PY 101: Chapter 6

Another term for difference threshold is the _________ __________ ____________.

just noticeable difference

Two examples of _________ depth cues are interposition and linear perspective.

monocular

Priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

Intensity

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude.

Fovea

the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

Middle Ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it, which satisfied Susan. This is probably the result of:

the difference threshold

Hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

Wavelength

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

Embodied Cognition

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

Inner Ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

The FBI is considering a new identification method. Instead of using old-fashioned fingerprints, they have decided to scan which part of the eye to confirm people's identity?

the iris

Retina

the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

Difference Threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (or jnd)

Absolute Threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

Optic Nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

The blind spot in your retina is located where

the optic nerve leaves the eye.

Figure-Ground

the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).

Grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

Blind Spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

Sensory Interaction

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

Weber's Law

the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount)

Sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

Parallel Processing

the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.

Vestibular Sense

the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

Audition

the sense or act of hearing

Parapsychology

the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

Kinesthesis

the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

Opponent-Process Theory

the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.

Gate-Control Theory

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.

Two theories together account for color vision. The Young-Helmholtz theory shows that the eye contains ___________, and the Hering theory accounts for the nervous system's having ___________.

three types of color receptors; opponent-process cells

Feature Detectors

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement

Color Constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is called ___________.

perception

The fact that _____ involve more than the sum of our sensations best illustrates the importance of top-down processing.

perceptions

Both _____ set and context indicate how our experiences help us to construct perception.

perceptual

In experiments, people have worn glasses that turned their visual fields upside down. After a period of adjustment, they learned to function quite well. This ability is called _________ ____________.

perceptual adaptation

Perceiving a tomato as consistently red, despite lighting shifts, is an example of

perceptual constancy

Phyllis is doing a handstand in her yoga class. When she looks at the clock she can still tell that the time is 10 o'clock. This is thanks to:

perceptual constancy

Connie's roommate's friend is coming for a visit. Her roommate tells her that her friend is rather self-centered. When the friend arrives she tells them that she is wearing some new jeans she just bought on sale. You perceive this comment as attention seeking. This perception demonstrates the impact of:

perceptual set

Bottom-up processing is to top-down processing as _____ is to _____.

processing sensations; interpreting sensations

Depth Perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

Depth perception underlies our ability to

judge distances

Perceptual Set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

Accommodation

(1) in developmental psychology, adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. (2) in sensation and perception, the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina.

Which of the following accurately states the function of feature detecting neurons?

Feature detecting neurons respond to specific features of a visual stimulus such as shape, angle, or movement.

Tasha volunteers at a hospital where she holds newborns that were born prematurely. Tasha's volunteer training is likely to include learning to perform which of the following touch stimulations?

Give the newborns a gentle hand massage.

Your 8-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her 2-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. How will this sensory deprivation affect Minnie's vision?

Her vision will be unaffected by this sensory deprivation.

At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months. How will this sensory restriction affect his vision?

His vision will be unaffected by this sensory.

You wake up early in the morning and your room is fairly dark. You look over and see your shirt hanging on a hook. You know it's your red shirt because you hung it up there before you went to bed, but in the dark you can't see its color. It looks dark gray to you. Why is that?

In the dim light, the cones in your eyes are ineffectual.

While 12-year-old Joe was wrestling with his older brother, his brother started tickling his abdomen, which caused Joe to laugh. Later, Joe tried to tickle himself and did not experience the same effect. The reason Joe did not laugh was because:

Joe's interpretation of the stimulation.

_________ is your sense of body position and movement. Your _________ ___________ specifically monitors your head's movement, with sensors in the inner ear.

Kinesthesis; vestibular sense

How does the biopsychosocial approach explain our experience of pain? Provide examples.

Our experience of pain is influenced by biological factors (such as sensory receptors that detect pressure), psychological factors (such as our focused attention), and social-cultural factors (such as social expectations about tolerance and expression of pain).

Jasmine was in a serious car accident. She suffered damage to her temporal lobe, just behind her right ear. What kind of problems might this cause for her?

She might have trouble recognizing familiar faces.

What are the basic steps in transforming sound waves into perceived sound?

The outer ear collects sound waves, which are translated into mechanical waves by the middle ear and turned into fluid waves in the inner ear. The auditory nerve then translates the energy into electrical waves and sends them to the brain, which perceives and interprets the sound.

Which of the following would best explain why psychics are sometimes able to make accurate predictions?

They make lots of guesses.

Your girlfriend shows you a diamond studded watch that she found in her great-grandmothers' jewelry box. To examine it, you instinctively bring the watch close to your eye and to the very center of your visual field. Why?

Visual acuity is highest in the region with the largest concentration of cones, which is the fovea at the very center of the eye.

Why might it be helpful for people with chronic pain to meditate or exercise?

We feel pain in our brain, so we may diminish the experience of pain by changing the messages sent to the brain. Gate-control theory proposes that our pain sensory receptors send signals to the spinal cord, which relays messages to the brain. Small fibers in the spinal cord open the gate to pain; large fibers close the gate, blocking those signals. Meditation triggers large-fiber activity by shifting our attention elsewhere (toward the breath or repeated word); exercise triggers large-fiber activity by generating competing stimulation and endorphin release.

We have specialized nerve receptors for detecting which five tastes? How did this ability aid our ancestors?

We have specialized receptors for detecting sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami tastes. Being able to detect pleasurable tastes enabled our ancestors to seek out energy- and protein-rich foods. Detecting aversive tastes deterred them from eating toxic substances, increasing their chances of survival.

What mental processes allow you to perceive a lemon as yellow?

Your brain constructs this perception of color in two stages. In the first stage, the lemon reflects light energy into your eyes, where it is transformed into neural messages. Three sets of cones, each sensitive to a different light frequency (red, blue, and green) process color. In this case, the light energy stimulates both red-sensitive and green-sensitive cones. In the second stage, opponent-process cells sensitive to paired opposites of color (red/ green, yellow/blue, and black/white) evaluate the incoming neural messages as they pass through your optic nerve to the thalamus and visual cortex. When the yellow-sensitive opponent-process cells are stimulated, you identify the lemon as yellow.

Why do you feel a little dizzy immediately after a roller coaster ride?

Your vestibular sense regulates balance and body positioning through kinesthetic receptors triggered by fluid in your inner ear. Wobbly legs and a spinning world are signs that these receptors are still responding to the ride's turbulence. As your vestibular sense adjusts to solid ground, your balance will be restored.

Retinal Disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

Cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses

Weber's law states that for a difference to be perceived, two stimuli must differ by

a constant minimum percentage.

Cochlear Implant

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

Visual Cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

Signal Detection Theory

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

Pitch

a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

Studying the impact of boredom and fatigue on people's _____ thresholds would involve research based on signal detection theory.

absolute

Jay is 48 years old. He recently had his sight restored after 45 years of blindness. He could associate people with their distinct features (e.g., hair color), but could not recognize their faces. He was also not good at judging the size of objects as their distance from him changed. His case suggests that vision is partly a(n) _____ sense.

acquired

The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of sensory _____.

adaptation

Gestalt

an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Bottom-Up Processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

Cynthia had her deviated septum repaired last week. Her nose is packed with gauze. She has no interest in eating. Perhaps Cynthia has developed:

ansomia

Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music could most likely damage her _____ membrane.

basilar

Subliminal

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Subliminal stimuli are

below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

When people are told that a bottle of wine is much more expensive than it really is, they are likely to believe it tastes _____ than it would otherwise.

better

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, which of the following statements is TRUE?

blue and yellow receptors cannot be stimulated simultaneously; if one is activated, the other is inhibited.

Imagine trying to assemble a complex airplane model one piece at a time without knowing what type of airplane you are constructing. To accomplish this task, you would work with the individual pieces to build the image using _____ processing.

bottom-up

Imagine trying to assemble a complex airplane model one piece at a time without knowing what type of airplane you are constructing. To accomplish this task, you would work with the individual pieces to build the image using:

bottom-up processing

Sensation is to _________ as perception is to _________.

bottom-up processing; top-down processing

Tania was running outside when she felt a sensation on her leg and stopped to look. She saw a large red bump which she deduced was caused by a stinging insect. The initial sensation is a _____ process and the judgment that she was stung is an example of _____ cognitions.

bottom-up; top-down

At the optometrist's office, Lou failed to distinguish numbers from the color designs shown to him. Lou is most likely:

colorblind

You are driving your 12-year-old car. You notice a sound coming from the engine which involves _____ processing. You immediately start thinking how the sound is familiar to the sound your car made the last time you had the car repaired which involves _____ processing.

bottom-up; top-down

Cones are the eye's receptor cells that are especially sensitive to __________ light and are responsible for our __________ vision.

bright; color

The amplitude of a sound wave determines our perception of loudness. The amplitude of a light wave determines our perception of ___________.

brightness

The snail-shaped tube in the inner ear, where sound waves are converted into neural activity, is called the _________.

cochlea

Opponent-process theory is to _____ as trichromatic theory is to _____.

ganglion cells; cones in the retina

Ricardo has been suffering from a lengthy battle with the flu. His ears are painfully plugged with fluid. One morning his right ear "pops" from all of the pressure and fluid comes out. He screams in pain because the eardrum has punctured. This will result in _____ hearing loss.

conduction

You just discovered that your roommate was told by his girlfriend that she no longer wants to see him. You learn that he is studying in the library and go to find him. You see him studying and assume he is looking depressed. This assumption is an example of being influenced by _____.

context effects

Transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.

The visual cliff experiments suggest that

crawling human infants and very young animals perceive depth

Which of the following ESP phenomena is supported by solid, replicable scientific evidence? a. Telepathy b. Clairvoyance c. Precognition d. None of these answers

d

Monocular Cues

depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone

Binocular Cues

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

Susan asked her roommate to lower the radio as she was trying to study. Her roommate had turned the radio up originally from a volume level of 14 to 15, which was just enough for Susan to detect. She turned it back down to 14 after Susan asked her to lower it, which satisfied Susan. This is probably the result of the _____ threshold.

difference

You volunteered to participate in a taste test for a new soup. The testers are interested as to when subjects will notice a reduction in salt in the soup. You taste several bowls of soup and notice that the last bowl has less salt than the others. Your detection of the difference in salt content is an example of detecting the _____.

difference threshold

Sensory Adaption

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

Transduction refers to the conversion of one form of _____ into another.

energy

Our perceptual set influences what we perceive. This mental tendency reflects our

experiences, assumptions, and expectations.

The cells in the visual cortex that respond to certain lines, edges, and angles are called ___________.

feature detectors

In listening to a concert, you attend to the solo instrument and perceive the orchestra as accompaniment. This illustrates the organizing principle of

figure-ground.

You are visiting an art museum. You stop to look at a very large colorful painting. You step back some distance so the painting is in the center of your visual field. Instinctively, you are trying to focus the image onto the _____ in the retina, which provides the clearest image of the painting.

fovea

Our tendencies to fill in the gaps and to perceive a pattern as continuous are two different examples of the organizing principle called

grouping.

After a rap concert, as Dominique walks out into the fresh air, she notices her ears are ringing. This ringing indicates possible damage to the _____ cells of her basilar membrane.

hair

The basilar membrane and taste bud receptors are alike because they both use _____ cells to detect sensations.

hair

A jury is deliberating in a room that had been freshly painted the day before. The room is still giving off a strong paint odor. It is more likely that the jury will render a(n) _____ verdict.

harsh

Monte was born with cataracts. He had surgery when he was 30 years old, which restored his sight. After his surgery:

he could not recognize objects by sight that were familiar to him by touch.

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness

Conduction Hearing Loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

You are waiting for your friend to give you a ride on his new motorcycle. As your friend pulls up the driveway, the brakes squeal loudly. You get on, and then your friend steps on the gas. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by _____ sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by _____ sound waves.

high frequency; low frequency

You are riding your bicycle and after the 40th mile you have one last hill to climb. You are likely to perceive the hill as:

higher than the other hills you climbed

Sensory adaptation helps us focus on

important changes in the environment.

Place Theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated

Frequency Theory

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

Perceptual Adaptation

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

Top-Down Processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

While 12-year-old Joe was wrestling with his older brother, his brother started tickling his abdomen, which caused Joe to laugh. Later, Joe tried to tickle himself and did not experience the same effect. The reason Joe did not laugh was because of cognitive _____ of the stimulation.

interpretation

Hector is the shortstop on his college team. He has a 20 game hitting streak going and his batting average this season is the highest it has been in his years playing baseball. According to research with softball players, Hector is likely to say that he perceives the ball as _____ than he had in the past.

larger

Julio is working on a series of landscape paintings. He wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, which technique would he use?

linear perspective

The strength of a sound wave (i.e., the amplitude of the wave) determines _____ in hearing.

loudness

Jenney is waiting for her friend to give her a ride on his new motorcycle. As Jenney's friend pulls up the driveway the brakes squeal loudly. Jenney gets on, and then her friend steps on the engine. As the motorcycle accelerates, the engine roars loudly. The high-pitched squeal of the brakes was caused by high frequency sound waves, and the equally loud but low-pitched roar of the engine was caused by _____ sound waves.

low frequency

Maria received a paper cut while stacking the pages of her term paper. The cut produced a sharp pain on her index finger. This pain was initiated by _____ in her skin.

noiciceptors

Janet suffers from arthritis and is in constant pain. It is likely that her nociceptors are always turned _____.

on

The blind spot is the point at which the _____ nerve leaves the eye.

optic

You are listening to music at a concert. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of parts of the ear that sound of the music travels in the process of hearing the music?

outer ear, cochlea, basilar membrane, auditory nerve, thalamus, auditory cortex.

The brain's ability to process many aspects of an object or a problem simultaneously is called ____________.

parallel processing

Eleanor suffered severe stroke damage near the rear of both sides of her brain. She is unable to:

perceive movement

Danae's roommate's friend is coming for a visit. Her roommate tells her that her friend is rather self-centered. When the friend arrives she tells them that she is wearing some new jeans she just bought on sale. You perceive this comment as attention seeking. This perception demonstrates the impact of _____.

perceptual set

Perceptual Constancy

percieving objects as unchanging (having consistent color, brightness, shape, and size) even as illumination and retinal images change

Lucy is convinced she smells rotten eggs, but no one in the house can smell the odor. Lucy's sensation is known as:

phantom smells

_____________ theory explains how we hear high-pitched sounds, and _____________ theory explains how we hear low-pitched sounds.

place; frequency

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of:

precognition

Four-year-old Antonio is watching his 6-year-old brother, Juan, get a tetanus inoculation. His older brother cries and says "My arm really hurts." When it is Antonio receives his injection he screams in pain. Antonio's expectation that the injection would be painful is an example of the _____ influence on Antonio's experience of pain.

psychological

The experience of pain is not the same for all people because it is a physical phenomenon as well as a _____ one.

psychological

After surgery to restore vision, patients who had been blind from birth had difficulty

recognizing objects by sight.

Drivers sometimes overestimate the distance between their own vehicles and pedestrians who are short, because they rely on the distance cue known as:

relative size

You stayed up way too late last night and your eyes are tired. You close your eyes, and as you rub them you notice a white light. This is because your _____ cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from your hand triggers them.

retinal

A famous Hollywood director has decided to present his latest film in 3-D. This will create a great movie-going experience for viewers as 3-D movies exaggerate:

retinal disparity

Cones

retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

Rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond

When subjects look at a picture of the Moon's surface, some of them report seeing a human face. This is due to:

schemas

Billy Bob works at the airport as a member of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in _____ hearing loss.

sensorineaural

Billy Bob works at the airport as a member of the ground crew. He typically takes off his hearing protection as he finds it cumbersome. Prolonged exposure to the roars of the jet engines will result in:

sensorineural hearing loss

Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned because she knows that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music can cause:

sensorineural hearing loss

After many years of playing extremely loud rock music, David has suffered significant hearing loss, which cannot be corrected with a hearing aid. David is suffering from:

sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness).

Barbara stubbed her toe last night. It hurts so that all day today she has been aware of her toe. She says, "This is so weird. I usually don't think about my toe." Barbara is describing:

sensory adaptation

The minute you walk into your mother-in-law's house to visit, you are struck by the strong smell of her perfume. However, after about 10 minutes, you no longer notice the smell. This is probably the result of:

sensory adaption

A food's aroma can greatly enhance its taste. This is an example of

sensory interaction

Marty and Becky are in the mood to have a hamburger for lunch. Marty wants to grill the hamburger outside instead of cooking it on top of the stove because he says he likes the taste of a grilled hamburger more than one cooked on top of the stove. The difference in taste Marty prefers is actually caused by the smell of the charcoal embedded into the hamburger. This is an example of _____.

sensory interaction

After hearing that Bryce had served a prison sentence, Janet began to perceive his genuinely friendly behavior as insincere and manipulative. This best illustrates the impact of perceptual _____.

set

A door casts an increasingly trapezoidal image on our retinas as it opens, yet we still perceive it as rectangular. This illustrates _____ constancy.

shape

Marcus is trying on a bright blue shirt. As Marcus looks in the mirror to check out the shirt the light waves reflected from the shirt that determines the color consist of _____ wavelength and _____ frequency waves.

short; high

Two TSA officers are scanning bags at the airport. One of the officers lets a bag go through, but the other officer yells, "Wait, didn't you see that?" Why one officer saw a weapon and the other did not is best explained by:

signal detection theory

The gate-control theory of pain proposes that

small spinal cord nerve fibers conduct most pain signals, but large-fiber activity can close access to those pain signals

Astra is house-sitting. On the first night, a thunderstorm causes the electricity to go out. She remembers seeing some candles and matches next to the grandfather clock. Why does she automatically cock her head when trying to pinpoint the sound of the clock?

so that her two ears will receive slightly different messages

When your perception of pain is influenced by the empathy you feel for the pain of another, this is an example of the _____ influences on your personal experience of pain.

social-cultural

_____ stimulation occurs below our absolute threshold for conscious awareness.

subliminal

When Latoya sees numbers, each number causes her to see a different color. When Latoya tastes various foods, different colors flash before her eyes. She often says that ice cream "tastes blue". The condition which causes these combined perceptions is called:

synaesthesia

For some people, taking in certain odors evokes the _____ sensation.

taste

The fact that perception involves more than the sum of our sensations best illustrates the importance of _____ processing.

top-down

The fact that perceptions involve more than the sum of our sensations best illustrates the importance of:

top-down processing

Hearing is the result of the _____ of vibrating air into nerve impulses that are interpreted by the brain.

transduction

At age 53, Ralph underwent radical eye surgery and had to wear an eye patch for four months straight. His vision will be _____ by this sensory restriction.

unaffected

Your 8-year-old cat ran away, got into a neighbor's cellar, and was stuck there for two months. Luckily, there was enough food and water in the basement for Minnie to survive. However, it was pitch black. When your neighbor returned from her 2-month vacation, she found Minnie and returned her to you. Minnie's vision will be _____ by this sensory deprivation.

unaffected

Bart was struck by a 2 x 4 to the back of his head. He is having severe difficulties with his _____ because the injury he sustained was to his occipital lobe.

vision

Radio waves, X-rays, infrared rays, gamma rays and ultraviolet waves are all forms of electromagnetic energy that differ in terms of their _____.

wavelength

The characteristic of light that determines the color we experience, such as blue or green, is _________.

wavelength

Psychologist George Stratton conducted a famous experiment on perceptual adaptation in which he:

wore a pair of glasses that inverted his vision for 8 days.

You stayed up way too late last night and your eyes are tired. You close your eyes, and as you rub them you notice a white light. This is because:

your retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from your hand triggers them