oligosaccharides

dry dog and cat foods commonly called

kibble typically contains less than 12% moisture and are the primary type of diet sold for U.S. cats and dogs

How much does a typical dry dog or cat food (kibble) contain?

less than 12%

Possible disadvantage of dry cat and dog foods is

lower palatability compared to semi-moist or canned foods.

Some fiber is beneficial in growth and maintenance diets to help

maintain gastrointestinal (GI) tract health. Fiber is better known for its use in special diets eating fewer calories. however, high fiber diets alone will not ensure weight loss. limiting the number of calories through controlled meal feeding also contibutes to proper weight management.

Real poultry, real fish and real meat help

make pet food very palatable

typical ingredients in dry dog and cat diets include

meat, fish or poultry products; cereal grains; and vitamins and minerals

pet foods includes a combination of

meats, such as "beef, liver and chicken"

(ME)

metabolizable energy

Super premium cat and dog foods typically contain

more calories and nutreients per pound of food than premium diets, because these pet foods are highly digestible, the cat or dog uses more of the foods nutrients and produced less stool

diets with high digestibility provide

more nutrients for intestinal absorption. more available nutrients mean less foos is needed to satisfy a dog or cat nutritional requirements

soy protein contains

no taurine and doesnt provide enough methionine for dogs or cats

canned food are actually more

nutrient dense than either dry or semi-moist pet foods.

why owners should avoid feeding their dogs any form of onions?

onions are toxic to red blood cells, causing heinz body anemia

the risks associated with feeding homemade and isometrically prepared raw meat cat and dog foods

outweigh any anecdotal advantages

Ingreditents may be added to the outside of pet foods to increase

palatability

Dry crunchy cat and dog foods can be helpful in keeping teeth clean reducing

plaque buildup

Animals digest also provides

protein and fat

dogs skin and hair coat can be affected by

protein and other bacis nutritional elements

Hot spots also known as

pyotraumatic dermatitis, moist dermatitis and acute moist dermatitis are localized areas of skin inflammation ans infection caused or made worse by scratching, biting and licking

Typical ingredients in canned dog and cat foods are

real meat, poultry, fish and their by- products; grains; vitamins; and minerals

highly digestibility also

reduces the amount of stool produced

on federal level the food and drug adminstration (FDA) and federak trade commission(FTC)

regulates pet food companies

best way to determine nutritional value of a pet food is to

run feeding trailsq

concerns about raw diets

safety nutritional adequancy labeling and claims

some semi-moist pets foods also contain

simple carbohydrates that are readily available and are not recommended for diabetic cats or dogs or those needing blood glucose regulation.

protein is necessary for healthy skin and coat.

skin and hair use 25% to 30% of daily protein intake- more than any other organ

fat is a

source of essential fatty acids and highly concentrated source of calories (energy)

Dietary fiber increases

stool volume, but also can help reduce constipation and help firm up loose stools.

digestibility is an important, it is defined as

the % of a nutrient in a food that is available for absorption from the digestive tract

feeding large quantities of dairy products can exceed

the animlas ability to digest lactase and cause digestive upset and diarrhea

amino acids

the building blocks of all protein are often added to dog and cat foods to balance the amino acids commonly supplemented in pet foods inclyuude L-lysine, D, L-methionine and taurine.

what protein source is preferred by body cells when synthesizing new proteins?

the original source doesnt matter once proteins are digested to amino acids

fat sources are further characterized by

their chemical composition, which indicates whether the ingredient is a solid or liquid at room temperature (fat or oil)

Disadvantage of semi-moist pet foods is

their cost per serving than dry diets

Fat ingredients are typically described by

their source of origin such as animal or vegetable

compound is found in chocolate and may be toxic to dogs if consumed in large quantities?

theobromine

chocolate contains

theobromine and caffeine compounds that may be toxic to dogs and cats when consumed in large quantities

Ingredient qualiity has substantial impact on nutrient availability, digestibility, nutritional adequancy and palatability of a pet food.

true

mouth feel of kibble is an important aspect of pet food palatability, especially with cat food?

true

100% - %protein - % fat - % fiber - % moisture - % ash =

% carbohydrates

which nutrient guarantees are always required on the label of any cat and dog food marketed in the united states?

% crude protein (min), % crude fat (min), % crude fiber (max)

Determine the approximate number of calories from protein, fat and carbohydrates. Since your Nestlé Purina Veterinary Sales Consultant explained Purina® Pro Plan® Dog and Cat Foods are super premium diets, use the caloric values 4.0 kcal/g for protein and carbohydrates and 9.0 kcal/g for fat:

% protein x 4.0 kcal/g = calories from protein/100 g food 26 x 4.0 kcal/g = 104 kcal/100 g food% carbohydrates x 4.0 kcal/g = calories from carbohydrates/100 g food 36 x 4.0 kcal/g = 144 kcal/100 g food% fat x 9.0 kcal/g = calories from fat/100 g food 16 x 9.0 kcal/g = 144 kcal/100 g food -Add the number of calories from protein, fat and carbohydrates to determine the total number of calories in 100 grams of food: 104 kcal + 144 kcal + 144 kcal = 392 kcal/100 g food -To determine the number of calories per cup of food, find the weight of 1 cup of food (Purina® Pro Plan® Savor® Beef & Rice Formula actually provides 451 kcal/cup of food.)

Semi-moist form

-mositure content of: range 25-35% - Calorie content as-fed basis, kcal ME/lb: 1,160-1,270 - calorie content % D M basis , kcal ME/lb: 1,400-1,800

Canned(wet) form

-mositure content of: range 70-83% - Calorie content as-fed basis, kcal ME/lb: 400-570 - calorie content % D M basis , kcal ME/lb: 1,600-2,300

wet cat food is available in

3 to 22 ounce packages

each ingredient must be at least

3% of the product's weight

Product Name

- Various forms of pet food product names are seen on cat and dog foods, including: - Product name with a flavor designation and the word "flavor" (e.g., salmon and tuna flavor) - Product name "with" a flavor designation (e.g., cat food with chicken) - Product name with a flavor designation and another word (e.g., chicken entrée in gravy) - Product name with only one word (e.g., beef) Each of these product names describes a pet food with a specific composition that AAFCO has defined. We'll review those names and definitions shortly. - Each of these product names describes a pet food with a specific composition that AAFCO has defined. We'll review those names and definitions shortly.

concerns associated with raw meat diets are:

- complications from raw bone ingestion - contamination of raw ingredients by bacteria, parasites and protozoa

principal display panel must include

- dog food or cat food designation (generic name) - product name - net weight

advantages of semi-moist cat and dog food products include:

- greater palatability than dry foods -serving convenience - easy storage

information panel must contain

- guarantees analysis - ingredient list - manufacturer or distribution information

Dry form

- mositure content of: range 3-11% - Calorie content as-fed basis, kcal ME/lb: 1,270-1,840 - calorie content % D M basis , kcal ME/lb: 1,300-2,000

corn is a valuable ingredient that

- provides highly digestible carbohydrates - is a good source of linoleic acid - provides amino acids that complement those found in other proteins

decreasing the protein level in senior dog diets may be inappropriate because dietary protein helps

- slow age-associated loss of lean body mass - maintain a strong immune system - maximize protein turnover in the body

Semi-moist dog foods are formulated to provide:

-16% to 25% DMFat- 5% to 10% DMCarbohydrates- 25% to 35% DM

Semi-moist cat foods are formulated to provide:

-28% to 40% DMFat- 10% to 15% DMCarbohydrates- 30% to 35% DM

The advantages of dry cat and dog food products include:

-convenient to feed and store -may cost less to feed than semi-moist or canned diets -can be fed ad libitum -helps reduce plaque and calculus buildup

required label information

-product name -designation or statement of intent - net weight of the contents - guaranteed analysis - nutrional adequacy statement -ingredient list -feeding guidelines - manufacturers or distributor's name and address

soy in its many forms is an excellent source of nutrients including:

-protein and essential amino acids - essential fatty acids, including omega-3 and omega - 6 fatty acids - carbohydrates - soluble and insoluble fiber

dry foods for both dogs and cats typically provide

1,300 to 2,000 kilocalorires(kcal) of (ME) per pound of food on a (DM) basis

canned cat and dog foods provide )

1,600 to 2,300 kcal ME/lb of food (DM

Determine the carbohydrate content of the food:

100% - % protein - % fat - % fiber - % moisture - % ash = % carbohydrates 100% - 26% - 16% - 3% - 12% - 7% = 36% carbohydrates

wet dog food packages range from

18 ounces to 18 pounds

semi-moist dog and cat foods typically contain

25% to 35% water

dry dog food packages range from

2pounds to 510 pound sizes

A pet food that is complete and balanced for one or more specific life stages contains:

All required nutrients for a particular life stage in a bioavailable form and in the correct proportions

Homemade raw food

Although many raw diets are being promoted via books and the Internet, the three most popular homemade raw food diets are the BARF diet,51 ultimate diet53and natural diet.

organization is not associated with defining, overseeing or approving the ingredients and additives used in cat and dog food?

American pet product manufactures association

Animal-Based Proteins

Animal proteins such as beef, lamb, pork, chicken, turkey and fish are good protein sources, averaging about 29% protein. Meat and poultry meals and by-product meals provide even more protein, ranging from 48% to 67% protein. Animal protein is usually high in sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine (an EAA) and cysteine, but generally low in tryptophan (another EAA), which is why a complementary protein source such as soybean meal is included in pet food formulations.

The most common food allergens for cats are:

Beef Dairy (milk and other dairy products) Fish These three ingredients account for 80% of food allergies in cats. Eggs are another common allergen.

The most common food allergens for dogs are:

Beef Dairy (milk and other dairy products) Wheat These three ingredients account for 68% of food allergies in dogs. Other common food allergens include: Chicken Eggs Corn Soy

(DM)

Dry matter

Nutrients and ingredients can be used interchangeably when describing dog and cat food

False

Plant-Based Proteins

Plant-based ingredients are good sources of protein and may provide additional benefits. Soybean meal contains 44% to 48% protein, as well as high levels of the amino acids tryptophan and lysine (an EAA), which complements the amino acid profile of animal-based proteins. Corn gluten meal, another plant protein source that complements the amino acid profile of meat, poultry and fish, also helps lower urine pH, which is why you'll find it as a common ingredient in some cat foods.

Nutrient Content Ranges of Dry Dog Food:

Protein: 18% to 39% DM Fat: 7% to 27% DM Carbohydrates: 24% to 66% DM

Nutrient Content Ranges of Dry Cat Food:

Protein: 27% to 42% DM Fat: 8% to 26% DM Carbohydrates: 25% to 68% DM

Nutrient ranges of canned cat foods:

Protein: 28% to 55% DM Fat: 10% to 40% DM Carbohydrates: 0.3% to 37% DM

Nutrient content of canned dog food varies:

Protein: 32% to 75% DM Fat: 8% to 60% DM Carbohydrates: 0.1% to 64% DM

why might a raw meat diet be considered a public health issue?

Raw meat diets may be contaminated with bacteria, protozoa and parasites that are capable of causing disease in people and pets

Net Weight

The net weight statement must be part of the principal display panel and must comply with federal regulations. Net weight must be given in both the U.S. customary and metric systems, and is found in the lower one-third of the display panel. Package size determines the size of the numbers and letters. The net weight also may appear in other areas of the pet food package, especially on large package sizes.

product designation

The words "dog food," "cat food" or other similar designation must appear as part of the principal display panel.

Combination Diets

These consist of commercially available grain-and-supplement mixes. The grain mix is intended to be fed with raw meat.

Commercially Prepared Raw Food Diets

These pet foods are intended to be complete and balanced without additional supplements.

the amount and availability of essential nutrients in a dog or cat food determine

a pets foods nutrient content and nutritional value

dry foods are the only form of cat and dog food suitable for

ad libitum (ad lib) feeding

pet food ingredients that provide a source of fat come from

animal and plants

The coating most often used in

animal digest, applied in either a liquid or dry form

ABC beef flavored dog food contains

at least 25% beef by weight

amino acids supplements are added to a pet food to

balance the food's amino acid profile

milk contains a large amount of lactose, a simple sugar that adult cats and dogs may have trouble digesting

because each pet's internal supply of lactose, the enzyme needed to break down lactose, declines after weaning

one of the most common food allergens for both dogs and cats is

beef

ingredients used to provide fiber

beet pulp rice bran pea fiber soybean hulls apple pomace tomato pomace peanut hulld oat fiber cellulose wheat middlings chicory corn gluten feed

each nutrient's digestibility is

calculated by subtracting the amount of nutrient found in feces from the total amount of the nutrient the dog or cat consumed

to determine the amount of food to feed a cat or dog, you must know

calorie content of energy density

of the three physical forms of pet foods,

canned diets typically have the greatest palatability

compared to dry and semi-moist cats and dog foods

canned per foods offer the highest palatability, but typically cost more per serving

onions in any form can be dangerous to

cats or gods health

Common ingredients in a typical super premium dog or cat food inculdes

chicken or poultry, chicken or poultry by-product meal, lamb, beef, fish, or fish meal, corn, brewers rice and wheat

brewers dried yeast also may be used as a

coating to enhance palatability

diet of mostly meat or poultry and whole raw bones is not

complete or balanced

too much zinc in the diet interferes with

copper bioavailability declines if dietary calcium is high

key safety concern associated with feeding raw meat or poultry and bones to dogs and cats?

damage to the GI tract by jagged or sharp bones

clinical signs of calcium deficiency include

decreases growth, appetite and bone mineralization, lameness, spontaneous fractures and loose teeth

Reapeatedly adding raw eggs to dog or cats diet can lead to

deficiency of biotin, B vitamin or cause a food-borne illness such as salmonellosis

stool volume also decreases as

digestibility increases

Beef tallow id a commonly used ingredient in

dog and cat foods, it is obtained during commerical processing of beef and dairy cattle for human consumption and is further processed

all cans, bags and pouches can be grouped into one of three basic physical forms:

dry semi-moist wet (also called canned or moist)

meals are rendered products made from animal tissues

during rendering fat and other tissues are separated from protein which is then dried into meal

poultry by product meal, poultry by- products , meat by products, and meat and bone meal can contribute valuable nutrients including protein and essential amino acids, fat, calcium and phosphorus, to cat and dog foods?

true

the nutritional adequancy statement on a pet food package tells whether a food provides complete and balanced nutrition and is adequate for one or more life stages

true

ingredient is present in the largest quantity by weight

turkey

poultry by-product meal consists of

various parts of poultry carcasses, minus feathers, that have been rendered and ground. it can be an excellent source of protein and minerals

Therapeutic canine and feline diets often called

veterinary diets

large amounts of raw liver are fed

vitamin A toxicity can result

Early signs including

vomiting and diarrhea may occur two to four hours after a dog has consumed the chocolate. Other clinicl signs inlude restlessness, polyuria, hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, tachypnea and seizures.

fiber retains

water and lends bulk to intestinal contents. This stimulates movement in the intestinal tract and controls passage time through the intestines.

Dry, semi-moist and wet pet foods vary in

water content

canned, or wet, dog and cat foods are relatively high in

water, typically containing about 75% moisture (ranging from 70% to 83% water)