REL 1103 Midterm

Lakukan tugas rumah & ujian kamu dengan baik sekarang menggunakan Quizwiz!

On the Christian Liberty (The Freedom of a Christian)

"A Christian is perfectly free lord of all, subject to none. A Christian is a perfectly futiful servant of all, subject to all."

"Fides Quarens Intellectum"

"Faith seeking understanding"

"Credo ut Intellectum"

"I believe in order to understand"

"Una Substantia, Tres Personae"

"One substance in three persons"

Logos

"Word" in the sense of eternal divine intelligence and purpose

Rosh Hashanah

"new year"

Religion

"non-falsifiable realities"

Mahdi

"the rightly guided one" is the name of the restorer of religion and justice who, according to a widely held Muslim belief, will rule before the end of the world

Madinat an-Nabi

-"City of the Prophet" -Yathrib after it was renamed

High Holidays

-"Days of Awe" -begins with rosh hashanah -yom kippur

Torah

-"Law"/"Instruction -First 5 books of Hebrew Bible -Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.

Nevi'im

-"Prophets -Joshua, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Twelve Prophets, etc.

Any Sof

-"Without End," "Infinite" -God in Jewish Mysticism

Ketuvim

-"Writings" -Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes, etc.

Shoah

-"catastrophe" -refers to Nazi program of genocide

Hijrah

-"departure" -marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, thus known as 1 A.H. ( after Hijrah)

Kosher and Dietary Laws

-"fit" or "proper" -Land animals that are kosher and fit for consumption include only those with split hooves and who chew their cud. -Pork is always forbidden -cannot eat meat and dairy together

Tetragrammaton

-"four-letter word" -YHWH -name of God

Synagogue

-"gathering together" -Gathering place to read Torah, pray, study -In existence before destruction of the Temple -After the destruction of the Temple, becomes more central

Simchat Bat

-"joy of a daughter" -naming ceremony for daughters

Sama

-"listening" -whirling dance

Adonai

-"my Lord" -used in liturgical context to replace YWH

Hadith

-"narrative" -provides example of Muhammad -Isnad and Matn

Siddur

-"order" -Jewish prayer book

Seder

-"order" -the ritual meal at which the Haggadah (liturgy that encourages how to remember and interpret) is read aloud, which relates to the story of Exodus.

Indigenous

-"original to land" -people who identify as indigenous -people who rely on kinship and location to define identity

Dhimmis

-"protected people" under Islamic rule -Seen as partners in monotheism -Life better than under Christian rule

Allah

-"the God" in Arabic

ha-Shem

-"the Name" -used outside liturgical context to replace YHWH

The Kabbalah

-"to receive" -Jewish Mysticism -The Zohar is key text -Four levels of biblical interpretation: Peshat (simple]/literal), Remez (hints/allegory), Derash (seek/comparative), Sod (mystery/inner meaning) -God is Ayn Sof ("Without End," "Infinite") -God is unknowable but aspects are revealed in the Sefirot (emanations) -Torah is given to help us -Fulfillment of commandments achieve balance

Heredim

-"trembling ones) -Adherence to Jewish law -Rejection of modernity

Tafsir

-"unveiling" -commentary on the Qur'an

The Holocaust

-"whole" and "burnt" -Death of at least six million Jews and eradication of Ashkenazi and Sephardic cultures throughout Europe

Shahadah

-1st pillar of Islam -profession of faith

Zakat

-3rd pillar of Islam -2.5% tax of one's wealth

Ramadan

-4th piller -Month of fasting -no food, water, smoking, or sex while sun is up

Battle at Karbala

-A battle in which Husayn fought against the Umayyad army, and lost -Many Shi'a Muslims see Husayn as a martyr and honor him still today -Signified the conflict between Sunni and Shi'a Muslims.

Jihad

-Arabic for "struggle" -dual meanings: Inner is the struggle to make oneself more Islamic; Outer is the struggle to make one's society more Islamic.

Sadducees

-Aristocracy, Temple Priests, Sanhedrin -Torah as only authoritative text -Literal interpretation

Rise of Adolf Hitler

-Armistice at the end of World War I Weimar Republic -Hitler's Mein Kampf [My Struggle] -The Great Depression -Hitler became chancellor of Germany -National Socialist German Workers Party -Nuremberg Laws revoke Jews' citizenship -Jews "voluntarily" transfer businesses

Martin Luther

-Augustinian Monk -Professor of New Testament at Wittenberg -Sent 95 Theses to Albrecht of Mainz -Key Teachings: Universal Priesthood and Justification by faith -wrote: To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Respecting the Reformation of the Christian Estate; The Babylonian Captivity of the Church; On Christian Liberty [The Freedom of a Christian]

Isreal Ben Eliezer

-Baal Shem Tov = Master of the Good Name -founding father of orthodox hasidism

King Solomon

-Builds the first Temple -After death Israel (united under David) splits into two kingdoms: Israel (North) and Judah (South)

Talmud

-Combined Mishnah and Gemarah -the interpretation of the Oral Law and the commentaries on this interpretation of the Oral Law -Palestinian Talmud and Babylonian Talmud

Totem (Poles)

-Comes from Anishinaubae -"heart' -"nourishment" -"kinship group" -tells a story

Mishneh Torah

-Compilation of Jewish law from the Talmud -Comprehensive account of the Oral Law -15 Sections

Gender Equality

-Conservative, Reform and the Reconstructionist Jews: Ordination of women to the rabbinat; Full female participation in synagogue services -Orthodox Judaism: Not allowed to be rabbis; Do not count as members of a minyan; Studying of Talmud is permitted

Acts of the Apostles

-Continuation of the Gospel according to Luke -Narrates early Christian missionary movements

Common Traits of Origin Stories

-Desire for community -Underline relatedness of all -Presuppose universe exists, focus on language, culture and landscape.

Moses Mendelssohn

-Encouraged Jews to speak German rather than Yiddish -The "New Jew" is adherent of Judaism and full participant in modern culture

Energy God/First Principle

-Energy of the Cosmos (Divinity underlies everything that exists; Impersonal divine energy runs through cosmos) -There's a "first cause" of the universe -Ex. Chinese Daoism, Upanishadic Wisdom of India, Pre-Socratic Philosophy in Greece

Trinity

-Father, Son, Holy Spirit -the Incarnate Word of God was crucified, suffered, died for "our salvation."

Julian of Norwich

-Female Christian mystic -wrote Sixteen Revelations of Divine Love

Imam Ruhollah Khomeni

-Founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the leader of Iranian Revolution. -Ousting of Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, ends 2,500 year Persian monarchy. Khomeini (supreme leader)

New Testament

-Four Gospels -Pauline Epistles -Acts of the Apostles -Later Writings of the New Testament

Jean Calvin

-French Protestant who stressed predestination -wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion

Immanuel Kant

-German Enlightenment philosopher -we can only know what we perceive, not as they actually are

Paul Tillich

-German Lutheran pastor and professor of theology -Dynamics of Faith (1957) -Theology of Culture (1959; religion = ultimate concern/seriousness) -Systematic Theology (1951-1963) -Christian existentialism -Method of correlation (correlate theology/symbols to the question of human existence)

Hamburg Temple

-German language rather than Hebrew -includes choral music with organ, and omits hope of restoration of the Temple

Reform Judaism

-Goal is to make to make Jewish life more meaningful in Germany of the 18th century. -First to ordain women rabbis

Pharisees

-Halakhah observed in daily life -Interpreted scripture in a broader sense -Key beliefs and ideas include: Resurrection, Social conscience, Purity, Oral Torah

King David

-Identified as Israel's greatest king -Reign begins c. 1000 BCE -Mashiach = Messiah -Anointed one

Temple Religion

-Indo-European Priests (Performed Rituals, Kept the Calendar) -Judaism (The First and Second Temple Periods ) -Buddhism and Hinduism -Usually Males only as Priest (Vestal Virgins as exception; Vesta is Roman Goddess of Earth)

Mystery Religion

-Initiation is key to receive the blessing and belong to the group -Eleusinian Mystery Tradition (Eleusis in Ancient Greece; Persephone, Hades, Dionysus, Isis) -Influences Christianity

Fiqh

-Islamic jurisprudence -the theoretical and systematic aspect of Islamic law, consisting of the interpretation and codification of the shari'ah

Babylonian Exile

-Israel falls to the Assyrians in 722 BCE -Judah falls to the Babylonians in 586 BCE -Destruction of the Temple -Exile to Babylonia

Chalcedonian Creed (451)

-Jesus is fully human and God -Jesus is two natures in one person.

Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment)

-Jewish Enlightenment -restructuring of Jewish education to devote less time to the Talmud and more to subjects like modern languages and practical skills

Bar Cochba Revolt

-Jews were exiled from Jerusalem -Judea renamed "Syria-Palestina" -Jerusalem renamed "Aelia Capitolina"

The Reasonableness of Christianity

-John Locke -God would not have made salvation depend upon one's understanding of difficult teachings -emphasizes the bare bones teachings of Jesus and the Scriptures -asserts that the Christian faith is reasonable -Jesus is the Messiah -belief in Jesus as the Messiah is the primary requirement for salvation.

Scriptural Religion

-Judaism (Tanakh) -Christianity (New Tesament) -Islam (Qur'an) -Buddhism (Lotus Sutra) -Fundamentalism: believing in literal truth of scripture

Psalm 137

-Lament over the Destruction of Jerusalem -Lamentations: crying out; a form of faith during times of destruction -Cyrus of Persia allowed Jews to return in 539 BCE

Moses

-Led the Exodus of the Hebrews from Egypt -received the 10 commandments

Rabbi Hillel

-Lenient interpretation of Torah -Rival: Rabbi Shammai

Synoptic Gospels

-Matthew, Mark, and Luke -similar point of view when contrasted with the Gospel of John.

Shamanism

-Medicine Man, Soul Doctor, and Witchdoctor -Intermediary between humans and spirit world -Ritual specialist -Appeases the Spirits; Enters a "trance" state as intermediary

Oral Torah

-Mishnah -Unbroken chain of oral tradition

Sayyid Ahmad Khan

-Muslim reformer, Islamic philosopher -called for a modern ijtihad or rethinking of the Islamic heritage. -rejected the hadith tradition as a legitimate basis for modern Islamic living.

Vine Deloria, Jr. and Custard Died for Your Sins

-Oglala Sioux -redefining themselves to fit white ideals

Shavuot

-One of three festivals during Shalosh Regalim meant to celebrate God's revelation of the Torah to Moses -stay up all night and read the Mishnah

Consensus in Jewish Movements

-Oneness of God -Authority and sacred nature of Torah -Israel as "chosen people" -Temple as place where God and Israel meet

Mendicant Orders

-Orders that, instead of withdrawing from the world and living predominantly in closed communities, dedicate themselves to pastoral work, serving the people -ex. Carmelites, Dominicans, and Franciscans.

Gays and Lesbians

-Orthodox: male same sex intercourse is considered unacceptable -Reform and Reconstructionist: full equality and accept same-sex marriage and ordination -no reference to lesbianism in bible

European Reformation

-Parallel Movements throughout the Sixteenth Century of Protest from the Church Leaders and Scholars against the Roman Catholic Church. -Protest in Print -Emergence of the Middle Class -Rise of the Proto-Nation States (autonomy from Holy Roman Empire) -It is not a Schism -It is not a Heresy -The European Reformation is the fragmented yet cohesive development of new patterns of worship and belief, which brought with it new institutions for the whole of society.

Second Vatican Council

-Popes Paul XXIII and PaulVI -made to consider the Church in the modern world

Yom Kippur

-Prayer -fasting -Seeking forgiveness of sin for the past year

Gamal Abdel Nasser

-President of Egypt -advocated for an Arab pan-nationalism. -led the 1952 socialist revolution, abolished monarchical rule in Egypt. -cracked down on Muslim Brotherhood after there was an assassination attempt on his life.

Colonialism

-Process by which people of one place establish and maintain a settlement in another -denotes the disastrous effects of this process on indigenous people.

Prophetic Religion

-Prophet speaks on behalf of deity (Forthteller and Foreteller) -Oracles at Delphi (Greece) -Abraham (Judaism), Jesus (Christianity), Muhammad (Islam)

Qur'an

-Qur'an was revealed to Muhammad by the angel Gabriel over 23 years. -root "q-r-" = "recite" or "read" -Suras could be short and on a singular theme to longer chapters -Early Meccan surahs are usually shorter and usually brief admonitions. -Later Medina surahs are fewer but longer in the form of didactic arguments, discourses and legal pronouncements, often addressing situations in the community.

Moses Maimonides

-Rambam -Three Principles of Faith: Existence of God, coming of the Jewish Messiah, resurrection of the Dead -Key writings: Mishneh Torah; Guide for the Perplexed

Guide for the Perplexed

-Reconciles Aristotelianism with the Hebrew Bible -Sought to reconcile reason and faith -Learning does not undermine faith -Biblical commandments were rational -Language helps us to understand God -Anthropomorphic explanations should not be taken literally -God as the Necessary Being Influences Christian Scholastics such as the Dominican, Thomas Aquinas

Reconstructionist Judaism

-Reconstructionist Synagogue (as cultural and social center) -Jewish Community Center -Judaism is a civilization [not supernatural], which is progressively evolving over time. -Scriptures created by the Jewish people themselves -Traditions exist for the people, thus, traditions can be modified.

Zealots

-Refused to cooperate with Rome -Hoped Messiah would come to liberate the Jews from Roman oppression

Religare/Relegere

-Religare = "to bind" -Relegere = "to go over again"

Antiochus IV Epiphanes

-Ruler of the Seleucid Empire (Syria) -took Judea from the Ptolemaic Kingdom (Egypt]) -Advocated Greek culture -Made several features of Jewish life illegal (circumcision) -Placed a statute of Zeus in the Temple and sacrificed pork on the altars

Connecting to the Cosmos

-Sacred Spaces/Axis mundi -Sacred Times -Discerning Cosmic and Seasonal Cycles -Animal Spirits

Axis Mundi

-Sacred spaces -World axis -Connecting to the sacred

Avatar

-Sanskrit for "coming down to Earth -Gods in human form Savior figures -Special births -Can perform miracles -Ex. Vishnu and Krishna (Hinduism), Amitabah (Buddhism), Jesus Christ (Christianity)

Pauline Epistles

-Seven Authentic Letters -Focuses on the death and resurrection of Jesus

Sampson Raphael Hirsch

-Shapes Orthodox Judaism -Opposed Reformed & Conservative

Michael Servetus

-Spanish theologian, physician, polymath -Refuted the doctrine of the Trinity -Notable Works: On the Errors of the Trinity and The Restoration of Christianity

Abraham Geiger

-Spiritual leader of Reform Movement -Textual Criticism (Hebrew Bible as historically contingent and adapting) -Understand Judaism to be flexible and continually adjusting over time and place -Do not necessarily follow all commandments [e.g. Kosher dietary laws] -Interfaith dialogue

Ibn Taymiyyah

-Sunni Muslim theologian and jurist -Called for a return to pristine Islam of the "rightly guided" successors. -campaigned against Shi'ism, Sufism, and legal traditions, -sought to revitalize the practice of ijtihad. -issued fatwa [religious legal opinion] that allowed Muslims in the city of Mardin to war against occupying Mongols who converted to Islam after their conquest of Baghdad. -contradicted the Islamic teaching that Muslims should avoid war against Muslim rulers.

Hebrew Bible

-Tanakh (Old Testament by Christians) is an anthology of twenty four books. -Torah -Pentateuch -Nevi'im -Ketuvim

Adversus Praxeas

-Tertullian -asserted Trinity

YHWH

-Tetragrammaton -not supposed to be pronounced (replaced by adonai or ha-shem)

Orthodox Judaism

-Traditional Judaism is compatible with everyday life -Hebrew Bible is revealed word of God -Mishnah and Talmud is Oral Torah that originated with Moses. -Liberal Orthodox Jews associate with society more so than the sub-groups

To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Respecting the Reformation of the Christian Estate

-Universal Priesthood of All Believers -Two Kingdoms -Restriction of Friars -Abolish of Masses for the Dead

Five Ways (Quinque Viae)

-Unmoved Mover -First Cause -Argument from Contingency -Argument from Degree -Final Cause (Teleological Argument)

Rule of Saint Benedict

-Vows: Poverty; Chastity; Obedience -Moderate and Balanced Rule

Religion as a Modern Invention

-Western concern that tries to separate religious from non-religious

Nestorius of Constantinople

-accepted Christokos but rejected Theotokos -believed that no union between the human and divine were possible

Theodor Herzl

-an Austrian-Hungarian journalist -established Zionism as a political movement.

Cyril of Alexandria

-argues that the is "one nature" of the Word after the incarnation -Mary is the Theotokos

Documentary Hypothesis

-asserts there are four compilers of independent documents in the Torah -JEPD = Jahwist; Elohist; Deuteronomist; Priestly.

Second Temple period

-begins when the Persian King Cyrus allowed Jews to return to the homeland and allow the temple to be rebuilt -ends with temple's destruction in 70 CE when the Romans destroyed it after a Jewish revolt

Holy Roman Empire

-begins with Emperor Otto I -Holy Roman Empire is largely German -Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire is usually elected

Rabbinic Period/Rabbinic Movement

-begins with the destruction of the Second Temple -Romans installed Herod the Great as King -Roman client king of Judea; expansion of the Second Temple

Irenaeus of Lyons

-bishop of Lyons -important work is Against Heresies, which rebuked Gnosticism.

First Vatican Council

-called by Pope Pius IX in 1870 -reaffirmed papal infallibility

Isnad

-chain of tradition -authenticates reliability of hadith

Rabbis

-comes from Pharisees -rev = "teacher" -Rabbis focus on the Tanakh and the Oral Torah, which live on without the Temple

Gemarah

-commentaries on the Mishnah -Halakhah ( legal material) -Aggadah (narrative material)

Monasticism

-emerges as an alternative expression of Christian identity -religion is what you do with solitude

Hasmonean Family

-family of Jewish priests -Judah Maccabeus led the Maccabean Revolt -Recaptures the Temple and rededicates it

Athanasius of Alexandria

-father of monasticism -lived in solitude and provided spiritual wisdom to those who visited him

Yathrib

-final destination of Muhammad's hijra and the home of the first community of Muslims -later renamed Medina

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

-first president of Turkey -Ataturk advanced secularism and nationalism

Red Willows

-from Anishinaubae in Canada and U.S. -Nanabush got bloody diarrhea from killing and eating a bear; used a sapling to wipe with; put sapling in the ground; blood turned willow red

Gospels

-greek Euangelion ("good news") -Matthew, Mark, Luke and John

Anishinaubae

-in Canada and U.S. -red willow story

Pentateuch

-in Greek = "5 books/tools" -another name for the Torah

The Zohar

-key text of Kabbalah -Four levels of biblical interpretation: Peshat (simple]/literal), Remez (hints/allegory), Derash (seek/comparative), Sod (mystery/inner meaning)

Charlemagne

-king of Holy Roman Emperor -further divided western and eastern empires

Augustine of Hippo

-latin bishop of Hippo -Wrote: Confessions, On the Trinity, and City of God

Sunni

-majority -believed Muhammad never designated a successor

Rasul

-messangers -sent to a specific community, but his message is universally binding sacred law

Shi'a

-minority -"party" -believed Muhammad appointed his cousin and son-in-law 'Ali to succeed him

Al-Hasan al-basri

-one of the fathers of Sufism -criticized the Ummayad caliphs -interested in the "kernel" rather than the "husks" of religion, therefore, he is less inclined to obsess over the origin and transmission of the Hadith, that is, writings that contain the way of life based on the Prophet Muhammad, which is canonical law

Sayyid Qutb

-one of the leading voices amongst the contemporary reformers who inspired member of the Muslim Brotherhood. -Arab socialism: little jobs open were government jobs, where pay was poor and responsibilities were little. Thus, we have a revivalism of religion. -wrote Milestones.

Sky Women

-pregnant spirit rests on giant turtle's back -muskrat dives for soil -woman makes soil cover turtle's back -back is now North America

Conservative Judaism

-previously known as "Positive-Historical Judaism" -between Orthodox and Reform -Oneness of God -Affirms historical developments in Judaism -Jewish law is binding and contingent -Usually follow dietary laws -Restructuring of tradition for modernity -Community participates in the shaping of the Jewish traditions for today -Vary in attitudes towards female rabbis

Nabi

-prophet -conveys a message from God to a specific people at a specific time

Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad

-prophets of power -revelations universally binding

Five Pillars of Islam

-shahadah -establish regular worship; -pay the zakat alms; -observe the fast of Ramadan -perform the hajj once in one's life.

Sufism

-suf = wool -Muslim mysticism

Genocides

-systematic destruction and killing of particular race and people. -Christopher Columbus participated in the enslavement and killing of the Arawaks (Caribbean Indigenous people) of around 250,000 people. -90% indigenous people lost due to Europeans

Shema Yisrael

-the central prayer of the Jewish prayer service and religious life. -often a Jew's last words -contained in tefillin

Diaspora

-the dispersion of Jews throughout the word across time -The dispersion of Jews outside of Israel -Trauma of alienation from homeland -Theological development

Incarnation

-the embodiment of the divine in human form -Christian belief that God became human in the form of Jesus

Isaac Luria

-the father of contemporary Kabbalah -born in Jerusalem Rabbi and Jewish mystic who relocated to Safed -Foundational teacher of contemporary Kabbalah

Mecca

-the holiest city of Islam -Muhammad's birthplace

Shalosh Regalim

-the three pilgrimage festivals -Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot

Storytelling

-transmit values and beliefs -do not necessarily provide a literal truth as much as a figurative truth -a ritual, told in a particular place and people in original context and audience

Anti-Semitism in Germany

-used as scapegoat for Germany's problems -exploited by Nazis to kill and persecute Jews

Summa Theolgica

-written by Thomas Aquinas -Distinction between nature and grace so that by nature one can know existence of God but it is by grace that one believes in the Incarnation of the Word of God and the Trinity

Benedict of Nursia

-wrote Rule of Saint Benedict -Vowed poverty, chastity, and obedience

John Locke

-wrote The Reasonableness of Christianity -Jesus is Messiah is the primary requirement for salvation

Defining Religion (Three Assertions)

1. Naming [Nomenclature] is rarely a neutral exercise. 2. The meaning of any word is primarily not discovered in a dictionary but in the ways and contexts in which the given word is used. 3. There is no absolute definition of what religion is or is not, however, scholars of religion have created the category in order to create a horizon and boundary for their academic discipline.

Ban of Native Ceremonies

1883 U.S. banned manny Native ceremonies, including the Sun Dance

Salat

5 daily prayers

Loss of Religion, Language, and Land

90% lost because of Europeans

Martyr

A "witness" to the truth of the faith, in which the martyr endures even death to be faithful to Christ

Twelver Shi'ism

A belief that there were 12 infallible imam (religious leaders) after Muhammad and the 12th went into hiding and would return to take power and spread the true religion.

Rumi

A famous Sufi poet and founder of the Whirling Dervishes

Muslim

A follower of Islam

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.

Rak'ah

A sequence of movements in ritual prayer

Son of Man

A title Jesus used to refer to himself

Four Rightly Guided Caliphs

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali

Jahiliyyah

Age of Ignorance prior to emergence of Islam

Gabriel

Angel that Muhammad received revelations from

Vision Quest

Anishinaubae boys on verge of adulthood venture into wilderness without food and water seeking out visions and dreams to reveal his true self and role in community

Muhammad

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam.

Eastern Europe

Ashkenazi and Hasidism

Confessions

Augustine of Hippo's autobiography

Pelagius (Pelagianism)

British monk who emphasized that the human can work towards perfection through their own merit and efforts.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Supersessionism

Christian belief that the New Testament supersedes the Old Testament

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated to escape persecution in Mecca.

Orality

Common element of indigenous traditions

Edict of Milan

Constantine wrote a letter to Emperor Licinius that called for the toleration of Christianity

Ecumenical Council

Council called by Constantine to try to unite the church

Ashkenazi

Eastern European including German Jews

Byzantine Empire

Eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived the fall of the Western half.

Abu Bakr

Father-in-law to Muhammad and first caliph

Pachomius

Founder of Cenobitic Monasticism

Abraham

Founder of Judaism

Zachrias Frankel

Founding Father of Conservative Judaism

Francis of Assisi

Gave up his possessions [son of wealthy clothing merchant] to dedicate his life to serving the poor.

Divine Name of God

God said to Moses, "I am who I am"

Hermit

Greek "eremos" = "wilderness" or "desert"

Hellenization

Greek influence on Judaism

Gnosis

Greek knowledge

Brit

Hebrew term for "covenant"

Docetism

Heretical teaching that asserted it only "seemed like" Jesus Christ died on the cross, but in actually, did not because the divinity cannot suffer

Against Heresies

Irenaeus's most important work, which rebuked Gnosticism.

Tawhid

Islamic concept for the indivisible oneness of God

Conversos

Jews who converted to Catholicism

Sixteen Revelations of Divine Love

Julian of Norwich

Sephardic

Mediterranean Sea, including Portugal, Spain, Middle Eastern Jews

Sun Dance

Men dance fast, pierce their chests and backs, attach themselves to a central pole with ropes tied to sticks inserted through the piercings. They dance until they pass out or their fastenings tear loose.

Franciscans

Mendicant order whose monks live by a rule based on the life and example of St. Francis of Assisi

Essenes

Monastic community that emphasized divine judgement

Ali

Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law

Abu Talib

Muhammad's uncle who raised him

Mishnah

Oral Torah

"Unam Sanctam"

Papal decree from Pope Boniface VIII that asserts there is no salvation outside of the church and the pope is sole authority above the emperor

Hajj

Pilgrimage to Mecca

Maori Weavers

Potential female weavers are selected as a baby accompanied with prayer. The more the female weaver learns the more she is discouraged by her elders and peers from weaving as a form of a test.

Imami

Referring to the "Twelver" branch of Shi'ism, which recognizes twelve holy religious leaders

Barmen Declaration

Rejected the influence of Nazism on German Christianity

Holy Office The Inquisition

Roman Catholic arm that enforced the Christian faith

Shari'ah

Sacred law of Islam

George Tyrell

Said that historical Jesus researchers of his time were simply looking down a dark well and merely seeing their own reflection

Messiah

Savior

Ashura

Shi'a religious holiday, commemorating the death of Hussayn, the grandson of the prophet Muhammad

Isaac

Son of Abraham

Uthman

Son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad and third caliph of Islam

King Ferdinand

Spanish monarch during Alhambra Decree

Queen Isabella

Spanish monarch during Alhambra Decree

Origin Stories

Stories of how the world was created

Tanakh

Tanakh is an acronym of the three sections of the Hebrew Bible

Decalogue

Ten Commandments located in Exodus 20

Rabi'a Al-Adawiyya

The foremost of the women mystics of Islam and contributed the concepts of love and asceticism

Fatwas

The rulings of Islamic scholars

Moses and the Burning Bush

The story where Moses met God and said "I am who I am"

Sukkot

Third of the three festivals of Shalosh Regalim that commemorate the Israelites' wanderings in the wilderness

The Jewish Question

This referred to the problem that the Germans had with the Jews. The answer was destruction.

Ressourcement

Turning to the Church Fathers and the Scriptures as resource for renewal

The Babylonian Captivity of the Church

Two Sacraments are Baptism and Eucharist rather than seven sacraments of Catholic Church

State of Israel (Jewish State)

United Nations voted to create the state to deal with Jewish displacement after WW2

Constantine

Western Emperor who tried to unify the Roman Empire under one religion: Sol Invictus or Christianity

The Maccabean Revolt

\when the Hasmoneans rebelled after Antiochus IV Epiphanes desecrated the Jewish Temple

Anselm

a Catholic Benedictine monk, abbot, philosopher and theologian

Hijab

a headscarf worn by Muslim women

World Conference on Indigenous People

a meeting of Indigenous people from around the world, who gather to discuss the realization of the rights of Indigenous peoples, including the pursuit of the objectives of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.

Dominicans

a mendicant preaching order formed in the early 1200s to combat the "Albigensian heresy"

Khadijah

a rich widow who proposed marriage to Muhammad

Teffilin (Phylacteries)

a small leather box containing words from the Torah that is tied to the body during prayer

Blessingway Ritual

a song that joins the sacred with the mundane performed before building a Hogan

Noumenon

a thing itself

Syncretism

allowed for diverse religious practices under condition Romans must demonstrate reverence by bowing down and giving pinch of incense before image of Cesar

Manichaeism

an intensely dualistic religion, founded in the third century, that grew out of Syrian Christianity under the influence of Gnosticism

Circumcision

as sign of covenant for males usually done on the eighth day after birth.

Pope Innocent III

asserts authority over the secular princes and then advances Rome as power broker amongst the universal church

Pope Boniface VIII

asserts there is no salvation outside of the church and the pope is sole authority above the emperor

Redaction Criticism

attempts to explain the editorial differences between the three synoptic gospels

Theotokos

bearer of God

Zionism

calls for the return of the Jews to the ancient land of Israel

Surahs

chapters

Tzaddikim

charismatic leader who has supernatural powers and provides access to a close relationship with God to their disciples

Hanukkah

commemorates rededication of the Second Temple after revolt

Passover

commemorates the liberation of the Israelites from Egypt.

Umma

community of believers

Ijma

consensus

Alexander the Great

created hellenization in Judaism

Last Sermon of Muhammad

declared no new prophet will come after him

Ontological Argument

defines God as a "being than which no greater can be conceived"

Gnosticism

denotes alternative and diverse expressions of Christianity, usually with core teachings

Sefirot

emanations

"Sacred History"

emphasizes the theological intentionality (over historical empiricism) of the Scriptures.

Iman

faith

Terullian

first Latin theologian to assert Trinity

Council of Nicaea

first ecumenical council

Emperor Otto I

first emperor of Holy Roman Empire

Dominic Guzman

founder of the Dominican order of mendicants

Mordechai Kaplan

founding father of reconstructionist Judaism

Sunrise Ceremony

four day rite of passage for girls in the Mescalero Apache Tribe

Ecumenical Councils

gatherings of Christian bishops organized to define the basic elements of Christianity

Jacob

grandson of Abraham and son of Isaac

Hasidic Judaism

hasid = pious

The Potlatch

held to mark important moments such as marriage, childbirth, or death, and may include music, theatre, and ceremonial dancing.

Satisfaction Theory of Atonement

humans have sinned and deserve divine judgement; humans cannot save themselves from this judgement, only God can, but it is humans who deserve the judgement; thus Jesus must be God to save us and human to take on our judgement.

Synapheia

junction

Halal

lawful and obligatory actions of Shari'ah

Donatus (Donatism)

led a movement in North Africa that argued the sacraments were invalid when administered by a priest or bishop who denied the Christian faith during persecution

Halakhah (Germarah)

legal material

Trickster Stories

male shape changer (turns to animal or woman) creates disastrous results after trying to satisfy sexual appetite

Shape Changers

male turns to animal or female

Tikkun Olam

means acts of kindness as part of the mending of the world

Rule of Faith (Regula Fidei)

measure or rule that provides interpretive framework for the scriptures

Prophets of the Power

messangers whose revelations were universally binding

Cenobitic

monasticism practiced by religious who live in community with one another

Anchoritic

monasticism practiced by the "desert mothers and fathers" who withdrew from society

Ecumenicalism

movement towards unity in the global church

Aggadah

narrative material

Homoousios

of the same essence as the Father

Isreal Jacobson

opened the first Reform Temple in Berlin.

Earth Diver

origin stories of flooded world where deity/animal brings earth from below (North America)

Mu'adhdhin

person who calls people to prayer

Dhikr

practice of remembrance through short prayers is common amongst Sufis

The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

protects the rights of Native Americans to exercise their traditional religions by ensuring access to sites, use and possession of sacred objects, and the freedom to worship through ceremonials and traditional rites.

Ijtihad

reasoned interpretation of sacred law by a qualified scholar

Matn

report of hadith

Tikkun

restoration

Jewish-Roman War

revolt that destroyed the temple for the second time and ended the second temple period

Orthodoxy

right worship/faith

Pogroms

riots

Umar

second caliph

Textual Criticism

seeks to establish original manuscripts of each biblical book

Monachos

solitary one

Insider vs. Outsider

someone in a religion vs someone not in a religion

Society of Muslim Brothers

sought to establish a network of Islamic social, economic, and political institutions through which the total Islamization of society could be achieved

Aggiornamento

the "bringing up to date" of the Catholic faith

Roman Catholic Church

the Christian church headed by the pope in Rome

Nostra Aetate

the Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions of the Second Vatican Council

Alhambra Decree

the Spanish monarchs (King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella) commanded that the Jews either convert to Christianity or leave Spain.

Judiazers

the converted who continued to practice Judaism in secret

Ihsan

the deeds that show inner faith

Sunnah

the example that Muhammad set for Muslims about how to live

Quraysh

the powerful merchant tribe of Mecca that had resisted Muhammad's teachings on Islam because they threatened the profit bearing polytheism that was attached to the Ka'ba.

Mohel

the ritual circumciser

Ka'ba

the stone cubical structure in the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Mecca, believed to have been built by Abraham and regarded by Muslims as the sacred center of the earth

Hogans

traditional Navajo dwellings

Haram

unlawful and forbidden actions of Shari'ah

Ayas

verses

Epistemology

what and how we know

Phenomena

what is perceived

Mawlawiyya

whirling dervishes

Halakhah

whole of Jewish law in Tanakh and Oral Torah (legal material)

Stigmata

wounds on body the resemble those of the crucified Jesus Christ

Life of Saint Anthony

written by Anthanasius of Alexandria

On the Errors of the Trinity

written by Michael Servetus


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