Quiz #6

Complementing

can add further meaning to your verbal message

Emphasizing

can give emphasis to what you say by using an appropriate gesture

Nonverbal Communication

communication other than through written or spoken language that creates meaning for someone nonverbal factors such as eye contact, posture, vocal quality, and facial expression play a major role in the communication process. As much as 65 percent of the social meaning of messages is based on nonverbal expression. Your unspoken message is also how you express your feelings and emotions to an audience.

Pronunciation

concerns the degree to which the sounds conform to those assigned to words in standard English

Volume

determined by the amount of air you project through your larynx or voice box more air equals more volume of sound

Understatement

downplaying a fact or event

Effective Timing

effect use of pauses can greatly enhance the impact of your message

Hyperbole

exaggeration

Humorous Stories

funny anecdotes

Other Advantages to Using Presentation Aids

help listeners to organize ideas help to gain and maintain attention help to illustrate a sequence of events or procedures

Repeating

help you to repeat your verbal message can reinforce message

Presentation Aids Enhance Memory

high-tech presentation aids enhance learning people remember 10% of what they read, 20% of what they hear, 30% of what we see, and 50% of what we simultaneously hear and see

Vocal Pitch

how high or low your voice is

Impromptu Speaking

"thinking on your feet" or "speaking off the cuff" you can speak informally, maintaining direct eye contact with the audience usually lacks logical organization and thorough research

Dialect

a consistent style of pronouncing words that is common to an ethnic group or a geographic region such as the South, New England, or the upper Midwest

How to Present an Award

1. First, refer to the occasion 2. Next, talk about the history and significance of the award 3. Name the person -tell why the person won -decide when to reveal the name

How to Accept an Award

1. Thank the presenter 2. Thank your supporters 3. Talk about the award 4. Consider your audience

9 Types of Ceremonial Speeches

1. speeches of introduction 2. Toasts 3. Award presentations 4. Nominations 5. Acceptances 6. Keynote addresses 7. Commencement addresses 8. Commemorative addresses and tributes 9. Eulogies

How to Give an Impromptu Presentation

Consider your audience Be brief Organize Rely on your personal experience and knowledge Speak honestly but with reserve Be cautious

Contradicting

audience will believe what you communicate nonverbally sooner than what you communicate verbally, monitor your gestures to make sure hat thou are not contradicting what you say

How to develop an Extemporaneous Style

Early rehearsal -when you first rehearse your speech, use as many notes as you need to help you remember your ideas; but each time you rehearse, try to rely less and less on your notes Later rehearsal -when you find yourself using the exact same words each time you rehearse, you are memorizing your speech. Either stop rehearsing or consider other ways of expressing your ideas Final rehearsal -revise your speaking notes so that you need only brief notes or only notes for lengthy quotations

Vocalized Pause

Filling silence with words such as umm, er, you know, and ah

Inappropriate Gestures

Parade Rest -some speakers keep their hands behind their backs like soldiers given a "parade rest" command Broken Wing -another common position is standing with one hand on the hip or, even worse, both hands resting on the hips in a "double broken wing" Flesh Wound -few poses are more awkward-looking than when a speaker clutches one arm as if grazed by a bullet. The audience half expects the speaker to call out reassuringly, "Don't worry, Ma, it's only a flesh wound" Hands in Pockets -keeping your hands in your pockets can make you look as if you were afraid to let go of your change or your keys Fig Leaf -some students clasp their hands and let them drop in a distracting "fig leaf clutch"

Humorous Verbal Strategies

Play on words hyperbole understatement verbal irony wit

Responding to Questions

Prepare Repeat or rephrase the question Stay on message Respond toe the audience, not just the person who asked the question Ask yourself the first question Listen non judgmentally Neutralize hostile questions When you don't know, admit it Be brief Use organizational signposts Indicate when the Q & A period is concluding

How to Gesture Effectively

Stay natural Be definite Use gestures that are consistent with your message Vary your gestures Time your gestures to coincide with your verbal message Don't overdo it Use dramatic gestures sparingly

How to Use a Stationary Microphone

Stay still if you have a fully stationary microphone Speak directly into the microphone Speak clearly and crisply Test with care Do not tap, pound, or shuffle anything near the microphone

Toasts

a brief salute to such an occasion, usually accompanied by a round of drinks and immediately followed by the raising or clinking together of glasses. Most people are asked at some time or another to provide a toast on some momentous occasion-a wedding, a celebration, the birth of a baby, a reunion or friends, or a successful business venture. Usually quite short-only a few sentences at most.

Team

a coordinated small group of people that has been organized to work to ether, with clearly defined roles and responsibilities, explicitly states rules for operation, and well-defined goals. A team is a special kind of group that, as our definition suggests, coordinates its efforts through a clearly defined structure of who does what. All teams are groups, but not all groups are teams. Teams are formed for a variety of reasons, such as to sell products, elect a political candidate, or build an international space station.

Reflective Thinking

a method of problem solving invented in 1910 by John Dewey-a philosopher and educator 1. Identify and define the problem 2. Analyze the problem 3. Generate possible solutions 4. Select the best solution 5. Test and implement the solution

Analysis

a process of examining the causes, effects, symptoms, history, and other background information that will help a group to eventually reach solution

Symposium

a public discussion during which the members of a grip share a responsibility for presenting information to an audience. Usually, a moderator and the group members are seated in front of the audience, and each group member is prepared to deliver a brief report. Each speaker should know what the other speakers will present so that the same ground is not covered twice. At the end of the speeches, the moderator may summarize the key points. The audience can then participate in a question-and-answer session or a forum presentation.

Eulogy

a speech tribute delivered when someone has died can be one of the most significant and memorable and also one of the most challenging forms of commemorative address should mention-indeed, linger on-the unique achievements of the person to whom you are paying tribute and , or course, express a sense of loss. It is also proper in a eulogy to include personal and even humorous recollections of the person who has died

Laissez-faire Leaders

allow grip members complete freedom in all aspects of the decision-making process do little to help the grip achieve its goal often leaves a grip frustrated because it lack guidance hand has to struggle with organizing the work

Memorized Speaking

allows you to have maximum eye contact with the audience most memorized speeches sound stiff, stilted, and over rehearsed run the risk of forgetting parts of your speech and searching awkwardly for words in front of your audience

Panel Discussion

an informative group presentation. Individuals on the panel may use notes on key facts or statistics, but they do not present formal speeches. Usually, a panel discussion is organized and led by an appointed chairperson or moderator.

Play on Words

an intentional error such as a pun, spoonerism. or malapropism

Wit

an unexpected turn at the end of a fact or incident

Presentation Aid

any tangible object, image, or sound that reinforces your point so that your audience can better understand it charts, photographs, posters, drawings, graphs, PowerPoint slides, movies, and videos are just some of the types of presentations aids that we will discuss

Acceptance Speech

anyone who receives an award or nomination usually responds with a brief acceptance speech. Acceptance speeches have received something of a bad name because of the lengthy, emotional, rambling, and generally boring speeches delivered annually on prime-time TV by the winners of the film industry's Oscars.

Authoritarian Leaders

assume positions of superiority, giving orders and assuming control of the group's activity can usually organize grip activities with a high degree of efficiency and virtually eliminate uncertainty about who should do what, most problem-solving groups prefer democratic leaders

Visual Rhetorician

assume the role of an audience member and consider not only what a listener hears but also what a listener sees

Forum

audience members direct questions and comments to a group, and group members respond with short impromptu speeches. In ancient Rome, the forum was a marketplace where citizens went to shop and discuss the hot issues of the day. It later became a public meeting place where political speeches are often delivered. A forum often follows a more structured presentation, such as a symposium or a prepared speech by one group member. Forum presentations work best when all group members know the issues and are prepared to respond unhesitatingly to questioners.

Effective Delivery

includes having good eye contact with your listeners it also includes using appropriate gesture, just as you do in your interpersonal conversations with your friends your voice has a natural, conversational tone; varied inflection and an intensity that communicates that you're interested in your listeners

Humorous Topics

inherently funny subjects or humorous treatments of serious subjects

Small Group Communication

interaction among three to twelve people who share a common purpose, feel a sense of belonging to the group, and influence one another.

Democratic Leaders

involve group members in the decision-making process rather than dictating what should be done focus more on guiding discussion than on issuing commands

How to Tell Jokes and Funny Stories

keep it simple keep only the best jokes keep it in you mind

Presentation Aids Enhance Understanding

learn more form sight than from all other senses combined 80% of all information comes to you through sight visually orientated society

How to Use Eye Contact Effectively

look early look right at them look at everybody look everywhere loot at individuals

Picture graphs

look somewhat less formal intimidating than other kinds of graphs

How to Prepare a Team Presentation

make sure each group member understands the task or assignment work together to identify a topic consider the audience give group members individual assignments keep in touch develop a group outline and decide on an approach assign speaking responsibilities rehearse the presentation deliver an audience

Stationary Microphone

most often found attached to a lectern, sitting on a desk, or standing on the floor

Rate

most speakers average between 120 and 180 words per minute best rate depends on two factors: your speaking style and the content of your message

Speech of Introduction

much like an informative speech The speaker who is delivering the introduction provides information about the main speaker to the audience. The ultimate purpose of an introduction, however, is to arouse interest in the main speaker and his or her topic. Purpose: to get the attention of the audience, build the speaker's credibility, and introduce the speaker's general subject. Be brief and be accurate

Spoonerism

occurs when someone switches the initial sounds of words in a single phrase: "sublic peaking" instead or "public speaking"

Ceremonial Speech

or epideictic speech if the occasion is one that brings people together to celebrate, thank or praise someone else, or mourn, a speech given on that occasion

Emotional Contagion Theory

suggests that people tend to "catch" the emotions of others if you want your listeners to feel a certain emotion, then it's important for you to express that emotion yourself.

Kairos

the Greek term that rhetoricians use to describe the circumstances surrounding or the occasion for a speech

Nonverbal-Expectancy Theory

people have certain expectations as to how you should communicate. If you don't behave as your listeners think you should, they will feel that you have violated their expectations. The theory predicts that if a listener expects you to have effective delivery and your delivery is poor, you will lose credibility. There is evidence that although many speakers do not deliver speeches effectively, audiences nevertheless expect a good speech to be well delivered.

Public-Relations Speeches

people who work for professional associations, government agencies, universities, churches, or charitable institutions, as well as commercial enterprises, are often called on to speak to audiences about what their organization does or about a special project that the organization has taken on. designed to inform and improve relations with the public-either in general or because a particular program or situation has raised some questions.

Humorous Nonverbal Strategies

physical or vocal elements such as posture, gesture, pauses and intonation

Graph

pictorial representation of statistical data in an easy-to-understand format

Regulating

regulate the exchange between you and your audience; if you want the audience to respond to a question, you can extend both palms to invite a response

Puns

rely on double meanings to create humor

Functions of Gestures

repeating contradicting substituting for complementing emphasizing regulating your words

Verbal Irony

saying just the opposite of what one means

Line Graphs

show relationships between two or more variables, using lines or curves

Pie Graph

shows the individual shares of whole

Nomination Speeches

similar to award presentations involve noting the occasion and describing the purpose and significance of, in this case, the office to be filled The person who is making the nomination should explain clearly why the nominee's skills, talents, and past achievements serve as qualifications for the position the actual nomination should come at the end of the speech

After-dinner Speech

something of an institution-one with which a public sparker should be prepared to cope may present information or persuade, but their primary purpose is to entertain-arguably the most inherently audience-centered of the three general purposes for speaking

Commencement Addresses

speeches given at graduations were invented largely in the belief that outgoing college students should never be released into the world until they have been properly sedated to be audience-centered, commencement speaker must fulfill tow important functions: praise the graduating class, and turn them toward the future

Criteria

standards for identifying an acceptable solution

Extemporaneous Speaking

the approach that most communication teachers recommend for most situation you speak from a written or memorized general outline, but you do not have the exact wording in front of you or in memory you have rehearsed the speech so that you know key ideas and their organization but not to such a degree that the speech sounds memorized an extemporaneous style is conversational

Ethnocentrism

the assumption that your own cultural approaches are superior to those of other cultures

Lavaliere Microphone

the clip-on type of microphone that newscasters and interviewers often use; worn on a cord around the next of clipped to the front of a shirt or dress, it requires on particular care other than not thumping it or accidentally knocking it off

Immediacy

the degree of physical or psychological closeness between people

Malapropism

the mistaken use of a word that sounds much like the intended word: "destruction" for "instruction"

Leadership

the process of influencing other people through communication

Transformational Leadership

the process of influencing others by building a shared vision of the future, inspiring others to achieve,developing high-quality individual relationships with other, and helping people see how what they do is related to a larger framework or system.

Articulation

the process of producing speech sounds clearly and distinctly

Commemorative Addresses

those that are delivered during special ceremonies help to celebrate some past event are often combined with tributes to the person or people involved the speaker who commemorates or pays tribute is, in part, an informative speaker. He or she needs to present some facts about the event and/or people being celebrated. Then the speaker builds on those facts, urging the audience members to let past accomplishments inspire them to achieve new goals.

Immediacy Behavior

those that literally or psychologically make your audience feel closer to you Behaviors include: standing or moving closer to your listeners coming out from behind a lectern using appropriate levels of eye contact smiling while talking and, more specifically, smiling at individual audience members using appropriate gestures having an appropriately relaxed posture moving purposefully

Types of Presentation Aids

three-dimensional -objects -models -people two-dimensional -drawings -photographs -slides -maps -graphs -charts -flip charts -chalkboards and whiteboards -overhead transparencies powerpoint audiovisual -video aids -audio aids

Visual Rhetoric

use of images as an integrated element in the total communication effort a speaker makes to achieve his or her speaking goal

Boom Microphone

used by makers of movies and TV shows; it hangs over the heads of the speakers and is usually remote-controlled, so the speaker need not be particularly concerned with it

Bar Graph

uses flat areas-bars-of various lengths to represent information

Keynote Address

usually presented at or near the beginning of a meeting or conference. The keynote emphasizes the importance of the topic or the purpose of the meeting, motivates the audience to learn more or work harder, and sets the theme and tone for other speakers and events. One way in which a keynote speaker can succeed in his or her tasks is to incorporate examples and illustrations to which the audience can relate.

Inflection

when you raise or lower the pitch as you pronounce words or sounds helps determine the meaning of your utterances plays a major role in helping people to interpret the meaning of words

Substituting

without uttering a word, you can hold up the palm of your hand to calm a noisy crowd

Manuscript Speaking

write down the speech and then read it to your audience rarely down well enough to be interesting