Religion Midterm 2

Hosea

i. Marriage and his Family as Metaphor ii. Wife of Whoredom and Children's Names A prophet in the Southern Kingdom God told him to take the ***** for your wife. Gomer. He talks about all the kingdoms in North will be destroyed and the people rejoiced Then he says that Southern Kingdom will also be destroyed

Babylon= Chaldeans

Also known as the Neo-Babylonian Empire, assumes control over Palestine at end of 7th century. The Babylonians destroy the First Temple (Solomon Temple) and exile leaders to Babylon in 586 BCE

Deuteronomistic History

Jeremiah was thought to be the author of this book basically everything we have covered about the prophets and the fall of the Northern and Southern Kingdom Joshua 24

622 BCE

Josiah finds the book of the Law (Deut. 12-26) is "found" during Temple renovations. Deuteronomic Reforms begin. - where they tear down any statue or temples related to other gods

Edict of Cyrus (539)

Part of the biblical narrative about the Return from Babylonian captivity. mentioned 3 times in the Hebrew Bible, each time with Minor textual variations and additions. About the rebuilding of the Temple in Jerusalem that marked a great epoch in the history of the Jewish people

539 BCE

Persia conquers Babylon. Cyrus the Great is ruler of Persian Empire. He issued an edict to allow groups of Judean exiles to return to Jerusalem

Hesed

Unconditional love it stands for a cluster of ideas—love, mercy, grace, kindness. It wraps up in itself all the positive attributes of God. Hesed is one of the Lord's most treasured characteristics. Hesed is a quality that moves someone to act for the benefit of someone else without considering "what's in it for me?" It may be translated as "loyal love." Sometimes the emphasis is on "loyal" and other times the emphasis is on "love."

Amos

i. Look what the Neighbors are doing (Amos 1:3-2:5) ii. You are even worse, Israel (Amos 2:6-16) iii. Day of the Lord is upon you (Amos 5:18-27) iv. Woe to the Wealthy (Amos 6:1-14) the written prophet after him, the prophets didnt speak to the king, they spoke to the people the prophet spoke to the Northern Kingdom Your celebrations are hallow Love your neighbors to love God Amos 5:24 - something about righteousness flowing down like a stream Dissapeared at 740

Bethel

where the Northern Temple was located, the one that was filled with idols Bethel was a city in the land of the Canaanites. In Genesis 12:8, Abraham had pitched his tent to the east of Bethel and built an altar. Later, in verse 13:3, he returned to Bethel and to the sacred altar. Yet in chapter 28, his grandson Jacob slept in a certain place, with a stone for a pillow and dreamed of a ladder going up to heaven, Afterwards, he put the stone on a pillar and poured oil on it, and named that place Bethel. Bethel can mean 'House of God', and this is a popular view of the origin of the name. However, this derivation does not fit well with either the Abraham narrative, since in this story the town already existed and must have been named as such by its Canaanite inhabitants, nor the Jacob narrative, as there is nothing in the dream that leads to 'House of God'. There was a West Semitic deity named Bethel, associated with the veneration of sacred stones, so the city is more likely to have been named after the god Bethel. The Jewish Encyclopedia tells us that the worship of sacred stones constituted one of the most general and ancient forms of religion; but among no other people was this worship so important as among the Semites. Sacred stones are mentioned with great frequency in the Old Testament, with at least ten of these references associated with Jacob.

Dan

with Bethel Both cities in the Northern Kingdom Jereboam built golden calfs in both of those areas to decentralize the Christian religion from the Southern Kingdom. this was against what God wants

Reheboam (930 BCE, 22 years)

1 Kings 12:1-33 (Rehoboam ruled over the Southern Kingdom and Jereboam ruled over the Northern Kingdom) Built many fortified cities Strengthened the economy (despite the tribute paid to Egypt) Followed God for 3 years But set up idols and shrine to foreign gods Rehoboam took over as king in place of Solomon his father. His first major act was to decide on how his servants would be handled in terms of their working conditions. Led by Jeroboam, they pleaded for a lighter yoke and promised to serve him if he did make their yoke easier. He told them to return in three days for a response. Rehoboam then sought counsel from the old men who served his father. They rightly advised him to listen to the people. He also the went to seek counsel from his younger colleagues, who told him to make the people's work harder. Rehoboam then for no wise reason forsook the advice of the old men and went with the counsel of his young colleagues to a disastrous conclusion. Where do you get your counsel from? Who are you listening to? The people withdrew their support for David and his house, as each man in Israel departed to his own tent, and left only Judah to Rehoboam. All these were as God had foretold because of the idolatry sins of Solomon. Israel (aside Judah), then made Jeroboam their king. Rehoboam attempted to win the kingdom back through war, but was warned by God through Shemaiah not to, for the division of the kingdom was from God, so the war was called off.

Jereboam 930 BCE 17 years

1 Kings 12:1-33 (Rehoboam ruled over the Southern Kingdom and Jereboam ruled over the Northern Kingdom) Fortified a capital city, Shechem (the place in North where one of the golden calfs was placed) Built up 2 golden calfs Led nation into sin Anyone can become a priest Jeroboam, now ruling as king over Israel then thought to himself that with the people still going to Jerusalem to sacrifice to God, their hearts might be drawn back to God and to Rehoboam. So, he made two calves of Gold, placed one in Bethel and another in Dan, and caused the people to sin by worshipping these idols. This was against what God wanted.

Discuss the range of attitudes towards kingship expressed in the Hebrew Bible. Be sure to describe both 1) the positive functions of the ideal king (David, Zedekiah, Hezekiah) 2) the significance of the Davidic covenant (the part where God talks to David and promises the eternity of his line and reign) 3) as well as the dangers associated with kingship (bad kings like Solomon and Manneseh) 4) (1 Samuel 8 and Deuteronomy 17).

1 Samuel 8 -12 Pro: King is vice regent to covenant, military power, makes Israel like other kingdoms Con: God is the only suzerain, human king is intruder to covenant relationship King will make people into slaves and tax them Ideas of prophets like 1 Samuel 8 states that human monarchy and divine kingship are different and God is the only one the people need to destroy their enemies Return to pre-exodus by people Ideal king: Ex. David, Josiah, Hezekiah, follow the covenant and lead the people to follow covenant and pray and give sacrifice Significance: Davidic covenant is a grant covenant that now places the burden on God to fulfil the promise because he places no stipulations and kings have to follow covenant of Sinai but won't be stripped of blessings is they do and will retain the dynasty for future generations Dangers: lead people astray from God by being an intruder to divine covenant, worshipping false idols, kings have power over people to make them build, become slaves, take things and tax them 1 Samuel 8 the Lord said to Samuel, "Listen to the voice of the people in all that they say to you; for they have not rejected you, but they have rejected me from being king over them. 8 Just as they have done to me,c from the day I brought them up out of Egypt to this day, forsaking me and serving other gods, so also they are doing to you. 9 Now then, listen to their voice; only—you shall solemnly warn them, and show them the ways of the king who shall reign over them." "These will be the ways of the king who will reign over you: he will take your sons and appoint them to his chariots and to be his horsemen, and to run before his chariots; 12 and he will appoint for himself commanders of thousands and command- ers of fifties, and some to plow his ground and to reap his harvest, and to make his implements of war and the equipment of his chariots. 13 He will take your daughters to be perfumers and cooks and bakers. 14 He will take the best of your fields and vineyards and olive orchards and give them to his courtiers. 15 He will take one-tenth of your grain and of your vineyards and give it to his officers and his courtiers. 16 He will take your male and female slaves, and the best of your cattlea and donkeys, and put them to his work. 17 He will take one-tenth of your flocks, and you shall be his slaves. 18 And in that day you will cry out because of your king, whom you have chosen for yourselves; but the Lord will not answer you in that day." But the people refused to listen to the voice of Samuel; they said, "No! but we are determined to have a king over us, 20 so that we also may be like other nations, and that our king may govern us and go out before us and fight our battles." 21 When Samuel had heard all the words of the people, he repeated them in the ears of the Lord. 22 The Lord said to Samuel, "Listen to their voice and set a king over them." Deuteronomy 17 When you have come into the land that the Lord your God is giving you, and have taken possession of it and settled in it, and you say, "I will set a king over me, like all the nations that are around me," 15 you may in- deed set over you a king whom the Lord your God will choose. One of your own community you may set as king over you; you are not permitted to put a foreigner over you, who is not of your own community. 16 Even so, he must not acquire many horses for himself, or return the people to Egypt in order to acquire more horses, since the Lord has said to you, "You must never return that way again." 17 And he must not acquire many wives for himself, or else his heart will turn away; also silver and gold he must not acquire in great quantity for himself. 18 When he has taken the throne of his kingdom, he shall have a copy of this law written for him in the presence of the levitical priests. 19 It shall remain with him and he shall read in it all the days of his life, so that he may learn to fear the Lord his God, diligently observing all the words of this law and these statutes, 20 neither exalting himself above other members of the community nor turning aside from the command- ment, either to the right or to the left, so that he and his descendants may reign long over his kingdom in Israel.

casuistic law

1. "if..." some event happens (protasis) 2. "then..." you are to act thus (apotasis) 3. the air of "case law". 4. Collections of such laws are found from most Ancient Near-Eastern societies. 5. Many of the laws of the Pentateuch are of this form. 6. Others are apodictic in form.

apodictic law

1. Absolute but general commands of the form: "You must not kill!" (distinguishing them from casuistic law, or case law). 2. Such commands are common in the Torah, but very rare among Israel's neighbors.

theophany

1. Manifestation of God that is tangible to the human senses. 2. In its most restrictive sense, it is a visible appearance of God in the Old Testament period often, but not always, in human form. 3. Some would also include in this term Christophanies (preincarnate appearances of Christ) and angelophanies (appearances of angels). 4. In the latter category are found the appearances of the angel of the Lord, which some have taken to be Christophanies, 5. reasoning that since the angel of the Lord speaks for God in the first person ( Gen 16:10 ) and the human addressed often attributes the experience to God directly ( Gen 16:13 ), the angel must therefore be the Lord or the preincarnate Christ.

Northern Kingdom: Israel (922-722)

10 tribes The first ones to be wiped out More sinful Bethel Temple Fertile land, stable and big community = attractive to other enemies like the Assyrians 722-586 (Northern Kingdom, not mentioned as much because they had no good kings)

336-323 BCE

Alexander the Great conquers Persia and all of the Mediterranean.

Zion Theology

2 Samuel 7 a. Power concentrated in Solomon as a King (Eastern Potentate); No longer Yahweh's Vice-Regent b. Zion as Cosmic Mountain—Myth i. Centrality of Zion—Center of the World (" ii. Axis Mundi: Intersection of Heaven and Earth iii. Illud Tempus—Sacred Time iv. Zion/Temple as Garden of Eden v. Mount Zion as Capstone over waters of chaos

Southern Kingdom: Judah (922-586)

2 tribes The last ones to be wiped out small community and rough terrains Shechem Temple 586 - 539 (historian biased to Southern Kingdom because they had the 3 good kings, David, Hezzikiah, Josiah)

Isaiah

3 different sections in the book an urban prophet in the Southern Kingdom He said that Judah will be punished During the Hezzikiah reign, helping Hezzikiah make the people return 2 Issiah is more connected to the Exile

Divided Monarchy

922 - 722

Hananiah

A chief of the tribe of Benjamin ( 1 Chronicles 8:24 ). One of the sons of Heman ( 1 Chronicles 25:4 1 Chronicles 25:23 ). One of Uzziah's military officers ( 2 Chronicles 26:11 ). Grandfather of the captain who arrested Jeremiah ( Jeremiah 37:13 ). Jeremiah 36:12 . Nehemiah 10:23 . Shadrach, one of the "three Hebrew children" (Dan. 1; 6:7 ). Son of Zerubbabel ( 1 Chronicles 3:19 1 Chronicles 3:21 ). Ezra 10:28 . The "ruler of the palace; he was a faithful man, and feared God above many" ( Nehemiah 7:2 ). Nehemiah 3:8 . Nehemiah 3:30 A priest, son of Jeremiah ( Nehemiah 12:12 ). A false prophet contemporary with ( Jeremiah 28:3 Jeremiah 28:17 ).

Exile=Babylonian Exile

After the Fall a. Utter Destruction The fields turned black, the Temple was brought down into rubble and people lost all hope in returning to God and their homeland Poor people are left to fend for themselves Most of the people that are deported to Babylonian do not come back to their homeland b. Collapse of Optimism c. Lamentations: Funeral Songs for a Dead City "Her does have become the masters, her enemies prosper, because the Lord has made her suffer for the multitude of her transgressions; her children have gone away, captives before the foe." They reap what they sow II. With the Exiles in Babylon a. New Name The people were called Israelites But when the Persians invite them back to their land, they are not Israelites Yehud = "Judah" = Jews b. New Way of Life Farmer -> Urbanites, like merchants and traders c. New Language Hebrew -> Aramaic d. New Way of Worship Sacrificers -> 4 S (Synagogue, Sabbath, Supplication, Scripture) Judaism - TaNaKh e. New Emphasis on the Traditions of Israel Animal Sacrifice -> Love God, Love Neighbors f. New Emphasis on Theology The Jewish religion was different from other religions, like the Roman religion God is honored by loving Him and their neighbors Not a political thing

722 BCE

Assyrians destroy Northern Kingdom (Israel) and many of the residents deported

586 BCE

Babylonians destroy Southern Kingdom (Judah) Babylonian Conquest of Jerusalem (after revolt). First Temple is destroyed. (Solomon's Temple) Deportation of larger group of people to Babylon, especially nobility and priesthood.

Solomon

Before David dies, he gives Solomon a list of people to kill. David's son and the third king of Israel. Solomon builds the opulent Temple in Jerusalem and ushers in Israel's greatest period of wealth and power. God grants Solomon immense powers of knowledge and discernment in response to Solomon's humble request for wisdom. Solomon's earthly success hinders his moral living, however, and his weakness for foreign women and their deities leads to Israel's downfall. I. Solomon: Seeds of Success a. Securing His Power: Eliminating his Enemies b. The Religious Man: Wisdom c. The Organizer: Division of the Land into Districts d. The Builder i. Temple and Dedication ii. PalaceComplex iii. Ships II. Solomon: Seeds of Destruction a. Debt to Hiram: Land and Food b. Taxation and Tariffs, and Trade c. Forced Labor / Slavery and Unrest d. King's Harem: Foreign Wives; Symbols of covenants e. Religious Apostacy f. Rebellion of Jeroboam and Ahijah in the north g. Solomon dies; Rehoboam succeeds him

kosher

Biblical kosher refers to the dietary laws as outlined in the Scriptures, forbidding the eating of (1) animals that G-D calls unclean (Lev. 11:47), (2) animal fat (Lev. 3:17), or (3) animals that still have the blood in them (Lev. 17:12-14) as food. Lev. 11 talks about clean and unclean foods. Clean animals include cows, sheep, goats, and deer. Unclean animals include pigs, horses, camels, rats, cats, dogs, snakes, raccoons, squirrels, and most insects. Clean birds include chicken, turkeys, geese, ducks, and doves. Unclean birds include eagles, sparrows, and crows. Clean seafood includes salmon, trout, and other fish with fins and scales. Unclean seafood includes catfish, sharks, shrimp, eel, octopus, squid, shellfish, and whales. The story of Noah shows that the distinction between clean and unclean foods existed early in human history, long before G-D ratified His covenant with Israel. Almost a thousand years before there was a covenant with the nation of Israel, G-D told Noah to take two pairs of unclean animals and seven pairs of clean animals into the ark (Gen. 6:19-7:2). Yeshua knew these biblical dietary laws and obeyed them. But, He often came into conflict with the Pharisees over the traditions that they had added to G-D's law over the years which is known as Rabbinical Kosher.

The eighth century prophets Amos and Hosea both addressed the Northern Kingdom during a time of relative prosperity (despite the looming presence of the Assyrian Empire). What are some themes common to these prophets, and what are some of their distinctive emphases?

Common: Social Prophets - speaking to the people, not just the king Lamentations Trying to get people to go back to God They are not worshipping God right Amos: social justice, preaches destruction but also hope Themes of destruction and hope, lamentation, concerned more about oppression of poor versus the wealthy, not living correctly, not righteous in their hearts Democracy of Religion - prophets stop going to the kings to the covenant, the people are also responsible to uphold the responsibility Amos 5: lamentation of oppression of poor, hate evil, love good and establish justice Day of YHWH - (Amos 6:6) : When he lists all the nations that will be wiped out, until they get the Israelites Violated the Love God Love Neighbor clause Hosea: marriage and whoring around, lamentations about the depression and isolation, emphasis on infidelity of the people turning to other gods, "prophet of doom", but underneath his message of destruction is a promise of restoration, fall of dynasty and broken covenant Violated the Adultery and Marriage clause

Egyptians

Controls Palestine through around 1050, in decline afterward

covenant

Covenant—Deuteronomy as Treaty Document i. Preamble Deut. 1:1 ii. Historical Prologue Deut. 1:2-4:40 iii. Stipulations Deut. 4:44-26:19 iv. Deposition/Recital Deut. 27:8 v. Witnesses (none) vi. Blessings/Curses Deut. 27-28

Absalom

David's son, who attempts to overthrow his father's throne. Absalom's violent rise to power suggests that the evil that corrupts Israel comes from within. He killed Abnom because he raped his sister, then ran away and used Joab to trick King David to swear protection over him. He then came back and won the people's hearts by solving their problems and kicked out David. He died because his hair got caught unto the branches of a tree and David's general stabbed him to death.

Inviolability of Zion

Eternal Covenant with David (2 Sam. 7) The Davidic Covenant refers to God's promises to David through Nathan the prophet and is found in 2 Samuel 7 and later summarized in 1 Chronicles 17:11-14 and 2 Chronicles 6:16. This is an unconditional covenant made between God and David through which God promises David and Israel that the Messiah (Jesus Christ) would come from the lineage of David and the tribe of Judah and would establish a kingdom that would endure forever. The Davidic Covenant is unconditional because God does not place any conditions of obedience upon its fulfillment. The surety of the promises made rests solely on God's faithfulness and does not depend at all on David or Israel's obedience.

Hezekiah 715 BCE 29 years

Father of Mannesah Hezekiah reigned at a time when the Assyrian empire was consolidating its control of Palestine and Syria. His father had placed Judah under Assyrian suzerainty in 735 bc. Hezekiah may have taken part in a rebellion against King Sargon II of Assyria (reigned 721-705 bc), which the Assyrians apparently crushed in the year 710. At the accession of Sennacherib (705-681 bc), further rebellions broke out all over the Assyrian empire. Hezekiah may have been the leader of the rebellion in Palestine, which included the city-states of Ascalon and Ekron and gained the support of Egypt. In preparing for the inevitable Assyrian campaign to retake Palestine, Hezekiah strengthened the defenses of his capital, Jerusalem, and dug out the famous Siloam tunnel (2 Kings 20:20, 2 Chronicles 32:30), which brought the water of the Gihon springs to a reservoir inside the city wall. Sennacherib finally put down the rebellion in 701 bc, overrunning Judah, taking 46 of its walled cities, and placing much conquered Judaean territory under the control of neighbouring states. While Sennacherib was besieging the city of Lachish, Hezekiah sought to spare Jerusalem itself from capture by paying a heavy tribute of gold and silver to the Assyrian king, who nevertheless demanded the city's unconditional surrender. At this point Jerusalem was saved by a miraculous plague that decimated the Assyrian army. This event gave rise to the belief in Judah that Jerusalem was inviolable, a belief that lasted until the city fell to the Babylonians a century later. Contradictory dates for Sennacherib's invasion are given in the Book of Kings, and he may possibly have invaded Judah a second time near the close of Hezekiah's reign. In his religious reforms, Hezekiah asserted Judah's inherited Hebrew traditions and practices against imported cults of the Assyrian gods. He thus tried to achieve both political and religious independence for Judah, but the catastrophe of 701 bc left among his people an unmistakable yearning for an ideal king who would restore the golden age of David.

Compare and Contrast the two main types of covenants that are found in the Hebrew Bible: Sinaitic Covenant and Davidic Covenant. How are they similar and/or different? How does each portray God, humans, and the God-human relationship? Are they complementary or competitive?

Grant treaty Portray God: Sinai: God as the suzerain, divine king of all the people Davidic: God as holder of promise who has to fulfill his side of the agreement Sinai: suzerain/vassal relationship between God and people Portray Humans: Sinai: humans are chosen people that have to follow the covenant with specific stipulations to follow to receive promises Davidic: humans are son of God, father/son, husband/wife, humans are greedy, argumentative, and ungrateful for everything God has given them, only David's line is of the utmost importance God- Human Relationship: Sinai: God-human is one of suzerain/vassal with Moses representing it as "humble mediator of covenant" (p 75 Levenson) Davidic: David represents covenant as "regal founder of dynastic state" (p 75 Levenson) Can be seen as either complementary or competitive: Competitive: to the people in the bible because the people thought that Davidic covenant took over and voided Sinai In reality, they were complementary since Davidic under Sinai as a continuation Compare: both gifts from God to the people to lead them and give them guides to ensure blessings, both contracts between God and the people

Manasseh 697 BCE 55 years

He did what was evil in the sigh of the Lord, followings the abominable practices of the nations that the LORD drove out before the people of Israel. He built alters of other gods in the Temple. He sacrificed his son. He dealt wizards He carved image of Ashetah in the Temple. He did more evil than the Canannites OR king of Judah (reigned c. 686 to 642 bce). During his long and peaceful reign, Judah was a submissive ally of Assyria. In the course of his reign there occurred a revival of pagan rites, including astral cults in the very forecourts of the temple of Yahweh, child sacrifice, and temple prostitution; hence, he is usually portrayed as the most wicked of the kings of Judah. If he had any tendencies toward independence from Assyrian domination, they apparently were suppressed by his being taken in chains to Babylon, where he was molded into proper vassal behaviour, although one edifying and probably unhistorical biblical account reports his repentance and attempt at religious reform after his return to Judah.

Saul

Israel's first king. After God chooses Saul to be king, Saul loses his divine right to rule Israel by committing two religious errors. Saul acts as a character foil to David, because his plot to murder David only highlights David's mercy to Saul in return. Saul's inner turmoil over the inscrutability of God's exacting standards makes him a sympathetic but tragic figure.

Day of YHWH

It is God's judgment on sin, and has both past and future components: it is used to refer both to past historical events (ie fulfilled) and to future events (ie as-yet unfilled). used in reference to both near historical fulfillment and far future eschatological events [that is] both the judgment that will climax the Tribulation and and the judgment that will usher in the new earth. The day of the Lord is one of the major strands woven throughout the fabric of biblical prophecy. Without a clear understanding of it , God's plan for the future is obscure.

Temple Sermon (Prophet Jeremiah) (King Jehoiakim)

Jeremiah's "Temple Sermon" stands as one of the great texts that define for us the prophet's theology. It was preached early in the reign of Jehoiakim (609-598 BC). It seems to be the sermon that initially created animosity on all levels of society for the prophet. It was not the harshness of the message that alienated these new found enemies, which were numerous, but it was the content--the subtle and not so subtle comments and implications--that drove them to try and lynch the prophet. He said the temple of Yahweh was not inviolate and that the people could not trust in the lie (sheker) which the leaders preached saying, "This is the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD, the temple of the LORD." Was this a liturgical chant? The content of some leader's decree? Whatever it was, Jeremiah was calling it a lie (sheker). Obviously we only have a brief summary of it, but read in the context of what he said, it is obvious that it enabled the people to act immorally (whether that was the intention of the proponents of the theology or not) and yet feel safe from the chaos that was in the world around them. They were not safe and neither was the temple.

168-164 BCE

Maccabean Revolt. Palestine gains independence from Seleucids Rededication of Temple

Zedekiah (598-586)

Mattaniah was the son of Josiah and the uncle of Jehoiachin, the reigning king of Judah. In 597 bc the Babylonians under King Nebuchadrezzar besieged and captured Jerusalem. They deported Jehoiachin to Babylon and made Mattaniah regent under the name Zedekiah. Zedekiah thus held his throne as a vassal under an oath of allegiance to Nebuchadrezzar, but under local pressure he began to intrigue against the latter in concert with the neighbouring states of Moab, Edom, Ammon, Tyre, and Sidon. In the ninth year of Zedekiah's rule a Babylonian army laid siege to Jerusalem after he had conspired to revolt against the Babylonians with Egypt's help. During the siege the prophet Jeremiah urged patient submission to the dominion of the Babylonians, which he regarded as the will of God, but royal officials and Jewish notables denounced him and he was accused of desertion and imprisoned. In the sixth month of the siege a breach was made in the city walls. Zedekiah and his men fled by night toward the Jordan River, but they were soon captured. The Temple was burnt and Jerusalem was destroyed. He and his leaders were taken before King Nebuchadrezzar at Riblah, in Syria, where Zedekiah's sons were slain in his presence and he, a disloyal vassal, was blinded and carried in chains to Babylon, where he was imprisoned until his death. The walls and houses of Jerusalem were destroyed, its temple was sacked and burned, and the people of Judah, except for the poorest of the land, were deported to Babylon. Thus began the Babylonian Exile. Judah lost its status as a kingdom and became a Babylonian province.

Timeline of Kings and Prophets in the Old Testament

Northern Kingdom (Judah) United Kingdom 1) 1050 - 1010 // Saul // 40 years // Samuel 2) 1010 - 970 // David // 40 years // Samuel -> Nathan 3) 970 - 930 // Solomon // 40 years // Nathan Divided Kingdom 4) 930 - 909 // Jeroboam I // 22 years // Bad King // Abijah 5) 874 - 853 // Ahab // 22 years // Worst King // Elijah 6) 732 - 723 // Hoshea // 9 years // Bad King Southern Kingdom (Israel) 1) 930 - 913 // Rehoboam // 17 years // Bad mostly King // Shemaiah 2) 715 - 686 // Hezekiah // 29 years // Best King // Isaiah and Micah 3) 696 - 642 // Manasseh (c.r. 696 - 686) // 55 years // Worst King 4) 642 - 640// Amon // 2 years // Worst King 5) 640 - 609 // Josiah // 31 years // Best King // Jeremiah (Lamentations) 6) 609 - 598 // Jehoiakim // 11 years // Wicked King // Jeremiah (Lamentations) 7) 598 - 597 // Jehoiachin // 3 months // Bad King // Jeremiah (Lamentations) 8) 597 - 586 // Zedekiah // 11 years // Bad King // Jeremiah (Lamentations) In 597 B.C. Jerusalem falls at the hands of Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar captures Jehoiachin and takes him as prisoner to Babylon. Zedekiah is set up as a puppet king over Judah. In 586 B.C. King Nebuchadnezzar lays siege to Jerusalem. He destroys the city and burns its temple. The destruction of the temple starts on the 9th of Ab (Hebrew month) and completes on the 10th. The 9th of Ab will also be the day Jerusalem's SECOND temple (Herod's temple) will be completely destroyed in 70 A.D.

Jeremiah

Prophet of Deuteronomy destroy idols (horses, chariots, etc.), temples of prostitutes, banned human sacrifices, broke pillars (fertility symbols), destroy shrine of Bethel, kills and burns all the priests of other gods The great prophet Jeremiah lived during the most crucial period of Judah's existence as a kingdom. He saw the destruction of Jerusalem and the holy Temple, after he had incessantly warned his people to mend their ways before it was too late. And when the catastrophe finally overwhelmed his people, he was the one who bitterly lamented Israel's terrible fate in the Book of Echah (Lamentations) The destruction of the Northern Kingdom by the Assyrians was still fresh in the memory of the people of Judah, and we can imagine in what a state of spiritual agitation they were living at that time. Under these conditions, Jeremiah began his prophecies. One of his first missions was to go to the exiled ten tribes of Israel, to bring them courage and hope, and to induce many of them to return to their native land. Jeremiah witnessed the fall of the Assyrian Empire and the death of King Josiah. Though the people deeply mourned the death of their beloved King Josiah, the chief mourner was the prophet Jeremiah, for he knew very well that with the untimely passing of this last pious king, the end of Judea as an independent state was unavoidable. Indeed, after Josiah's death the people soon reverted to idolatry. Jeremiah was shocked by the new relapse of his people and strove hard to stem the tide of spiritual depravity which was threatening to undermine their high moral standards.

Discuss Hosea's use of striking metaphors and images to convey his message. How is Hosea's message similar to and/or different from the typical portrayal of the covenant as a treaty between YHWH and his people? In your answer focus on the metaphor of marriage describing the relationship between YHWH and Israel

Prophets accuse the people saying that they made the relationship with God a bargining relationship, a suzerian vassal treaty. This is not the right way to follow the Covenant and show their love of God. So the prophet Hosea show the metaphor of marriage, to show the people that their relationship with God should be a marriage. Whoring (Hosea 1 - talking about the kingdom marrying *****s and the children becoming *****s and delving into *****dom) (the children are the extension of the marriage metaphor Hosea 2:11 Metaphor of marriage (infidelity) and children (not sows, not pitied, and not my people), getting back his wife (Gomer, who turns out to be a *****) and celibacy for Israel (abstaining from marriage and sexual relations) husband/wife with god/Israel master/slave with Ba'al/Israel

Elijah (wild and appear in random place) and Elisha (sedentary and involved in politics)

Quintessential Prophet (cf. Moses) i. Confrontation with Ahab and Jezebel ii. Test at Mount Carmel (1 Kings 18:17-40) - to see if God or their gods will burn up the sacrifice iii. Transfiguration of Jesus Christ The prophets who oppose the worship of the god Baal in Israel. After the division of Israel into two kingdoms, Elijah and his successor, Elisha, represent the last great spiritual heroes before Israel's exile. Their campaign in northern Israel against King Ahab and Jezebel helps to lessen Israel's growing evil but does not restore Israel's greatness. Israel's demise makes Elijah and Elisha frustrated doomsayers and miracle workers rather than national leaders or saviors.

70 CE

Romans destroy Jerusalem and raze the Second Temple

Who are the Kings in the Old Testament

SDASRJJZHM Saul David Absalom Solomon Reheboam Jereboam Josiah (d. 609) Zedekiah (598-586) Hezekiah Manasseh

Who are the Prophets in the Old Testament

SNAHIJHE Samuel Nathan Amos Hosea Isaiah Jeremiah Hananiah Elijah

922 BCE

Solomon builds the first temple and dies, fulfilling King David's prophecy by Prophet Nathan, who said that David's descendants will build a house for God.

Assyrians

Strongest from 850 to 650 with some fluctuation, conquers Palestine in last half of 8th century. Conquers Northern Kingdom in 721 B.C.E. Northern Kingdom disappears forever

Davidic Covenant

The Davidic Covenant refers to God's promises to David through Nathan the prophet and is found in 2 Samuel 7 and later summarized in 1 Chronicles 17:11-14 and 2 Chronicles 6:16. This is an unconditional covenant made between God and David through which God promises David and Israel that the Messiah (Jesus Christ) would come from the lineage of David and the tribe of Judah and would establish a kingdom that would endure forever. The Davidic Covenant is unconditional because God does not place any conditions of obedience upon its fulfillment. The surety of the promises made rests solely on God's faithfulness and does not depend at all on David or Israel's obedience. The Davidic Covenant centers on several key promises that are made to David. First, God reaffirms the promise of the land that He made in the first two covenants with Israel (the Abrahamic and Mosaic Covenants). This promise is seen in 2 Samuel 7:10, "I will provide a place for my people Israel and will plant them so that they can have a home of their own and no longer be disturbed. Wicked people will not oppress them anymore." God then promises that David's son will succeed him as king of Israel and that this son (Solomon) would build the temple. This promise is seen in 2 Samuel 7:12-13, " I will raise up your offspring to succeed you, your own flesh and blood, and I will establish his kingdom. He is the one who will build a house for my Name." But then the promise continues and expands: "I will establish the throne of his kingdom forever" (verse 13), and "Your house and your kingdom will endure forever before me; your throne will be established forever" (verse 16). What began as a promise that David's son Solomon would be blessed and build the temple turns into something different—the promise of an everlasting kingdom. Another Son of David would rule forever and build a lasting House. This is a reference to the Messiah, Jesus Christ, called the Son of David in Matthew 21:9.

520-515 BCE

The Judean exiles that returned helped rebuild the Temple. Rebuilding of the Temple. Second Temple Period begins. (the Temple of Jerusalem)

David

The king of Israel and the founder of Jerusalem, or "Zion." David's reign marks the high point of Israel in the biblical narrative. Although David's claim to the throne is threatened by Saul and by David's own son, Absalom, David maintains his power by blending shrewd political maneuvering with a magnanimous and forgiving treatment of his enemies. David's decision to bring the Ark of the Covenant—Israel's symbol of God—to the capital of Jerusalem signals the long-awaited unification of the religious and political life of Israel in the promised land.

Samuel

The last of Israel's judges and the prophet who anoints both Saul and David as king. Samuel fulfills political and priestly duties for Israel, but he ushers in Israel's monarchy mainly as a prophet—one who pronounces God's words and decisions. Samuel's stoic and aloof position in Israel allows Saul to struggle with God and his fate on his own.

Holy of Holies

The room known as the Holy of Holies was the innermost and most sacred area of the ancient tabernacle of Moses and temple of Jerusalem. The Holy of Holies was constructed as a perfect cube. It contained only the Ark of the Covenant, the symbol of Israel's special relationship with God. The Holy of Holies was accessible only to the Israelite high priest. Once a year, on Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, the high priest was permitted to enter the small, windowless enclosure to burn incense and sprinkle the blood of a sacrificial animal on the mercy seat of the Ark. By doing so, the high priest atoned for his own sins and those of the people. The Holy of Holies was separated from the rest of the tabernacle/temple by the veil, a huge, heavy drape made of fine linen and blue, purple and scarlet yarn and embroidered with gold cherubim. God said that He would appear in the Holy of Holies (Leviticus 16:2); hence, the need for the veil. There exists a barrier between man and God. The holiness of God could not be accessed by anyone but the high priest, and then only once a year. God's "eyes are too pure to look on evil" (Habakkuk 1:13), and He can tolerate no sin. The veil and the elaborate rituals undertaken by the priest were a reminder that man could not carelessly or irreverently enter God's awesome presence. Before the high priest entered the Holy of Holies on the Day of Atonement, he had to wash himself, put on special clothing, bring burning incense to let the smoke cover his eyes from a direct view of God, and bring sacrificial blood with him to make atonement for sins (Exodus 28; Hebrews 9:7).

Discuss how Israel adapted certain features of Canannite (and general ANE) religion during the period of the united monarchy (period 5), and show how these developments are illustrated in specific Psalms.

United Monarchy - Saul, David and Solomon Solomon: High Places - his palace was much bigger than the Temple itself Temple Poles - fallic symbols Mannesah: Human Sacrifices, Temple Prostitution, Witchcraft, Foreign Marriage Hezzekiah and Josiah - tear down the Cannanite reforms, rebuilt Temples and obey God Jereboam - golden calfs and "sacrificed" them, which resembles the scene when the people worship a golden cow when Moses was up on Mt. Sinai / Horeb King Temple architecture Ba'al Idolatry and worship Temple prostitutes Foreign marriage Shamans and witches Temples on hills Psalms 24, 29, 89, 11 Chapter 11 and 12 Pg 194 - 210 (Boadt) Psalms 2: talking about how favoring a human king is against the Covenant and God Psalms 20: asking favor from God, like how Cannanites asks favor from their gods Psalms 21: talks about the king Psalms 72: talks about the kingship Psalm 68: against Ba'al worship, since God is the only one who rides in the clouds, against Ba'al as deity of storms

Nathan

a prophet of God who served King David and his son and successor King Solomon. He was a wise and steadfast servant of God, and of the Israelite monarchy, who was often consulted by the kings. He was also fearless. It was through Nathan that The Lord decreed to David to make the preparations for the building of the original Temple in Jerusalem It was Nathan who The Lord sent to rebuke King David after his adultery with Bathsheba, and the arranged killing of her husband Uriah When David's son Adonijah attempted to succeed David as king in place of Solomon, it was Nathan who revealed the plot to the king and had it stopped

Suzerain/vassal treaty

a treaty between on overlord and smaller nations that are either conquered or forced to cooperate, like a king and his subjects

Josiah (d. 609) 640 BCE 31 years

a. Repair of the Temple b. "Book of the Law" c. Covenant Renewal Ceremony d. Destruction of "High Places" e. Centralization of Worship in Temple/Jerusalem the only king that led the Deuteronomic reform, tore down idolic structures led the people back to worshipping God and following the Covenant (Sinai and Zion)

Court History of David

a. War against the Ammonites (2 Sam. 10:1-9) b. The King's Roving Eyes: David and Bathsheba (2 Sam. 11:1:12:25) c. Trouble in the King's House (2 Sam. 13:1-39) d. The Widow's Tale (2 Sam. 14:1-24) e. Absalom, The Troublemaker (2 Sam. 14:25-15:6) f. Absalom's Rebellion (2 Sam. 15:7-17:23) g. Crushing the Rebellion (2 Sam. 17:24-19:8)

United Monarchy

after the Northern Kingdom fell, the Southern Kingdom 1052 BCE - Saul was crowned 1000 BC was when the United Monarchy started

Asherah

ancient West Semitic goddess, consort of the supreme god. Her principal epithet was probably "She Who Walks on the Sea." She was occasionally called Elath (Elat), "the Goddess," and may have also been called Qudshu, "Holiness." According to texts from Ugarit (modern Ras Shamra, Syria), Asherah's consort was El, and by him she was the mother of 70 gods. As mother goddess she was widely worshiped throughout Syria and Palestine, although she was frequently paired with Baal, who often took the place of El; as Baal's consort, Asherah was usually given the name Baalat. Inscriptions from two locations in southern Palestine seem to indicate that she was also worshiped as the consort of Yahweh.

Explain the basic understanding of covenant in the OT / Hebrew Scriptures, and indicate how the suzerainty treaties of the ANE help us understand the OT descriptions of the covenant at Sinai. Then compare and contrast the Mosaic covenant (see Exodus 19-20; 24) and the Davidic covenant (2 Sam 7; Psalm 89).

covenant: agreement between the chosen people and God, suzerain/vassal treaty Joshua 24 helps understand the covenantal formulary of agreements, with preamble, prologue, stipulations, deposition, witnesses, curses and blessings Exodus 19 All about Moses receiving the Ten Commandments and instructions on how to follow it from God on Mount Sinai Exodus 20 Remembrance of the Sinai Covenant and how to follow it correctly Exodus 24 Instructions of how to build the holy of holiest place in the Temple 2 Samuel 7 24 And you established your people Israel for yourself to be your people forever; and you, O Lord, became their God. 25 And now, O Lord God, as for the word that you have spoken concerning your servant and concerning his house, confirm it forever; do as you have promised. 26 Thus your name will be magnified forever in the saying, 'The Lord of hosts is God over Israel'; and the house of your servant David will be estab- lished before you. 27 For you, O Lord of hosts, the God of Israel, have made this revelation to your servant, saying, 'I will build you a house'; therefore your servant has found courage to pray this prayer to you. 28 And now, O Lord God, you are God, and your words are true, and you have promised this good thing to your servant; 29 now therefore may it please you to bless the house of your servant, so that it may continue forever before you; for you, O Lord God, have spoken, and with your blessing shall the house of your servant be blessed forever." Psalms 89 20 I have found my servant David; with my holy oil I have anointed him; 21 my hand shall always remain with him; my arm also shall strengthen him. 22 The enemy shall not outwit him, the wicked shall not humble him. 23 I will crush his foes before him and strike down those who hate him. 24 My faithfulness and steadfast love shall be with him; and in my name his horn shall be exalted. 25 I will set his hand on the sea and his right hand on the rivers. 26 He shall cry to me, 'You are my Father, my God, and the Rock of my salvation!' 27 I will make him the firstborn, the highest of the kings of the earth. 28 Forever I will keep my steadfast love for him, and my covenant with him will stand firm. 29 I will establish his line forever, and his throne as long as the heavens endure. 30 If his children forsake my law and do not walk according to my ordinances, 31 if they violate my statutes and do not keep my commandments, 32 then I will punish their transgression with the rod and their iniquity with scourges; 33 but I will not remove from him my steadfast love, or be false to my faithfulness. 34 I will not violate my covenant, or alter the word that went forth from my lips.

golden calf

idol worshipped by the Hebrews during the period of the Exodus from Egypt in the 13th century bc and during the age of Jeroboam I, king of Israel, in the 10th century bc. Mentioned in Exodus 32 and I Kings 12 in the Old Testament, worship of the golden calf is seen as a supreme act of apostasy, the rejection of a faith once confessed. The figure is probably a representation of the Egyptian bull god Apis in the earlier period and of the Canaanite fertility god Baal in the latter. In Exodus 32 the Hebrews escaping Egypt asked Aaron, the brother of their leader Moses, to fashion a golden calf during the long absence of Moses on Mt. Sinai. Upon returning from the mountain with the tablets of the Law and seeing the people worshipping the golden calf, Moses broke the tablets (symbolic of breaking the covenant relationship with God) and had the idol melted down, pulverized, and mixed with water. The people were required to drink the mixture, an ordeal to separate the unfaithful (who later died in a plague) from the faithful (who lived). Defending the faith in the God revealed to Moses against the calf worshippers were the Levites, who became the priestly caste.

Nebuchadnezzar

king of Babylonia from approximately 605 BC until approximately 562 BC. He is considered the greatest king of the Babylonian Empire and is credited with the construction of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar is mentioned by name around 90 times in the Bible, in both the historical and prophetic literature of the Hebrew Scriptures. most famous for the conquering of Judah and the destruction of Judah and Jerusalem in 586 BC. Judah had become a tribute state to Babylon in 605 BC but rebelled in 597 BC during the reign of Jehoiachin and then again in 588 BC during the reign of Zedekiah. Tired of the rebellions, and seeing that Judah had not learned its lesson when he invaded, conquered, and deported Judah in 597, Nebuchadnezzar and his general, Nebuzaradan, proceeded to completely destroy the temple and most of Jerusalem, deporting most of the remaining residents to Babylon. In this, Nebuchadnezzar served as God's instrument of judgment on Judah for its idolatry, unfaithfulness, and disobedience (Jeremiah 25:9).

Rib=covenant lawsuit

lawsuit between God and the people the prophets will take out lawsuits against the people when they did something wrong when the judges tell the people that they broke the covenant and that the people will be punished for their sins

monotheism

the belief that there is only one God who trumps all

Baal

the god worshipped in many ancient Middle Eastern communities, especially among the Canaanites, who apparently considered him a fertility deity and one of the most important gods in the pantheon the god of storm and vegetation

Persians

the most powerful nations during the ANE they never really meddle with the Northern or the Southern

Horeb (Deuteronomy)

the mountain at which the book of Deuteronomy in the Hebrew Bible states that the Ten Commandments were given to Moses by God. It is described in two places (Exodus 3:1, 1 Kings 19:8) as the "Mountain of God". The mountain is also called the Mountain of YHWH. In Deuteronomy, Horeb is mentioned several times in the account of the wanderings of the Israelites in the wilderness: Deuteronomy 1:2, 1:6, 1:19. Moses recalled in Deuteronomy 1:6 that God had said to the Israelites at Horeb, "You have dwelt long enough at this mountain: turn and take your journey", confirming the same suggestion that Horeb was the location from which they set off towards Canaan. The account of the delivery to Moses of the Ten Commandments, and references back to it, include mentions of Horeb at Deuteronomy 4:10, 4:15, 5:2,9:8, 18:16 and 28:69. There are similar references back at Psalms 106:19 and Malachi 4:4. Deuteronomy 5:2 creates the sense that the current generation to whom Moses was speaking had been present on Mount Horeb when Moses descended with the commandments, although "the individuals who [had been] present had all perished with the exception of Moses, Joshua, and Caleb. [The] nation survived, and as it was with the nation as an organic whole that the covenant had been made. It might be with propriety said that it was made with those whom Moses addressed at this time, inasmuch as they constituted the nation."[6] At 1 Kings 8:9 and 2 Chronicles 5:10 it is stated that the Ark of the Covenant contained only the tablets delivered to Moses at Horeb. At 1 Kings 19:8, Elijah visits "Horeb the mount of God". According to the documentary hypothesis, the name Sinai is used in the Torah only by the Jahwist and Priestly Source, whereas Horeb is used only by the Elohist and Deuteronomist.[5][7]

Succession Narrative

the part of the story about David and all the people that tried to rebel against him Absolom and Adonijah

Cyrus

the patron and deliverer of the Jews mentioned 23 times by name and alluded to several times more. king of Persia, was the monarch under whom the Babylonian captivity ended the first year of his reign he was prompted by God to make a decree that the Temple in Jerusalem should be rebuilt and that such Jews as cared to might return to their land for this purpose. showed his interest in the project by sending back with them the sacred vessels which had been taken from the First Temple and a considerable sum of money with which to buy building materials. The existence of the decree has been challenged. unconditionally praised in the Jewish sources. commenced his relationship with the Jewish leaders in exile Later was considered as a messiah sent by God.

Sinai (Exodus)

the place Yahwists called where the 10 Commandments were given to the Israelites

tabernacle - the place that contains the holy of holies

the portable sanctuary constructed by Moses as a place of worship for the Hebrew tribes during the period of wandering that preceded their arrival in the Promised Land. The Tabernacle no longer served a purpose after the erection of Solomon's Temple in Jerusalem in 950 bc. Israel's earliest sanctuary was a simple tent within which, it was believed, God manifested his presence and communicated his will. The elaborate description of the Tabernacle in Exodus is believed by some to be anachronistic, for many scholars consider the narrative as having been written during or after the Babylonian Exile (586-538 bc—i.e., after the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple). The entire Tabernacle complex—whose specifications were dictated by God, according to the biblical account—consisted of a large court surrounding a comparatively small building that was the Tabernacle proper. The court, enclosed by linen hangings, had the shape of two adjacent squares. In the centre of the eastern square stood the altar of sacrifice for burnt offerings; nearby stood a basin holding water used by the priests for ritual ablutions. The corresponding position in the western square was occupied by the ark of the Law situated in the inner sanctuary of the Tabernacle. The Tabernacle was constructed of tapestry curtains decorated with cherubim. The interior was divided into two rooms, "the holy place" and "the most holy place" (Holy of Holies). The outer room, or "holy place," contained the table on which the bread of the Presence (shewbread) was placed, the altar of incense, and the seven-branched candelabrum (menorah). The inner room, or Holy of Holies, was thought to be the actual dwelling place of the God of Israel, who sat invisibly enthroned above a solid slab of gold that rested on the Ark of the Covenant and had a cherub at each end. This Ark was a gold-covered wooden box containing the tablets of the Ten Commandments.

Gomer

the wife that God told Hosea to marry. after marriage, she became a *****. she symbolized how Southern Kingdom has been "whoring" around with other nations and turned away from God