Quizlet for Unit 11 Mammals

Many mammals also have _________________ that help cool the body.

Sweat Glands

______________: pointed teeth used for piercing, gripping, and tearing in carnivores and in herbivores they are reduced or absent.

Canines

Horses, rabbits, elephants, and rodents have microorganisms that live in the _____________-a large sac that branches from the small intestine and acts as a fermentation chamber and completes the digestion of food.

Cecum

Endocrine glands regulate body activities by releasing chemicals called _______________.

Hormones

The ability of mammals to regulate their body heat from within is an example of what?

Homeostasis

How are mammals classified into 3 groups?

Modes of development and birth.

When marsupials reproduce, the fertilized egg develops into an embryo inside the mother's _________________________. There, it is nourished by a small yolk sac. When the food in the yolk sac is used up, the embryo leaves its mother's body.

Reproductive Tract

The ____________ system functions to protect animals from diseases.

Immune

What do mammals do to cool the body if they lack sweat glands?

Pant

_______________________: hoofed mammals with an odd number of toes on each foot; contains mostly large, grazing animals; examples include horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, and zebras.

Perissodactyls

Placental mammals get their name from the ______________, an internal structure formed when the embryo's tissues join with tissues from within the mother's body. _____________, _______________, _______________________, and _____________ are exchanged between embryo and mother through the ______________.

Placenta, Nutrients, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Wastes, Placenta

How has having a backbone that flexes both vertically and side to side aided mammals in movement?

The flexibility allows animals to move.

From the kidneys, urine flows to a ______________________, where it is stored until it is eliminated.

Urinary Bladder

Urea, other wastes, and water combine to form _________.

Urine

Marsupials are ________________, or live-bearing. They bear live young, but at an early stage of development.

Viviparous

Define Omnivores

Animals that eat both plants and meat.

The rumen contains symbiotic _____________ that digest the cellulose of most plant tissues.

Bacteria

What's another thing that keeps Mammals warm?

Blubber

Although mammalian ears all have the same basic parts, they differ in their ability to _____________________.

Detect Sounds

_______________________: insect eaters with long, narrow snouts and sharp claws suited for digging; examples include shrews, hedgehogs, and moles.

Insectivores

____________________________: crush and grind food.

Molars and Premolars

The main function of the _________________ is to insulate the mammal against heat loss, but it can also serve to camouflage the mammal.

External Hair

_______________: chisel-like teeth used for cutting, gnawing, and grooming.

Incisors

_______________________: most have no teeth; some have very small teeth usually found in the back of the jaw; examples include sloths, anteaters, armadillos.

Xenarths

Kidneys also retain ________, ___________, and other compounds the body cannot afford to lose.

Salts, Sugars

The ______________ Era is called the Age of Mammals.

Cenozoic

_______________________: meat-eaters; many stalks and chase prey by running and pouncing, then killing with sharp teeth and claws; some eat plants as well as meat; marine carnivores feed in the ocean but bear young on land; examples include tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, walruses.

Carnivores

Food breakdown begins with _____________, which speeds up digestion.

Chewing

Marsupials belong to Order ___________________. Examples include: ______________, _____________, and _____________.

Mathzuparity, Kangaroos, Koalas, Wombats

_______________________: single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in both upper and lower jaws, which are used for gnawing wood and other tough plant material (entirely herbivorous); examples include mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, gophers, chipmunks, gerbils, prairie dogs, chinchillas.

Rodents

Cows and their relatives have a stomach chamber called the ___________, in which newly swallowed plant food is stored and processed. It is the first chamber of a large, four-chambered stomach.

Rumen

How has having shoulder and pelvic girdles that are more streamlined and flexible aided in mammalian movement?

They permit both front and hind limbs to move in a variety of ways.

Define Filter Feeders

Animals that eat microorganisms.

Define Carnivores

Animals that only eat meat.

Define Herbivores

Animals that only eat plants.

How do the kidneys help mammals to live in so many habitats?

They are so efficient at controlling and stabilizing the amount of water in the body.

Highly developed _____________ help maintain ____________________ by filtering _________________________________ from the blood and by excreting excess ________ or retaining needed _________.

Kidneys, Homeostasis, Nitrogenous Wastes, Water, Water

_______________________: entirely herbivorous; two pairs of incisors in the upper jaw; most have hind legs adapted for leaping; examples include snowshoe hares and rabbits.

Lagomorphs

The joint between the skull and ________________ became stronger and allowed mammals to evolve larger, more powerful jaw __________ and different ways of ____________.

Lower Jaw, Muscles, Chewing

All mammals use their _________ to breathe. They are large and contain millions of ___________, and small chambers for gas exchange.

Lungs, Alveoli

In females, the ___________________ produce milk to nourish the young.

Mammary Glands

All-female mammals lactate from _________________. The _________________ are modified ____________________ located on the thorax or abdomen that produce milk.

Mammary Glands, Mammary Glands, Sweat Glands

The embryo is born at a very early stage of development. The tiny embryo crawls across its mother's fur into a pouch called the ________________ on the outside of her body. Once inside the ________________, the embryo locates a _____________, attaches to it, and spends several months there drinking milk.

Marsupium, Marsupium, Nipple

________________ is an important mammalian characteristic, and the bond between mother and young is very close. The ________________ and _____________ of parental care vary among different species. During the time of parental care, the juvenile learns from its caregiver the _____________ it needs to ___________ in its particular environment.

Maternal Care, Maternal Care, Intensity, Behaviors, Survive

Mammals have a much higher ______________ than most other chordates which helps them to generate body heat. This also provides energy to perform strenuous activities for long periods of time.

Metabolism

Regardless of the mode of development, all newborn mammals feed on their mother's ______. The milk contains _____, ____________, and __________. Most of the energy from milk comes from _____.

Milk, Fat, Proteins, Sugars, Fat

Mice, cats, dogs, whales, elephants, sea lions, and humans are all examples of _________________________.

Placental Mammals

_______________________: closely related to ancient insectivores but have a highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors; examples include lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macaques, humans.

Primates

_______________________: mammals with trunks; went through extensive adaptive radiation some time ago that produced many species, including mastodons and mammoths, which are now extinct; only two species, the Asian elephant and African elephant survive today.

Proboscideans

The two separate circuits efficiently transport materials throughout the body: ________________ circuit- to and from the lungs; ______________ circulation - to and from the rest of the body.

Pulmonary, Systemic

_______________ regurgitate, chew, and swallow their food again. This may happen several times.

Ruminants

_______________________: adapted to underwater life yet must come to the surface to breathe; most live and breed in the ocean; examples include whales (humpback, narwhal, sperm, beluga, etc.) and dolphins (river, bottlenose, etc.) Blue whales are the largest animals that have ever lived, and they are filter feeders.

Sirenians

_______________________: herbivores living in rivers, bays, and warm coastal waters scattered throughout the world; large, slow-moving, and fully aquatic; examples include manatees and dugongs.

Sirenians

Food in the rumen is eventually broken down into small molecules that are absorbed by the animal's bloodstream after food reaches the ________________________.

Small Intestine

What are the 3 main parts of the mammalian brain and what are their functions?

The cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brainstem.

As mammals evolved, the form and function of their ______ and ________ became adapted to eat other foods.

Jaws, Teeth

Monotreme young are nourished by mother's _______, which they lick from __________ on her abdomen.

Milk, Pores

Define Subcutaneous Fat

A layer of fat cells is located under the skin.

Monotremes belong to Order _________________ and are ______________-lay eggs. This is the most ancient order of living mammals.

Monotremata, Oviparous

The human ________________ is a vestigial cecum.

Appendix

_______________________: hoofed mammals with an even number of digits on each foot; contains mostly large, grazing animals; examples include cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels, antelope, deer, gazelles.

Artiodactyls

Similar ecological opportunities on the different continents have produced some striking examples of __________________________ in mammals. They evolved similar adaptations in form and function.

Convergent Evolution

Most species of mammals are placental mammals, making up ____ orders.

17

A well-developed outer layer of the ________ is the cerebral cortex, which is the center of thinking and other complex behaviors.

Brain

Most highly developed ___________ of all animals.

Brains

In addition to hair and mammary glands, all mammals __________, have _____________________________, and are ______________ that generate their own body heat internally.

Breathe, Four-Chambered Hearts, Endotherms

The structure of a ______________ teeth is different from that of a _______________ teeth. The ridged shape in _______________ allows them to interlock during chewing, like scissors. The broad, flattened shape in __________________________ is adapted for grinding tough plants.

Carnivores, Herbivores, Carnivores, Molars and Premolars

_______________________: winged mammals; only mammals capable of true flight; account for about ⅕ of all mammalian species; eat mostly insects or fruit and nectar; three species feed on the blood of other vertebrates; examples are the bats.

Chiropterans

In placental mammals, the offspring remain inside the mother until development is essentially _______________. Placental mammals have the longest ______________ periods.

Complete, Gestation

Bats and dolphins can locate food and other objects in their environment by using __________________.

Echolocation

Only _______ species of monotremes exist today: _____________________ and four species of ____________ (one short-beaked and three long-beaked)

Five, Duck-Build Platypus, Echidna

________________________ heart: left and right __________ and __________________, oxygenated and deoxygenated blood never ___________.

Four-Chambered, Atrium, Ventricles, Mixes

Some mammals live in _________ in which the young may be cared for by adults other than the parents. This provides young mammals with opportunities for complex _______________________ among adults and juveniles.

Groups, Social Interaction

One group is _______________ and the other two groups are _______________ or live-bearing.

Oviparous, Viviparous