Quiz 4 ARTH 1100
Scriptorium
a room set apart for writing, especially one in a monastery where manuscripts were copied.
Pilgrimmage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes.
lux nova
"new light" emphasized the glory of god through light; Gothic architecture
reliquary
A container where religious relics are stored or displayed (especially relics of saints)
Saint Denis, where gothic was born
1140-1144, Early Gothic, near Paris. first church with gothic features. was begun during Carolingian period but renovated with early gothic features. Abbot Suger--interested in the gothic features. inspired by Hagia Sophia (Byzantine). eastern end=gothic. has stone ceiling, buttresses, round arches in windows and doorways, geometric.
Charlemagne
800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe
pointed arch
An arch with a pointed crown, characteristic of Gothic architecture. Deflects the thrust more efficiently than a rounded arch because no central arch Thrust pours of the vault with less stress on masonry supports. Enabling a structure to be higher and wider than before
Pieta
An italian word for meaning pity or compassion
Chi-rho-iota page Folio 34 recto of the book of Kells Probably from Iona, Scotland Late 8th or early 9th century Tempera on vellum Hiberno-Saxon, Medieval
Angel (lower left) is the symbol of Saint Matthew Page is beginning of the Gospel of Saint Matthew Animals Mouse and rats were usually found in monasteries and cats were used to keep them under control Also refers to need to turn away from sin so it wont creep into your soul Mice creep in the darkness for food (holding communion cracker in the center) Cats hold tail to represent Christ, who catch sin Rats: Whispering to cats; represent Satan Design: Meant to remind reader that sin can come even in our weakest moment Intricate design Looks beautiful and symbolic Chi Rho Iota page has important elements Angels (symbol of the Evangelist Matthew, whose gospel starts here) Cats, mice, rats (to the right) Otter and a salmon Symbolize the necessity of both physical sustenance and spiritual sustenance Fish = Christ Moths and butterflies Symbolic of resurrection
Amiens Cathedral Robert de Luzarches, Thomas de Cormont, and Renaud de Cormont Interior of Notre Dame Cathedral (looking east) Begun 1220 Gothic, French
Best example of luminescent interiors of many Gothic churches Light comes from windows of the side aisles and flooding the apse up front Clerestory with more windows to allow in literal light and enhances the metaphorical allusion to spiritual enlightenment Most illuminated of all Gothic cathedrals Highest still in existence Wind, natural enemy to Gothic architecture Gothics: vertical supports Horizontal stress of wind is too much for vertical supports
animal interlace style
Decoration made of interwoven animals or serpents, often found in early medieval Northern European art.
Doors with relief panels (Genesis , left door; life of Christ, right door) Commissioned by Bishop Bernward for Saint Micheal's Hildesheim, Germany 1015 Bronze Ottonian, Medieval
Bishop Bernward Member of the Ottonian Court Went on pilgrimage to Rome Saw monumental doors at Santa Sabina that have scenes from the Old and New Testament Left: Old Testament Right: New Testament Left: Creation of Eve from Adam's rib Presentation of Eve to Adam Temptation Accusation of Adam and Eve Expulsion Adam working the land on the left. Eve nursing on the right One of maybe 20 images of Eve nursing Cain and Abel's sacrifices or presentations to the Lord Murder of Avel by Cain Go to the side and go up Right: Annunciation with Mary and the angel Nativity or birth of Jesus Adoration of the magi Magi from the right approaching Jesus on the left Presentation in the Temple Christ being presented to either Herod or Pilate before his crucification Cruxification of Christ Mary's at the tomb of Christ Standard scene showing the Resurrection in early middle ages Noli me tangere Mary Magdalene sees Jesus in the garden and he says don't touch me Scenes are lined up next to each other that have some visual and thematic patterns 3rd panel from the top Temptation and Cruxification Tree that holds the Forbidden fruit is a cruxification shaped tree, such that we have Christ on the cross In the center Adam and eve are on the side like the tormenters for the cruxification Far side: trees for A&E but Mary and John for CX Similarity in composition Thematic connection of Adam and Eve and the Cruxification "For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive" (1 Corinthians 15:22) Important Christianity Mary: New Eve; Christ: New Adam Cruxification cross was made from tree from Garden of Eve Ottonian, felt as though they were the inheritors of the CarolingianCarolingian renaissance Inherited idea of using old models and reclaiming them and perfecting them Ancient lost wax method used on a monumental scale (Not repousee) Reclaiming and prefection Recreate/rediscover method Casted in 2 single pieces
Old Testament Prophet Jeremiah from the trumeau of west portal, Saint Pierre Moissac, France c.1115 Romanesque, French
Byzantine influence on Medieval art Elongated, linear, flat, and has tipped up feet But has folds that define form as he stands in exaggerated contrapposto Face: Sad because melancolic and grieving fate of man Holds scroll with is prophecy on it
Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux From the abbey church of Saint-Denis Saint-Denis, France 1339 Silver gilt and enamel 2' 3 1/2" high Given to queen
Depicts Virgin Mary holding Christ and is made of silver gilt Silver gilt: gold over silver Box Made of gold Enameled scenes of the Passion of Christ Cruxification in the second panel from left Depicts suffering of Christ Virgin holds a fleur-de-lis An abstracted floral motif that is symbol of French monarchy Sad to hold 3 heirs from Virgin's head Object of veneration of Mother and Child Powerful spiritual object for prayers Represents an iris flower "Lance lily" during medieval period; petals shaped like lance blades Reference to Christ's suffering, stabbed with lance while on cross Foreshadowing death of Christ Exaggerated. S curved contrapposto Yhe Gothic sway Holding baby on her hip Human quality Christ reaches up to caress mother's face while Mary tilts her face toward child Loving interaction Drapery Virtuoso performance of goldsmith's craft Silver was used as base metal because gold was too soft to create deep folds of Mary's garments Falls softly, creating curves Long vertical folds carry eyes up Emphasizing the loving relationship and making scenes more tragic
Charters Cathedral Charters, France Begun 1194 Gothic, French
Double ambulatory around the choir and apse and past radiating chapels Most important pilgrimage churches in all Europe Thousands of pilgrims came throughout the year Ambulatory made movement through sacred space relatively smooth and less disruptive for the regular congregation. Tall, thin columns Lift up ceiling height. Pointed arches Organization of space. Unified. Animated facial expressions Old testament kings and prophets Sacrifice and salvation Charters has more of its original glass than any other cathedral External flying buttress dedicated and central to virgin
Interior of Durham Cathedral England Begun ca 1093 Romanesque, English
English Romanesque church Size of walls and interior supports Gothic elements Painted arches and flying buttresses Flying buttress Outside which allow greater height, more openness and most ;ight into the interior Carved supports on second floor Hidden beneath roof Push back on vaults Weakest place where the vault meets to wall Acts like a hand pushing back against thrust, pushes out and down Elaborate patterns on the columns Amazing carvings all through interior
Exterior of Notre Dame Paris, France Gothic, French Begin 1163 Nave and flying buttress: ca. 1180-1200 Remodeled after 1225 Flying buttress from virtual ribcage around the exterior. Supporting high vaults by pushing back at the weakest point where the pointed vault meets to vertical wall
Famous for gargoyles Theories about origin French word for "throat" and English word for "gurgler" (1)Originally used as down sprouts to funnel rainwater off the roofs and shoot it away from the foundation of the building (2) Gargoyle as statues Purpose: Meant to depict demons Be a warning to the faithful about the torments of hell Guardian figures for churches
Gero Crucifix, Cologne Cathedral Cologne, Germany Ca. 970 Polychrome and gilded wood Donated to church by Archbishop Gero Ottonian, Medieval
First large scale sculpture of a human since ancient Rome Carved oak that is painted and gilded Emphasis on Christ's suffering and sacrifice Intended to invoke empathy/strong emotional response Halo: Missing gems Had to be sold to provide for Chruch Letters over his head: The Superscript and are Latin initials for Jesus of Nazerath, King of the Jews Placed over his head to mock him Subject Emphasizes suffering and death Right arm Shows muscles and ligaments stretched by weight of his body Nearly be torn out from its socket Blood streams from wounds Swollen belly Organs shifted into his abdomen Common result of Cruxification Caused great strain on the heart and lings Victim usually died of shock or suffocation Face Tragic No doubt he is dead Face of the faithful looked up into as they kneel for Eucharist Association important because head of Jesus was a reliquary that held the Host of Eucharist Connection with body of Christ was a major theme for this work Meant to inspire a sense of grief and understanding of suffering of Christ Particularly German theme
Gothic video
Gothic style created in Charters Cathedral Tall, thin columns Lift up ceiling height. Pointed arches Organization of space. Unified. Abot Suger: Believed light flooding through mosaic becomes divine light. Creates space suspended between earth and heaven May have created Charters Cathedral Animated facial expressions Old testament kings and prophets Sacrifice and salvation Charters has more of its original glass than any other cathedral External flying buttress dedicated and central to virgin
Sutton Hoo Purse Cover, Early Medieval, ca 625, Made from gold, glass, and enamel cloisonne with garnets and emeralds, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial Anglo-Saxon, Medieval
Have been Raewalk, the chieftain of the local Anglo-Saxon people Design: Top: Animal interlace style Bottom: Role of chief or king in his culture Left and right: A man is between 2 wolves Represents idea that chieftain must protect his people Center: Eagle attacking a duck Eagles = kings Refers to king's responsibility to provide for his people Garnets Technique: cloisonne Highly sophisticated technique that uses chambers of gold (cloison) filled with silica and pigment to create glass enamel Backing was probably whale bone
Rose window and lancets North transept Charters Cathedral Charters, France Ca. 1220 Stained glass, rose window 43' in diameter Gothic, French
Iconography Stresses aristocratic lineage of Christ Descended from the Hebrew king David through his mother An important fulfillment of prophecy Claim to the throne of France for the French monarch Reference to "divine right of kings" Mary and Christ are surrounded by kings, prophets, angels, and doves Smaller blue and red windows below have emblems of king and queen of France Rose window Mary and Christ are surrounded by kings, prophets, angels, and doves Rose, flower of Mary, was called "Rose Without Thorns"
carpet page
In early medieval manuscripts, a decorative page resembling a textile.
Typanum
In medieval and later architecture, the area over a door enclosed by an arch and a lintel, often decorated with sculpture or mosaic.
radiating chapel
In medieval churches, chapels for the display of relics that opened directly onto the ambulatory and the transept.
Virgin and Child and angels (Notre Dame de la Bella Verriere) Detail of a window in the choir of Charters Cathedral Charters, France Ca. 1170. with 13th century side panels Stained glass Full height 16' Gothic, French
Mary shown as the Queen of Heaven Complete with throne and crown Hold Christ Child on her lap Theme that began in the Byzantine Empire with Theokotos or "Mother of God" iconography Surrounded by angels holding candles and swinging incense burners called censors (they would hold these at a Eucharist or Communion Mass) Reference is Mary is at the first altar Because she holds literal body and blood of Christ on her lap in the form of her child The Dove of the Holy Spirit is overhead shining blessings down on the holy pair Mary and the Christ Child Flattened out and linear with tipped up feet and placed in shallow space In Byzantine work Because of Iconoclast Controversy Occurred in 8th century Byzantine artists brought their style when they fled West during Iconoclast Controversy Prohibited the creation of religious figures in artworks Because of the Commandment against making "graven images" ir depiction of living things Remnants of Greco-Roman naturalism and Early Christian themes mixed the Byzantine stylistic traits to create the characteristically abstracted style of the Romanesque and early Gothic periods Later, naturalism became predominate style in 3-D works and 2-d works retained the abstraction for longer
Palatine Chapel of Charlemagne Aachen, Germany 992-805 Carolingian Art, Medieval
Ode to Christian Rome and Byzantine architectural styles with columns, arches, and mosaics Charlemagne equates himself with Constantine and other Christian emperors Architectural propaganda to support Charlemagne's role as Holy Roman Emperor
Virgin with the Dead Christ (Rottgen Pieta) From the Rhineland, Germany Ca. 1300-1325 Painted wood 2' 10 1/2 " high Gothic, German
Pieta: An italian word for meaning pity or compassion Antithesis of Virgin of Jeanne d'Evereux Depicts: Virgin hold dead Christ on lap and stares at tortured child Stare: fixed eyes and caping mouth Incomprehension that mimics son's lifeless face Stiff, worn, and nearly mad with grief Christ Emaciated, bloody figure of suffering Dried blood cakes hands, feet, and side and crown of thorns dig into scalp Head hangs at awkward angle as though his neck was snapped Lifeless eyes and open mouth "vesperblid" Artwork intended to be used for Vesper prayers at night Meant to be a focus for evening prayers to Christ's human suffering and Mary's maternal grief Powerful image and extreme emotion Carved and painted wood
Saint Matthew, of the Coronation Gospels (Gospel book of Charlemagne) From Aachen, Germany Ca. 800-810 Ink and tempera on vellum Carolingian Art, Medieval
Purposefully Roman in style Part of Charlemagne's propaganda as Holy Roman Emperor Created to commemorate C's crowning as HRE by the Pope in
Romanesque video
Saint Lazare (Autun France) Saint Pierre (Mossac, France) Durham Cathedral (England) Romanesque: Art of the Western World - White Garment of Churches: Romanesque Art and Architecture 11th-12th century Influenced by: Pilgrimage and monastic movement Pilgrimage Plead for divine help, ask for cure of illness, thanks for favors given, Penance for sins Salvation for themselves On foot, by boat, on horseback Wear Pilgrims gard: Hat Staff Cuckold shape symbol of Saint James Exchange of goods, money Helped pay for cost of churches Last Judgement Tympanum (Autun, France) Architect: Gislebertus Style distinct, expressive detail Center: Christ the Judge Focus of composition Edges: Angels blow final trumpets Right: Christ saved Wears cuckold shell Happy, redeemed Souls being received Left: Christ damned Young woman with serpents gnawing at breast Pair of disembodied claws that clutch at screaming soul Michael, the Archangel, is weighing the souls while a devil tries to tip the scale unfairly in his favor Little unsure demons sit on scale, scared Cowering souls hid in coattails "Let this terror uphold all those bound by earthly sin" Monasticism Ideal been a long goal of humankind Modern: Because of Roman political power Durham Cathedral Begin in 1033 One of the Largest Romanesque building but has Gothic style/elements Gothic Style Pointed arch In the nave Ribbed vault Consistently uses ribbed vaults Flying Buttress Exist up in roof (hidden) Supports roof Lateral thrust Upwards and downwards from the ground Supports thrust with great walls and pillars Masonry Exotic 1st time: Chevron ornament Excise patterns around great columns of Durham Strong Romanesque forms Beginnings of Gothic elements
Gislebertus Last Judgement West tympanum of Saint-Lazare Autun, France 1120-1135 Marble 21' wide at base Romanesque, French
Scene of the Last judgement Jesus at the second coming with those saved on his right and those damned on his left To enter church, people must walk through the door on the right, below the damns To exit the church, people must exit through the door of the sacred Figures are linear, twisting, and writhing Have emancipated look Weighing soils is a tradition that goes back to ancient Egypt Note benevolent angel is trying to save soul while demon is trying to pull it down Hierarchy of scale ranks, importance of figures Horror of the evils of hell are vividly contrasted with sanctity of angel Weighing soils is a tradition that goes back to ancient Egypt Note benevolent angel is trying to save soul while demon is trying to pull it down Saints and angels helping the blessed to heaven
Saint Theodore from Charters Cathedral Charters, France c.1230 Gothic, French
Shows how style of sculptures can change over a long period Saint Theodore Soldier saint Full of life and graceful movement Natural proportion to this figure and a sense of body existing beneath drapery Turn of head and expression - sense of life and attentiveness Costume: Correct to contemporary garb worn by knights of the day Nearly independent of the building and seems about to step down and walk among us
crossing square
The area in a church formed by the intersection (crossing) of a nave and a transept
rose window
a circular window with mullions or tracery radiating in a form suggestive of a rose.
illuminated manuscript
a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations.
Flying Buttress
an arched stone support on the outside of buildings, which allows builders to construct higher walls
Cloisonne
an enamel technique in which metal wire or strips are affixed to the surface to form the design; the resulting areas are filled with enamel (colored glass)
ambulatory
major innovation, path around inside of church to allow movement of pilgrimmage
portal
doorways at ends of transept
Abbot Sugar
influential first patron of Gothic architecture; architect of St. Denis; emerged/'created' the Gothic style
Gislebertus
sculptor of the Last Judgement, who inscribed his name on the tympanum in the hope that people would pray for his salvation
Relics
valued holy objects from the past
ribbed vault
vault that resembles a groined vault but has ribbed arches
