Radiography Seminar Test 2 Review Fluoro
PA, upright and AP, lateral decubitus
For which of the following projections of the abdomen is the x-ray beam placed in the horizontal position? 1. Lateral 2. PA, upright 3. AP, lateral decubitus
AP oblique
For which projection of the stomach would a positioning sponge be used? PA PA oblique AP oblique Lateral
Asthenic
For which type of body habitus is the large intestine bunched together and positioned very low in the abdomen? Sthenic Asthenic Hyposthenic Hypersthenic
Hypersthenic
For which type of body habitus is the stomach almost horizontal? Sthenic Asthenic Hyposthenic Hypersthenic
Asthenic
For which type of body habitus is the stomach nearly vertical? Sthenic Asthenic Hyposthenic Hypersthenic
storage of food and chemical breakdown of food
Functions of the stomach include: 1. storage of food. 2. absorption of food products. 3. chemical breakdown of food.
18 to 24 inches
How far above the anus is the enema bag placed during a barium enema? 12 inches 18 to 24 inches 24 to 36 inches 4 feet
No more than 4 inches
How far is the enema tip inserted into the rectum for a colon examination? No more than 2 inches No more than 3 inches No more than 4 inches No more than 5 inches
24 hours
How long does it take barium to go through the alimentary canal and reach the rectum? 12 hours 24 hours 1 day 1 1/2 day
30 feet
How long is the entire alimentary canal? 5 feet 10 feet 20 feet 30 feet
40 to 70 degrees
How much is the body rotated for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum? 40 degrees 45 degrees 60 degrees 40 to 70 degrees
3 to 6 inches
How much lower should the IR be positioned when the upright position is used for projections of the stomach? 1/2 to 1 inch 2 to 2 1/2 inches 4 to 5 inches 3 to 6 inches
sims
In which position should the patient be placed to insert the enema tip for a barium enema? Sims Trendelenburg's Lithotomy Right lateral
single-stage and two-stage procedures
Methods of performing a double-contrast barium enema include: 1. enteroclysis. 2. single-stage procedure. 3. two-stage procedure.
single and double contrast
Methods of radiographically examining the colon include: 1. enteroclysis. 2. single contrast. 3. double contrast.
elimination of motion
One of the most important technical considerations in gastrointestinal radiography is: elimination of motion. speed of the examination. production of a high-contrast image. production of a high-resolution image
1, 2, and 3
Preparation of the intestinal tract for examination of the colon includes: 1. laxatives. 2. dietary restrictions. 3. cleansing enemas. 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3
descending colon
The PA oblique projection of the colon done in the LAO position clearly demonstrates the: ascending colon. descending colon. R colic flexure. transverse colon.
stomach contour and duodenal bulb
The PA projection of the stomach best demonstrates the: fundus. duodenal bulb. anterior aspect. stomach contour and duodenal bulb
fundus
The area identified in the figure is the: fundus body caridac antrum greater curvature
right (hepatic) colic flexure
The ascending portion of the colon joins the transverse colon at the: left (splenic) colic flexure. right (hepatic) colic flexure. sigmoid colon. duodenojejunal flexure.
30 to 40 degrees cephalad
The central-ray angulation for the AP axial projection of the large intestine is: 10 to 20 degrees caudad. 30 to 40 degrees caudad. 10 to 20 degrees cephalad. 30 to 40 degrees cephalad.
hepatopancreatic ampulla
The common bile duct and the pancreatic duct usually unite to form the: pyloric portion. duodenal bulb. hepatopancreatic ampulla. greater duodenal papilla.
peristalsis
The contraction waves by which the digestive tube moves its contents toward the rectum are called: respiration. peristalsis. mastication. deglutition.
35 to 45
The degree of body rotation for an AP oblique projection of the large intestine is _____ degrees. 30 45 20 to 30 35 to 45
30 to 60
The degree of body rotation for an AP oblique stomach radiographic images ranges from _____ degrees. 20 to 30 30 to 40 40 to 50 30 to 60
35 to 45
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection (RAO or LAO) of the large intestine is _____ degrees. (image is RAO) 20 30 20 to 30 35 to 45
Hypersthenic
The degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the stomach will depend on the body habitus. The greatest degree of rotation would be used for which body habitus? Sthenic Asthenic Hypersthenic Hyposthenic
duodenojejunal flexure
The duodenum joins the jejunum at a sharp curve called the: pyloric portion. duodenojejunal flexure. right colic flexure. descending region.
PA or AP
The entire colon is best demonstrated in which projection? PA or AP PA axial PA oblique Lateral
cardiac orifice
The esophagus joins the stomach through an opening called the: pyloric orifice. cardiac orifice. cardiac sphincter. pyloric sphincter.
digestive juice
The exocrine cells of the pancreas function to produce and secrete: bile insulin glucagon digestive juice
cardiac antrum
The expanded portion of the terminal esophagus is called the: cardiac notch. abdominal esophagus. cardiac antrum. esophagogastric junction.
15 minutes
The first small intestine image is taken how many minutes after the patient drinks barium? 5 minutes 10 minutes 15 minutes 30 minutes
omenta and mesentery
The folds of peritoneum that support the abdominal organs are called the: 1. omenta. 2. mesentery. 3. pleura.
rugae
The folds of the thick inner lining of the stomach are termed the: rugae. serous. mucous layer. submucous layer.
store and concentrate bile
The gallbladder functions to: produce and secrete bile store and concentrate bile. regulate digestion of fatty acids. break down toxins in the bloodstream
enterostomy
The general term used to describe the surgical procedure of forming an artificial opening to the intestine for the passage of fecal material is: colostomy. enterectomy. enterotomy. enterostomy.
visceral peritoneum
The inner portion of the sac that covers the abdominal organs is termed the: parietal peritoneum. visceral peritoneum. parietal pleura. visceral pleura.
mesentery
The jejunum and ileum are attached to the posterior wall of the abdomen by the: haustra. iliacus muscle. psoas muscle. mesentery
haustra
The large intestine is made up of a series of pouches called the: cecum. rugae. haustra. taeniae coli.
liver
The largest gland in the body is the: liver. spleen. pancreas. duodenum.
reabsorption of fluids and elimination of waste products
The main functions of the large intestine are: 1. digestion of food. 2. reabsorption of fluids. 3. elimination of waste products.
digestion and absorption
The main functions of the small bowel are _____ of food. 1. digestion 2. absorption 3. storage
iliac crests
The majority of AP, PA, and oblique images taken during a barium enema are done on 14 × 17 inch (35 × 43 cm) IRs. Where is the IR centered on sthenic patients for the majority of these projections? Iliac crests Costal margin 2 inches above the iliac crests 2 inches below the iliac crests
barium sulfate
The most common contrast medium used for radiologic examinations of the gastrointestinal tract is: air. carbon dioxide. barium sulfate. water-soluble iodine.
ileum
The most distal portion of the small intestine is the: ileum. pylorus. jejunum. duodenum.
villi
The mucosa of the small intestine contains a series of fingerlike projections called: villi. rugae. haustra. taeniae coli.
pyloric sphincter
The muscle controlling the opening between the stomach and the duodenum is termed the: pylorus. pyloric sphincter. pyloric antrum. ileocecal valve.
ileocecal valve
The opening between the small intestine and the large intestine is called the: (identified by letter A in the image) ileocecal valve. ampulla of Vater. pyloric valve. greater duodenal papilla.
orific
The opening between the stomach and the small intestine is termed the pyloric: sphincter. antrum. orifice. canal.
greater duodenal papilla
The opening inside the duodenum where pancreatic enzymes and bile enter is called the: pyloric portion. duodenal bulb. hepatopancreatic ampulla. greater duodenal papilla.
parietal peritoneum
The outer portion of the sac that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is termed the: parietal peritoneum. visceral peritoneum. parietal pleura. visceral pleura.
ascites
The pathologic accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is termed: obstruction ascites aortic aneurysm ileus
after midnight
The patient "prep" for a morning stomach examination is food and fluid are withheld: after midnight. after the evening meal. for 12 hours. for 24 hours.
after the evening meal and no breakfast
The patient preparation for a small intestine examination is food and fluid withheld: after the evening meal. after the evening meal and no breakfast. for 12 hours. for 24 hours.
cecum
The pouchlike portion of the large intestine that is situated below the junction of the ileum and colon is the: (image letter D) cecum. rectum. sigmoid colon. vermiform appendix.
suspended respiration
The respiration phase for all projections of the large intestine is: inspiration expiration suspended respiration slow, shallow breathing
single and double
The routinely used methods of examining the stomach include _____ contrast. 1. no 2. single 3. double
peritoneum
The serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic walls is called the: peritoneum. mesentery. omentum. peritoneal cavity.
3
The small intestine is divided into how many distinct portions? 3 4 5 8
peritoneal cavity
The space between the two layers of peritoneum is called the: pleural cavity. peritoneal cavity. diaphragm. abdominopelvic cavity.
LUQ
The spleen is located in the _____ of the abdomen. LUQ RUQ LLQ RLQ
4
The stomach wall is composed of how many layers? 1 2 4 5
portal vein and hepatic artery.
The two vessels that supply blood to the liver are the: portal vein and hepatic artery. portal artery and hepatic vein. portal vein and cystic artery. cystic vein and portal artery.
cecum
The vermiform appendix of the colon is attached to the: (letter C in image) cecum. ileum. sigmoid. ascending colon.
4
The wall of the colon is composed of how many layers? 1 2 3 4
duodenum
The widest portion of the small bowel is the: ileum. duodenum. jejunum. sigmoid.
Retroperitoneum
What is the cavity posterior to the peritoneum? Parietal peritoneum Peritoneal cavity Retroperitoneum Retrogastrium
30 to 40 degrees caudad
What is the central-ray angulation for the PA axial projection of the large intestine? 10 to 20 degrees cephalad 30 to 40 degrees cephalad 10 to 20 degrees caudad 30 to 40 degrees caudad
35 to 40 degrees
What is the degree of body rotation for the PA oblique projection of the esophagus? 20 degrees 30 degrees 20 to 30 degrees 35 to 40 degrees
22 feet
What is the length of the average adult small intestine? 10 feet 12 feet 20 feet 22 feet
5 feet
What is the length of the large intestine? 3 feet 5 feet 7 feet 8 feet
recumbent
What is the recommended general body position for a radiographic series of the esophagus? Upright Recumbent Seated Trendelenburg's
PA, RAO
What is the recommended oblique projection and position for the best demonstration of the esophagus? AP, LAO AP, LPO PA, RAO PA, LAO
Expiration
What is the respiration phase for all radiographic exposures of the stomach and intestines? Inspiration Expiration Suspended respiration Slow, shallow breathing
Expiration
What is the respiration phase for an AP abdominal image obtained with the patient in the left lateral decubitus position? Suspended Inspiration Expiration Variable, depending on the patient status
Expiration
What is the respiration phase for an AP abdominal image obtained with the patient in the supine position? Inspiration Expiration Suspended respiration Slow, deep breathing
85%
What percentage of the population will have a combination of sthenic and hyposthenic body habitus? 50% 60% 75% 85%
iliac crests
Where is the IR centered for all decubitus projections of the large intestine? Costal margin Iliac crests 2 inches above the iliac crests 2 inches below the iliac crests
Level of the iliac crests
Where is the IR centered for delayed images of the small intestine? Level of the iliac crests 1 inch above the iliac crests 2 inches above the iliac crests At the costal margin/L3
2 inches above the iliac crests (Level of L2)
Where is the IR centered for images of the small intestine that are taken within 30 minutes of drinking the barium? Level of the iliac crests 1 inch above the iliac crests 2 inches above the iliac crests (Level of L2) At the costal margin/L3
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral projection of the abdomen performed with the patient in the dorsal decubitus position? L3 At the iliac crests 2 inches above the iliac crests 2 inches below the iliac crests
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal image obtained in the left lateral decubitus position? L3 Xiphoid 2 inches above the iliac crests Iliac crests
iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal image performed with the patient in the supine position? L3 Lower rib margin At the umbilicus Iliac crests
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an AP abdominal image performed with the patient in the upright position? L3 Lower rib margin Iliac crests 2 inches above the iliac crests
2 inches above the iliac crests
Where is the center of the IR positioned for an upright PA abdominal image? L3 At the lower rib margin At the iliac crests 2 inches above the iliac crests
Glucagon
Which drug may be given to the patient before a double-contrast examination of the stomach to relax the gastrointestinal tract? Heparin Glucagon Demerol Oral chlorhydrate
By mouth, Reflex filling, and Enteroclysis
Which methods are used to administer barium for a radiographic examination of the small intestine? 1. By mouth 2. Reflex filling 3. Enteroclysis
small lesions are not obscured and the mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized
Which of the following are advantages of using the double-contrast technique for examination of the stomach? 1. Fewer images are required. 2. Small lesions are not obscured. 3. The mucosal lining of the stomach can be more clearly visualized.
Varices better filled, and More complete contrast filling, especially proximal part
Which of the following are advantages of using the recumbent position for images of the esophagus? 1. Varices better filled 2. Easier to swallow barium 3. More complete contrast filling, especially proximal part
Prevertebral space and Air-fluid levels
Which of the following are clearly shown on a lateral abdomen projection performed with the patient in the dorsal decubitus position? 1. Prevertebral space 2. Air-fluid levels 3. Urinary bladder
Mouth and Pharynx, Stomach and Intestine
Which of the following are components of the alimentary canal? 1. Mouth and pharynx 2. Stomach and intestine 3. Liver and pancreas
AP projection LPO, and PA projection RAO
Which of the following are essential oblique projections of the stomach and duodenum? (RAO in picture) 1. AP projection LPO 2. PA projection RAO 3. PA projection LAO
AP and PA
Which of the following are essential projections for examination of the small intestine? 1. AP 2. PA 3. Lateral
Anus, Colon, and Esophagus
Which of the following are included as components of the alimentary canal? 1. Anus 2. Colon 3. Esophagus
2 and 3
Which of the following are prime considerations in producing an optimal image of the abdomen? 1. Apply compression. 2. Explain the breathing procedure to the patient. 3. Do not start the exposure for 1 to 2 seconds after suspension of respiration. 1 1 and 2 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3
AP or PA, Lateral, and PA oblique
Which of the following are the essential projections for an esophagus series? 1. AP or PA 2. Lateral 3. PA oblique
Exhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out
Which of the following best describes the administration of barium for an esophagram being performed for esophageal varices? Swallow the barium, inhale. Swallow the barium, exhale. Exhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out. Inhale, swallow the barium, hold breath out.
TV, Cine, and Video recorders
Which of the following can be used to record the fluoroscopic image? 1. TV 2. Cine 3. Video recorders
Air, Barium sulfate, and Water-soluble iodinated solution
Which of the following contrast media are used for examinations of the gastrointestinal tract? 1. Air 2. Barium sulfate 3. Water-soluble iodinated solution
Chassard-Lapine method
Which of the following demonstrates the rectum and rectosigmoid area in a true axial projection? 1. AP axial 2. Left lateral decubitus 3. Chassard-Lapiné method
Produces Lymphocytes, and Stores and removes dead red blood cells
Which of the following describes the function of the spleen? 1. Produces glucagon 2. Produces lymphocytes 3. Stores and removes dead red blood cells
Small intestine
Which of the following examinations requires the use of time markers on the images? 1. Stomach 2. Small intestine 3. Large intestine
MCP
Which of the following is placed perpendicular to the long axis of the grid for a lateral projection of the abdomen? Transverse plane Horizontal plane MCP MSP
It should be inflated by the radiologist using fluoroscopy
Which of the following is true regarding inflation of the retention balloon for a barium enema? 1. It should be inflated by the radiographer using fluoroscopy. 2. It should be inflated by the radiologist using fluoroscopy. 3. It should be inflated by the radiologist without using fluoroscopy.
1, 2, and 3
Which of the following is used to evaluate rotation on a KUB image? 1. Spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae should be in the center of the vertebral body. 2. Alae of the ilia are symmetric. 3. Ischial spines, if visible, are symmetric. 1 and 2 1 and 3 2 and 3 1, 2, and 3
stomach, gallbladder, and kidneys
Which of the following organs lie in the abdominal cavity? 1. Stomach 2. Gallbladder 3. Kidneys
Rectum and Urinary bladder
Which of the following organs lie in the pelvic cavity? 1. Kidneys 2. Rectum 3. Urinary bladder
A longitudinal plane midway between the vertebrae and the lateral border of the elevated side
Which of the following planes is centered to the grid for the PA oblique projection of the stomach and duodenum? Answers: Midsagittal plane A longitudinal plane passing 4 inches to the right of the vertebral column A longitudinal plane passing 4 inches to the left of the vertebral column A longitudinal plane midway between the vertebrae and the lateral border of the elevated side
MCP
Which of the following planes is centered to the grid for the lateral projection of the esophagus? MCP MSP A coronal plane 2 inches anterior to the midcoronal plane A coronal plane 4 inches posterior to the midcoronal plane
A plane passing midway between the midcoronal plane and the anterior surface of the abdomen
Which of the following planes is positioned to the center of the grid for the lateral projection of the stomach and duodenum? Midcoronal plane A coronal plane passing 2 inches posterior to the median coronal plane A coronal plane passing 2 inches anterior to the median coronal plane A plane passing midway between the midcoronal plane and the anterior surface of the abdomen
AP oblique, LPO
Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the fundus of the stomach? PA AP oblique, LPO PA oblique, LAO PA oblique, RAO
"Spot" images and Postevacuation images
Which of the following radiographs are taken during a single-contrast barium enema? 1. "Spot" images 2. "Filled" colon images 3. Postevacuation images
PA oblique, RAO
Which of the following will demonstrate the duodenal bulb and loop in profile? PA PA oblique, RAO AP oblique, LPO AP oblique, RPO
MCP
Which plane is centered to the grid for a lateral projection of the large intestine? MSP MCP A longitudinal plane 2 inches anterior to the median coronal plane A longitudinal plane 2 inches posterior to the median coronal plane
Supine and Trendelenburg's
Which positions will best demonstrate the retrogastric portion of the duodenum and jejunum on an AP projection of the stomach? 1. Supine 2. Trendelenburg's 3. Standing
Lateral
Which projection is used for images made during defecography? AP AP axial Lateral AP, decubitus position
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the ascending colon? Answers: PA oblique, RAO PA oblique, LAO PA axial AP axial
AP, left lateral decubitus
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the lateral aspect of the ascending colon and the medial aspect of the descending colon, when the colon is inflated with air? AP oblique, RPO AP oblique, LPO AP, right lateral decubitus AP, left lateral decubitus
PA oblique, LAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the left colic flexure? AP axial Lateral PA oblique, LAO PA oblique, RAO
Lateral, ventral decubitus
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the posterior portions of the colon? Lateral Lateral, ventral decubitus AP oblique, LPO and RPO AP, right lateral decubitus
PA oblique, RAO
Which projection of the colon best demonstrates the right colic flexure? PA oblique, RAO PA oblique, LAO PA axial AP axial
AP, right lateral decubitus
Which projection of the colon will best demonstrate the medial aspect of the ascending colon and the lateral aspect of the descending colon when the colon is inflated with air? AP oblique, RPO AP oblique, LPO AP, right lateral decubitus AP, left lateral decubitus
lateral
Which projection of the stomach demonstrates its anterior and posterior aspects? Answers: PA Lateral AP oblique, LPO PA oblique, RAO
AP, Trendelenburg's position
Which projection of the stomach would best demonstrate a diaphragmatic herniation? Answers: PA AP AP, Trendelenburg's position AP, R lateral decubitus
Lateral, PA axial, and AP axial
Which projections taken during a barium enema will demonstrate the rectosigmoid area? 1. Lateral 2. PA axial 3. AP axial
PA Oblique LAO, and AP Oblique RPO
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the descending colon? 1. PA oblique LAO 2. AP oblique RPO 3. Left lateral
AP Oblique LPO, and PA Oblique RAO
Which projections will clearly demonstrate the right colic flexure? 1. Right lateral 2. AP oblique LPO 3. PA oblique RAO
Right hypochondrium and epigastrium
Which two regions of the abdomen are almost entirely occupied by the liver? Answers: Epigastrium and left hypochondrium Right hypochondrium and epigastrium Right lateral and umbilical Umbilical and left lateral
cecum
area of the colon - A cecum ileum sigmoid rectum
sigmoid
area of the colon - E cecum ileum rectum sigmoid
ascending colon
area of the colon- D left colic flexure right colic flexure ascending colon descending colon
pyloric portion
the area identified in the figure is the: fundus duodenum pyloric portion angular notch
cardiac antrum
the area identified in the figure is the: fundus. angular notch. cardiac antrum. lesser curvature.
pyloric antrum
the part of the stomach identified in the figure is the: greater curvature. pyloric antrum. pyloric canal. pyloric sphincter.
double-contrast
"High-density" barium sulfate is used primarily for _____ intestine examinations. 1. enteroclysis 2. single-contrast 3. double-contrast
A sagittal plane passing halfway between the midline and the lateral border of the abdomen
A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum can be performed using a 10 × 12 inch (24 × 30 cm) IR. Which of the following describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection? The midsagittal plane A sagittal plane passing 4 inches to the right of the vertebral column A sagittal plane passing 4 inches to the left of the vertebral column A sagittal plane passing halfway between the midline and the lateral border of the abdomen
the MSP
A PA projection of the stomach and duodenum is often performed using a 14 × 17 inch (35 × 43 cm) IR. Which of the following describes the plane that is centered to the grid for this projection? The midsagittal plane A sagittal plane passing 4 inches to the right of the vertebral column A sagittal plane passing 4 inches to the left of the vertebral column A sagittal plane passing halfway between the midline and the lateral border of the abdomen
cholangiography
A specific radiographic examination of the biliary ducts is termed: cholangiography. cholecystography. hepatography. hepatorrhaphy.
tumor mass
A three-way abdominal series may be ordered to rule out all of the following except: infection. tumor mass. bowel obstruction. free air.
ASIS
At what level is the center of the IR positioned for a lateral projection of the rectosigmoid area? ASIS Iliac crests 2 inches above the iliac crests 2 inches below the iliac crests
L1/L2
At which level is the IR centered for a PA projection of the stomach and duodenum? T12/L1 L1/L2 L2/L3 Iliac crests
L1/L2
At which level is the IR centered for an AP or PA oblique stomach and duodenum? L1/L2 L2/L3 L3/L4 Iliac crests
A longitudinal plane 1 to 2 inches lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side
At which plane is the central ray positioned for the PA oblique projections (LAO or RAO) of the large intestine? Midsagittal plane A longitudinal plane directly over the vertebral column A longitudinal plane 1 to 2 inches lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side A longitudinal plane 4 inches lateral to the midline of the body on the elevated side
10 to 20 minutes
Demonstrating small amounts of intraperitoneal gas in patients with an acute abdomen is often necessary. How long should the patient lie in the left lateral position before the exposure is made? 10 to 20 minutes 30 to 45 minutes Variable, depending on the body habitus Variable, depending on the patient's condition
pancreatic and common bile
During an ERCP, an endoscope is passed into the duodenum under fluoroscopic control. "Spot" images are usually taken of the _____ duct(s). 1. pancreatic 2. hepatic 3. common bile
AP, AP oblique RPO
During an operative cholangiogram, the surgeon injects the contrast medium directly into the biliary system. Which of the following projections are typically done during this procedure in surgery? 1. AP 2. AP oblique RPO 3. AP oblique LPO
8
Food and fluid should be withheld for how many hours before a stomach examination? 2 4 8 12
the level of the mouth
For all projections of the esophagus, the top of the IR is positioned at: C7. T5. the level of the eyes. the level of the mouth
