PY exam 3

which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

the embodied approach

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and dev department rather than in an artifical lab setting.

In vivo problem solving

according to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

anterior temporal lobe

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument inference

In the two-string problem, trying the pliers to one of the strings best represents an _______ state

intermediate

which of the following is not true about divergent thinking

it has a single correct answer

According to the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is _____

rules

According to the ______ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific that have specific neural circuits in the brain

semantic category

The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation

semantic network

The constraint approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

according to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes ____ and one that distinguishes______

sensory attributes: function

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves

search

A person who has been diagnosed with ____ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts

semantic

In written English, which punctuation mark has the most parsing power?

Comma

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems?

Representation

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ____ problem.

Russian marriage

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?

a field sparrow is an animal

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

a presented stimulus is a word

Insight refers to

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

a task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

a turtle is an animal

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by _____ until the sentence is completed

ambiguity

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by _____ until the sentence is completed.

ambiguity

Dr. Chan is doing a follow up-study

analogies

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _____in problem solving

analogy

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative

analysis

which of the following is not commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative

analysis

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) _____ inference.

anaphoric

Consider the following sentence: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it". These two sentences taken together provided an example of an

anaphoric inference

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach?

before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night

which of the following statements does NOT apply to the result of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems

being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

In Kaplan and Simone's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _____ group had the fastest response time

bread and butter

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property ______ is stored at the _____ node

can fly; bird

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) _____ inference.

causal

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

cognitive economy

Which property below is Not one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

communication

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

connection weights

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

the process of back propagation is most closely associated with

connectionist networks

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

crowding

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether string of letters is a word or a nonword

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

exemplar

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" is

family resemblance

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields

flexibility; experience

The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the ______ approach to parsing

garden path

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This property is known as

hierarchical

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

imagine a young child is just learning about the category "dog". Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a german shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory?

it cuts the taffy into pieces

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking

it has a single correct answer

Jorge and bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves

more exemplars than bob's.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST fo an

novel object

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the

novel objects before a function was described

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operators

The elements of the problem space includes all of the following except

operators

Within the realm of conversational speech, context refers to

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

prototype

according to the concept of _____, when we read a sentence like jorge grabbed his coat fro his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry. We create a simulation of Jorge's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment

situation models

The word frequency refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low freq words than high freq words

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _____ problem.

source

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

speech segmentation

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex?

the frontal and temporal lobes

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: the lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture

trial 1; word frequency

which of the following would be in a basic level category?

truck

which of the following reaction time sets illustrates the typically effect for the bird category, given the following three trials?

583:653:518 ms

The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?

Because he always jogs a mile

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization.

definitional

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth"

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non insight

Which term best describes the process of brainstorming

divergent

which term best describes the process of brainstorming

divergent

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

In the movie Apollo 13

divergent thinking

the definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of _____ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

In new guinea, tribes that had been isolated for centuries were found that they

had a large number of sophisticated language systems

which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

learning

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they

made the objects themselves

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect?

meaning dominance

which of the following correctly pairs a problem solving stage with a process under Basadur's model

problem solving; planning

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the perspective on problems?

representation

The concept of language can best be thought of as a ___

system

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana for kiwi

which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication?

theory of mind

which of the following provides the best example of functional fixedness

using a juice glass as a container for orange juice

The best description of the purpose of think aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

The crucial question in comparing garden path and constrain-based approaches to parsing is ______ is involved

when semantics

which of the following is Not one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model

working units