Quizzes 3ab,4ab

Who has the highest military authority in the United States, with control of the entire military establishment? -The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff -the White House's national security advisor -The secretary of defense -The president, as commander in chief

The president, as commander in chief

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) -is a government corporation -is an independent agency -is an agency associated with a Department -none of the above

is an independent agency

According to The Daily (2018) podcast, Brett Kavanaugh's nomination for (and appointment to) illustrates the Federalist Society's successful strategy. True False

true

According to The Daily (2018) podcast, there have been many court vacancies during the Trump Administration True False

true

Congress competes for power with the president in foreign and domestic affairs and policy making. True False

true

In 2016, a split decision from the eight-member Court meant that the Supreme Court sustained an appeals court decision, one that blocked President Barack Obama's attempt to prevent millions of undocumented immigrants from being deported. True False

true

Losers in civil cases may be required to pay monetary damages for their actions. True False

true

More than one judge is assigned for every appeals case at the federal level. True False

true

Most cases are settled before trial. True False

true

Most historians agree that after Thomas Jefferson and until the beginning of the twentieth century, Jackson and Lincoln were the exceptions to a succession of weak presidents. True False

true

Opponents of existing policies and agencies face high hurdles when trying to end them, but supporters of existing policies or agencies find maintaining the status quo easier. True False

true

Redistricting can give an advantage to one party by clustering votes with certain ideological or sociological characteristics in a single district. True False

true

Redistricting can give an advantage to one party by separating voters into two or more districts. True False

true

The U.S. Congress is a bicameral legislature. True False

true

The veto power makes the president the most important single legislative leader. True False

true

(Q004) Which Supreme Court case ruled that, under the First Amendment, corporate funding of independent election ads could not be limited? -Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission -McCain v. Feingold -Buckley v. Valeo -Federal Election Commission v. Wisconsin Right to Life

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

According to the Pearson video, "What's the Big Deal About Campaign Financing?" which of the following is noted as one of the most controversial cases in Supreme Court history? -Citizens United v. Kanye West - Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission -Citizens United v. Hillary Clinton -Citizens United v. The Federal Government

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

According to the Pearson video, "What's the Big Deal About Campaign Financing?" which of the following is noted as one of the most controversial cases in Supreme Court history? -Citizens United v. Kanye West -Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission -Citizens United v. Hillary Clinton -Citizens United v. The Federal Government

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

When presidents have claimed the power to take an action not enumerated in the Constitution, as Lincoln did when suspending the writ of habeas corpus during the Civil War or Truman did in sending American military forces into the Korean conflict, they have been more likely to do so by claiming that these actions are justified by the president's inherent powers, as stemming from: -the president's elastic, or necessary and proper, powers. -the Constitution's admonition to the president to "take care that the laws be faithfully executed." -"the rights, duties and obligations of the presidency," demanding or allowing extraordinary measures in national defense, war, or emergencies. -a series of early Supreme Court rulings that dealt with the president's executive power, suggesting that it was a broad grant of power.

"the rights, duties and obligations of the presidency," demanding or allowing extraordinary measures in national defense, war, or emergencies.

According to lecture, how many executive orders have been issued by all presidents as of January 2021? 13,731 15, 456 43,500 25,000

13,731

The EPA was created in which year? 1970 1982 2002 2013

1970

According to the documentary RBG (2018), what was the percentage of women enrolled in Harvard Law school in the 1950s? 50% 25% 10% 2%

2%

According to the Washington Post video "Record Number of Women Heading to Congress" the percentage of women in the 116th Congress is about 18% 20% 23% 28%

23

According to lecture, how many tweets did Trump sent during his presidency? 2,850 4,700 9,760 25,000

25,000

According to NPR Throughline's (2020) "Presidential Power," how long did the framers debate on whether there should be a president and what limits should be placed on the powers of the executive branch? 4 days 4 weeks 4 months 4 year

4 months

According to lecture, how many executive orders were issued by president Biden during his first month in office? 12 65 50 132

50

According to lecture, Trump's appointments to the _____ Federal Circuit court has "effectively flipped the circuit," according to one judge 2nd 3rd 8th 9th

9th

According to the Vox (2019) video "The Man Who Rigged...," what is the logic of gerrymandering? Influence election result to shift the balance of power Influence election results to hold on to power Change the district lines to fair and competitive districts Both the first and second answer choice

Both the first and second answer choice

According to lecture, __________ is the more recently appointed member to the Supreme Court Neil Gorsuch Samuel Alito Brett Kavenaugh Ruth Bader Ginsberg

Brett Kavenaugh

What term refers to the offices, tasks, and principles that large organizations, including governments, employ to coordinate their work? Administration Bureaucracy Civil service Chain of command

Bureaucracy

Since the early 1970s, how have House committee chairs been selected? -By a seniority system, although with leadership able to veto selections -By a consensus of the House leadership, with seniority still mattering most -By an election among members of the full legislature, with seniority playing a backseat to qualification and popularity among lawmakers -By an election among the members of the majority party, but with senior members still most likely to win selection

By a seniority system, although with leadership able to veto selections

According to NPR Throughline's (2020) "Presidential Power," what was the principal challenged faced by the framers of the US constitution with respect to the executive branch? -Creating an executive branch that operated similarly with the world's existing monarchies -Creating an executive branch powerful enough to be effective but not so powerful that it would be tyrannical -Setting a term limit for the president -Determining the qualifications necessary for a president

Creating an executive branch powerful enough to be effective but not so powerful that it would be tyrannical

According to NPR Throughline's (2020) "Presidential Power," given the challenges of the 1780s, what did the framers of the US Constitution think was the only way to make order of the chaos? -Creation of a task force to study the problem and offer recommendations to the council -Creation of a time machine to fix any mistakes that may arise -Creation of a means of eliminating the executive branch altogether -Creation of an Executive Branch that would carry out and execute the nation's laws

Creation of an Executive Branch that would carry out and execute the nation's laws

As discussed in the documentary RBG (2018), what is the philosophy behind RBG's strategy of 'one step at a time'? -Change can only take place with revolution -Enduring change does not happen overnight but rather piece by piece -One cannot run before one can walk -It's the safest way to climb stairs

Enduring change does not happen overnight but rather piece by piece

According to NPR Throughline's (2020) "Presidential Power," of the three branches of government created by the framers of the US Constitution, which branch had the most room to grow? -Legislative Branch -Executive Branch -Judicial Branch -None of the three - the powers of each branch were specifically limited and fixed

Executive Branch

The federal judiciary, especially the Supreme Court, has a formidable role in shaping American law, one backed by strong enforcement powers. True False

False

According to the Pearson video, "What's the Big Deal About Campaign Financing?" by how much did spending on federal elections increase from 2008 to 2016 after the Citizens Unitedruling? -From roughly $380 million to roughly $1.4 billion dollars -From roughly $380,000 to roughly $1.4 million dollars -From roughly $380 billion dollars to roughly $1.4 trillion dollars -From roughly $380 dollars to roughly $1,400 dollars

From roughly $380 million to roughly $1.4 billion dollars

Imagine you are a member of Congress and have sponsored a controversial piece of legislation overhauling the immigration system. The bill has made it through committee and has the support of leaders from both parties, but many of your colleagues are opposed to various provisions in the bill and would like to see substantial changes. What would you like to happen to ensure the bill is voted upon as originally drafted? - Have the bill sent to the floor to be considered under a closed rule -Have a colleague filibuster the bill -Have the bill sent to the floor to be considered under an open rule -Have the whips instruct your colleagues that they are free to vote as they please

Have the bill sent to the floor to be considered under a closed rule

According to the documentary RBG (2018), now part of the liberal minority on a conservative-leaning Supreme Court, what is RBG currently most known for? -Her forceful dissenting written opinions -Her opera performances -Her in-person appearances on Saturday Night Live -Her line of merchandise sold on Amazon

Her forceful dissenting written opinions

According to the Pearson video, "What's the Big Deal About Campaign Financing?" what are the limitations to SuperPacs? -A limit to the number of dollars which can be donated to the SuperPac by individuals -A limit to the number of donors who can donate -It can't coordinate with the campaign and has to disclose their donations -There is no limitation to SuperPacs

It can't coordinate with the campaign and has to disclose their donations

According to lecture, the view that the Constitution needs to be interpreted flexibly is part of which philosophy? Judicial restraint Judicial activism judicial review judicial supremacy

Judicial activism

According to lecture, the view that the justices should infer what was meant by the Constitution is part of which philosophy? Judicial restraint Judicial activism judicial review judicial supremacy

Judicial restraint

What is the area of policy over which a committee is assigned responsibility? -Area of expertise -Central function -Domain -Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction

What is the area of policy over which a committee is assigned responsibility? Area of expertise Central function Domain Jurisdiction

Jurisdiction

According to the documentary RBG (2018), what inspired RBG to study law? -Lawyers representing defendants' liberties during Red Scare in the 1950s -Martin Luther King's work on civil rights in the 1960s -She read a biography of Chief Justice John Marshall -Her husband was a prominent civil rights attorney

Lawyers representing defendants' liberties during Red Scare in the 1950s

According to lecture, which U.S. President was a tall man, known for a "treatment" of "leaning in" to exert influence? -Franklin D. Roosevelt -John F. Kennedy -Lyndon B. Johnson -Bill Clinton

Lyndon B. Johnson

Which member of Congress introduced a bill in 2015 that would block new EPA regulation on carbon emissions from going into effect unless reviewed by the Labor Department? Strom Thurmond Dianne Feinstein Mitch McConnell Ted Cruz

Mitch McConnell

One of the most important agencies to presidents has been this agency, which oversees preparation of the national budget, involves itself in the president's legislative proposals, and writes relevant policy reports for the executive. -National Security Council -Congressional Budget Office -Council of Economic Advisers -Office of Management and Budget

Office of Management and Budget

Why might a president's attempt to win bipartisan support for legislation backfire, even when such an attempt could go over well with the public? -No presidential action has won bipartisan support or praise in recent years, due to intense partisan polarization. -The attempt may lead to more public bickering in Congress as the parties hash out differences and make compromises. -Party loyalty and discipline can suffer—something a president may regret later when seeking support from his or her own party. -Many political analysts suggest that the increasing numbers of people who call themselves independent still favor presidents who value party loyalty.

Party loyalty and discipline can suffer—something a president may regret later when seeking support from his or her own party.

As discussed in The Daily (2018) podcast "A 30 Year Plan...," which was the first Federalist Society member judge who made it on to the Supreme Court? Harriet Miers Sonia Sotomayor Sandra Day O'Connor Samuel Alito

Samuel Alito

In 2002, Congress created this internal security agency in order to coordinate the nation's defense against the threat of terrorism. -National Security Agency -The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)'s Counter-Terrorism Division -The Department of Homeland Security -The Department of Internal Security

The Department of Homeland Security

In early 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments in a long-running dispute between Florida and Georgia. More specifically, Florida charged that its citizens and environment were being hurt by overconsumption of water in the ever-growing Atlanta area and through irrigation for farms in southern Georgia. The Court heard the arguments after designating an official known as a special master to hear facts of the case and make recommendations to the court. Based on what you have learned in this chapter, how did it most likely happen that the Court came to hear the case in such a unique way? -It could have gone to either a federal or state court, given the amount of damage claims involved, but the two parties agreed to hear it in a neutral setting before appealing to the Supreme Court. -The case involved questions about interstate commerce, and as such had to be heard by a lower court official first before being heard by the Supreme Court. -The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction for cases in which a state is a party, meaning that it may hear such cases first, which it did here, after receipt of recommendations. -Congress changed the Court's jurisdiction to allow disputes between states to be heard in this fashion.

The Supreme Court has original jurisdiction for cases in which a state is a party, meaning that it may hear such cases first, which it did here, after receipt of recommendations.

In the 1830s, this practice was seen by supporters as a victory for democracy against congressional elites and a way to strengthen the presidency: -Andrew Jackson's campaign promise to "make the states great again" -The redevelopment of a two party system, after a long era of one-party dominance -The national convention system for nominating presidential candidates -Andrew Jackson's use of the veto as a tool of policy making

The national convention system for nominating presidential candidates

According to the Pearson video, "What's the big Deal About Campaign Financing?" how do donors who wish to remain anonymous circumvent current campaign finance laws? -They cannot remain anonymous: as a result of Citizens United, all donations must be made public -They can donate directly to candidates -They can donate to dark money groups -They can make their donations directly to Prof. Haupt

They can donate to dark money groups

According to the Vox (2019) video "The Man Who Rigged ...," who said that redistricting is "representatives choosing the voters" and "it's like an election in reverse?" - Thomas Hofeller -Chief Justice John Roberts -Elbridge Gerry -North Carolina governor Roy Cooper

Thomas Hofeller

According to the documentary RBG (2018), what was at issue in the first women's rights case in the RBG era? -Whether women should receive equal pay as men -Whether women could take contraceptives if they choose -Whether women could gain admission to a historically male-only school -Whether women could apply for credit cards without their husband's approval

Whether women could gain admission to a historically male-only school

Could an American president decide, unilaterally, to recognize a breakaway or secessionist country's legitimacy by receiving its emissaries, even if the country it broke off from objected? -Yes, since as head of state, presidents may receive foreign ambassadors and ministers -Yes, since presidents would be able to do so through executive orders to the State Department -No, since Congress must formally recognize foreign states before presidents may meet with their foreign representatives -It depends on whether the Supreme Court insists on having a say in the situation.

Yes, since as head of state, presidents may receive foreign ambassadors and ministers

An announcement made by presidents about how they will interpret or enact a congressional bill is known as: -executive review. -a line-item veto. -a presidential directive. -a signing statement.

a signing statement.

According to the Vox (2019) video "The Man Who Rigged ...,"who was Thomas Hofeller? -The mapmaker who helped -Republicans gerrymander districts over the last decade. -The person responsible for North Carolina's district lines -A master of packing and cracking -all of the above

all of the above

Scott Pruitt -was the Trump Administration's first EPA Administator -sought to undo Obama-era clean air regulations -comes from an oil rich state -all of the above

all of the above

The United States Post Office and the rail service Amtrak, along with other independent agencies including the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which provides banking deposit insurance, are different from other federal agencies in that they: -have tended to have large operating deficits in recent years. -are "government corporations," agencies run more like private businesses, performing and charging for market services. -have broad powers to provide public services that are, in all cases, too expensive or too socially and economically important to be left to private initiatives. -are completely free of presidential control or influence.

are "government corporations," agencies run more like private businesses, performing and charging for market services

According to The Daily (2018) podcast "A 30 Year Plan..." the Federalist Society was founded -based on the perception that the Supreme Court rulings of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s were too conservative -based on the perception that the law needs to be interpreted and put into context of today's society -based on the perception that law schools and the Courts had a liberal bias -because it legal scholars believed that the Presidency needed to be checked to a greater extent

based on the perception that law schools and the Courts had a liberal bias

According to lecture, many cases that come before the Supreme Court -are ambiguous -are cases on which reasonable people may disagree -both the first and the second answer -none of the above

both the first and the second answer

What can be said about the size of the bureaucracy? -It has grown to be much too big compared to the size of the economy -It is commonly perceived to be too big -It has grown over time, but so has the economy -both the second and third answers

both the second and third answers

A lawsuit in which a large number of people with common interests join together under a representative party to bring or defend a lawsuit is called a __________ -lawsuit. -group -plurality -mass tort -class action

class action

A bill's supporters generally prefer that the Rules Committee decide to use a(n) ___________ rule. open closed termination hold

closed

The two most common types of civil cases involve: -contracts and torts. -divorce and real estate -traffic offenses and mail fraud. -tax evasion and illegal drugs

contracts and torts.

The two most common types of civil cases involve: -contracts and torts. -divorce and real estate -traffic offenses and mail fraud. -tax evasion and illegal drugs.

contracts and torts.

An individual accused of committing murder or breaking and entering a home would be tried in a __________ court. civil criminal private general

criminal

The trial courts of general jurisdiction at the federal level are called __________ courts. supreme circuit appellate district

district

According to lecture, bureaucracies are undemocratic True False

false

According to lecture, most women and minority representatives in the House of Representatives are Republicans -True -False

false

According to lecture, most women and minority representatives in the House of Representatives are Republicans True False

false

According to lecture, the 116th Congress is the most ethnically diverse True False

false

According to lecture, the Department of the Treasury is an Independent Agency True False

false

According to lecture, the bureaucracy is generally well understood by the public, but not well liked True False

false

According to the Vox (2019) video "The Man Who Changed...," racial gerrymandering helped North Carolina's Democratic party pass crucial legislation such as voter ID laws before the courts ruled the district map unconstitutional True False

false

According to the Vox (2019) video "The Man Who Rigged...,"gerrymandering is done only for federal elections, but not for state elections True False

false

After the death of Justice Antonin Scalia in 2016, when the Republican-controlled Senate refused to act on President Obama's appointment of a moderate justice, the eight-member Court could not accept or hear new cases, nor issue rulings, for several months. True False

false

Defendants found guilty of civil wrongs can be fined or sent to prison. True False

false

Despite attempts to control the growth of bureaucracy, the number of federal employees in the civil service has grown exponentially over the past 30 years. True False

false

In the United States, the courts resolve both civil and criminal disputes. True False

false

Judicial activism and restraint are roughly the equivalents of judicial liberalism and conservatism, respectively. True False

false

Parties are only a minor feature of the organization of Congress. -True -False

false

Political science research authoritatively shows that campaign contributions from large interest groups influence congressional voting patterns. True False

false

The Constitution requires that the Supreme Court have nine justices, although a court with eight can make legal rulings until a ninth justice is appointed and confirmed. True False

false

The U.S. House of Representatives allows unlimited floor debate. True False

false

The power to confirm the appointment of all principal executive officers makes the Speaker of the House the true chief executive officer (CEO) of the United States. True False

false

The signing statement is an important tool the president can use to force Congress to consider a piece of legislation the president wants to introduce. True False

false

Two presidents have been impeached by the House, with one removed by the Senate. True False

false

According to lecture, the U.S. Postal Service and Amtrak are -two of the fifteen departments -independent agencies -government corporations -none of the above

government corporations

The American president exercises a measure of judicial authority through his or her power to: offer paroles and probations. give atonements and expiations. grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesties. mandate subpoenas, writs of habeas corpus, and warrants of indemnity..

grant reprieves, pardons, and amnesties.

According to lecture, the First Lady -has traditionally been a position of a hostess -is the second most powerful position in the country -steps in if the President dies -breaks tie votes in the Senate

has traditionally been a position of a hostess

According to lecture, California is in which Federal Appellate Circuit? the first the fourth the 7th he 9th

he 9th

In Marbury v. Madison, U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Marshall ruled that he could not force Secretary of State James Madison to carry out a previous president's appointment to a lower judge. In so doing, he established the legal power of the Supreme Court's power of judicial review. This was the case because: -the court was reviewing a decision of one of the other branches for the first time. -he established the ability of the courts to create and shape common law, a body of rules and principles of interpretation not grounded in specific statutes. -he declared an act of Congress unconstitutional; in this case, one that had given the court jurisdiction in the case. -Marshall held that the court should have been able to review the appointment before it was made.

he declared an act of Congress unconstitutional; in this case, one that had given the court jurisdiction in the case.

Saying that an American president has been impeached would mean that the executive has been: -removed from office, after conviction for treason, bribery, or any other serious crime. -charged with a criminal offense, including treason, bribery, or any other high crime or misdemeanor. -held by a majority House vote to have committed an impeachable offense, after which the Senate will hold a trial to decide if the offense calls for removal from office. -held by only the Senate to have committed a criminal or political offense so serious that it warrants removal from office.

held by a majority House vote to have committed an impeachable offense, after which the Senate will hold a trial to decide if the offense calls for removal from office.

Holding a political office for which one is running is called: rank. tenure. seniority. incumbency.

incumbency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are both: -bureaus or subdivisions of the Department of Defense. -government corporations, ones that serve some special public purposes or provide services. -independent agencies, ones that do not fall under the control of any cabinet department. -agencies of external national security that fall under the Department of Defense.

independent agencies, ones that do not fall under the control of any cabinet department.

According to lecture, the Attorney General -is the name for the head of the Justice Department -is nearly as powerful as the Vice President -serves under the Deputy Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security -overseas the 15 Departments

is the name for the head of the Justice Department

Bureaucracy makes modern government possible because: -modern government mainly requires the shuffling of millions of pieces of paper, which requires organizing and coordinating workers. -it takes the power to implement policy from the hands of corrupt politicians and places it in the hands of skilled professionals. -it allows a means of efficiently delivering or providing public goods and services, as well as a way for officials to make credible, long-term policy commitments. -it removes politics from the policy-planning, rule-making, and implementation process.

it allows a means of efficiently delivering or providing public goods and services, as well as a way for officials to make credible, long-term policy commitments.

Although it is often condemned by media commentators and voters alike, Congress's infamous slowness can largely be traced to: partisan polarization among voters. its representative nature. the two-party system. committee rule changes over time

its representative nature.

When a congressional representative says to a legislative colleague, "I'll support your bill if you'll support mine," that statement is an example of: -whipping. -logrolling. -the distributive tendency. -interest-group bargaining.

logrolling

Senators, in contrast to House members, are better equipped to consider new ideas and bring together new political coalitions, because they serve: -for six-year terms, which gives them a longer-term view. -for eight-year terms, which insulates them from immediate consequences. -as agents for more diverse collections of groups and interests via statewide elections. -larger and more diverse constituencies in four-year terms.

or six-year terms, which gives them a longer-term view.

In 2018, a congressional committee briefly captured media and public attention when it questioned Facebook executive and cofounder Mark Zuckerberg about the privacy of its user data, in the wake of reports that a British research company had abused data in private research related to the 2016 presidential election. In so doing, the committee discussed past and ongoing data privacy-related actions undertaken against Facebook by the Federal Trade Commission. As it involved not only a celebrity witness, but a federal agency's duties and actions under the law, the hearing was a classic case of a House committee engaged in: -ad hoc authority. -oversight -enforcement and policy-making authority. -intrusion into executive branch affairs.

oversight

When the Supreme Court mandated that Yaser Esam Hamdi, an apparent Taliban soldier, was entitled to basic civil rights such as the right to counsel even though the administration of President George W. Bush had classified him as an enemy combatant, the Court exemplified its power to: -review actions of Congress. -review actions of the president. -interpret administrative rules. -act as a military tribunal.

review actions of the president.

In the United States, the head of a cabinet department is usually called a: general. minister. secretary. chief administrator.

secretary.

In the United States, the basis for the authority of federal judges is: -Congress. -common law. -the supremacy clause. -the Constitution and laws.

the Constitution and laws.

At the federal level, the U.S. Circuit Courts of Appeal are the courts of last resort for most cases, whether civil or criminal, because: -the U.S. Supreme Court can choose what cases it wants to hear, among those appealed from lower courts. -congressional statutes prohibit large categories of cases from being heard by the U.S. Supreme Court. -the U.S. Supreme Court does not have the jurisdiction to hear most federal appellate cases. -the cases are typically decided to the satisfaction of major parties involved, especially in civil cases.

the U.S. Supreme Court can choose what cases it wants to hear, among those appealed from lower courts.

According to lecture, all of the following is true about the Vice President, EXCEPT -the Vice President can be an important advisor to the President -the Vice Presidential position is the second most powerful position in the country -the Vice President steps in if the President dies -the Vice President breaks tie votes in the Senate

the Vice Presidential position is the second most powerful position in the country

According to lecture, all of the following are explanations of the "incumbency puzzle," except -incumbents are proven to be good campaigners -incumbents benefit from name recognition -incumbents receive more media coverage -voters tend to dislike local politicians but like Congress and federal politicians

voters tend to dislike local politicians but like Congress and federal politicians

As discussed in The Daily (2018) podcast "A 30 Year Plan...," Harriet Miers was a Supreme Court nominee during the George W. Bush administration, who -was considered too conservative and was met by opposition from the Democrats -was a conservative, but not a member of the Federalist Society, and thus not acceptable to the -Federalist Society -was the first member of the Federalist Society who made it on to the Supreme Court -would have been the first Latina judge on the Supreme Court

was a conservative, but not a member of the Federalist Society, and thus not acceptable to the Federalist Society

As discussed in The Daily (2018) podcast "A 30 Year Plan...," Harriet Miers was a Supreme Court nominee during the George W. Bush administration, who -was considered too conservative and was met by opposition from the Democrats -was a conservative, but not a member of the Federalist Society, and thus not acceptable to the Federalist Society -was the first member of the Federalist Society who made it on to the Supreme Court -would have been the first Latina judge on the Supreme Court

was a conservative, but not a member of the Federalist Society, and thus not acceptable to the Federalist Society

In recent years, after decades in which presidents took the lead in setting policy agendas, congressional leaders have been setting their own, especially during: -election years. -times when presidents have had -low public approval ratings. times of increasing partisan -polarization in Congress and the nation. -years when facing a White House controlled by the opposition party.

years when facing a White House controlled by the opposition party.