Reproductive System

ovulation

Tertiary follicle releases secondary oocyte and corona radiata into the pelvic cavity Marks follicular phase end and start of luteal phase

progesterone

_________ stimulates the maturation of the uterine lining

400,000

by puberty about ___________ primordial follicles remain

egg nests

clusters of primary oocytes in the outer portion of the ovarian cortex

diploid

daughter cells contain 46 chromosomes or 2 sets of chromosomes

secondary spermatocytes

daughter cells produced during meiosis I of spermatogenesis are called ________ _____________.

basal body temperature

estrogen decreases ________ ________ ______________ by about 0.5 degrees lower than that during the luteal phase

14

massive surege in LH on or around day ____ triggers the: Completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte Forceful rupture of the follicular wall Ovulation (~9 hours after LH peak) Formation of corpus luteum

third and seventh

meiosis I begins between the _______ and _______ month of fetal development

haploid

meiosis I yields _________ secondary oocyte and a polar body

fertilization

meiosis does not complete n oogenesis unless ____________ occurs

acrosome

membranous compartment containing enzymes needed for fertilization

menopause

menstrual cycles continue until ___________ which occurs between the ages of 45-55

birth

mitosis of oogonia is completed prior to __________.

hormones

ovarian and uterine cycles are controlled by cyclical changes in __________.

spermiogenesis

physical maturation of sperm. Each spermatid matures into a single spermatozoon (sperm)

atresia

pricess of primordial follicles degenerating

puberty

primary oocytes begin meiosis I but stop at prophase I until __________.

menstruation

process of endometrial sloughing lasts 1-7 days and 35-50 mL of blood is lost

mitosis

process of producing two identical daughter cells

zona pellucida

region that develops around the oocyte

FSH

rising _________ levels trigger the start of the ovarian cycle

meiosis II

secondary oocytes begin ___________.

tetrad

set of 4 chromatids is called a ____________.

meiosis

special form of cell division involved in gamete production

ovarian follicles

specialized structures where oocyte growth and meiosis I occur

sperm

sperm are specialized to deliver chromosomes to femal gamete

spermatogenesis

sperm production

3

sperm production involves how many processes

secondary oocyte

the ______________ _______________ gets the majority of the cytoplasm during meiosis I

tail (flagellum)

whiplike organelle that moves the sperm.

illness, stress, starvation, or pregnancy

4 causes that a regular uterine cycle may be interrupted

LH

GnRH and elevated estrogen levels stimulate _____ secretion during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.

production and secretion both

GnRH causes the (production, secretion or both) of FSH

production

GnRH causes the (production, secretion or both) of LH

uterine cycle or menstrual cycle

Monthly changes in the functional zone of the uterus in response to sex hormone levels

2 million

about _____________ primordial follicles exist at birth

formation of corpus luteup

all of the following occur during the formation of ___________ ______________ Empty tertiary follicle collapses Remaining granulosa cells proliferate Secrete progesterone and estrogens

FSH

as follicles develop _____ levels decline due to the negative feedback effects of inhibin

middle piece

contains mitochondria to provide ATP for tail movement

head

contains nucleus with densely packed chromosomes

synapsis

correspondin maternal and paternal chromosomes associate to form 23 chromosome pairs

menses

degeneration of the functional zone of the endometrium caused by constricted spiral arteries

estradiol

developing follicles secrete estrogens, especially ____________.

formation of secondary follicles

during the formation of (primary or secondary) follicles: Follicle wall thickens and follicular cells secrete fluid Fluid-filled pockets expand and separate the inner and outer layers of the follicle

tertiary follicle

during the formation of (primary, secondary, or tertiary) follicles the process occurs about day 10-14 of cycle.

primary spermatocyte

dyring mitosis of spermatogonium, spermatogonia go through mitosis to for two daughter cells. Once cell remains in contact with the tubule basement membrane and the other is known as a ___________ _______________.

FSH

each month, ______ stimulates the development of several ovarian follicles

meiosis I

each month, some of the primary oocytes are stimulated to complete which process of oogenesis

primordial follicles

each of this type of follicle contains a primary oocyte

four

each primary spermatocyte produces _______ spermatids

46 chromosomes

each primary spermatocytes being with __________ chromosomes

23 chromosomes

each secondary spermatocyte contains __________ chromosomes

23 chromosomes

each spermatid contains __________ chromosomes

antrum

expanded central chamber

oogonia

female reproductive stem cells

menarche

first cycle

granulosa cells

follicular cells enlarge, divide, and form several layers around the primary oocyte and the follicular cells are now called _______________.

one oogonium and one primary oocyte

for each oogonium that goes through mitosis what is produced?

oogenesis

formation and development of he oocyte

corona radiata

granulosa cells form a protective layer known as the _________ _________ around the secondary oocyte.

few hours

how long does it take for a secondary spermatocyte to become a spermatid

24 days

how long does it take for a spermatid to become spermatozoa

fertilization

if _____________ does not occur, meiosis II does not complete

mature ovum

if fertilization does occur, the secondary oocyte divides into a second polar body and a ________ ________.

one

in oogenesis ___ functional secondary oocyte two or three polar bodies are produced

meiosis II

in this process of spermatogenesis, secondary spermatocytes divide to produce haploid spermatid

spermiogenesis

in this process, differentiation of immature male gametes into physically mature spermatozoa occurs

primordial follicle

inactive primary oocyte surrounded by a simple squamous layer of follicle cells

24 days

it takes ____ days for a primary spermatocyte to become a secondary spermatocyte

16 days

it takes ____ days for spermatogonium to become a primary spermatocyte

corpus albicans

knot of pale scar tissue produced by fibroblasts formed by degeneration of the corpus luteum when fertilization does not occur after 12 days

thecal cells

layer of cells hat form around the follicle

LH

low levels of estrogens inhibit ________ secretion

polar bodies

nonfunctional cells that later disintegrate

secondary follicle

one _________ __________ becomes a tertiary follicle or mature graafian follicle

spermatogonia

stem cells in the seminiferous tubules what go through mitosis.

seminiferous tubules

stem cells undergo mitosis in what location during sperm production

28 days

the average uterine cycle averages _____ days in length

mitosis

the daughter cells in this process contain 46 chromosomes or 2 sets of chromosomes (23 pairs)

unequal

the distribution of cytoplasm in oogenesis is (equal or unequal)

11-12

the first cycle occurs around what age

mitosis and cell division

the first process in sperm production

release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

the first step in the ovarian cycle hormonal regualtion releases this hormone from the hypothalamus

proliferative phase of the uterine cycle

the following are properties of which phase of the uterine cycle: Uterine gland basal cells multiply and spread, restoring uterine epithelium Stimulated and sustained by estrogens secreted from developing ovarian follicles Builds the functional zone to several millimeters thick

secretory phase

the following are properties of which uterine cycle phase uterine glands enlarge stimulated by both progesterone and estrogens from the corpus luteum

ovarian cycle

the formation of the corpus albicans marks the end of the _____ ________.

spermatogenesis

the nuclear events of oogenesis are the same as what other process?

secondary oocyte

the ovary releases a _____________ oocyte, not a mature ovum

meiosis

the second process of spermatogenesis

spermiogenesis

the third process of sperm production

estrogen

thecal cells and granulosa cells work together to produce what hormone

sperm cells

these cells lack most organelles adn intracellular structures in order to reduce weight

ovarian and uterine cycles

these two cycles must operate synchronously for proper reproductive function

neck

this area of the sperm cell contains both centrioles of the original spermatid

secretory phase

this phase begins at ovulation and lasts until menses

follicular phase of the ovarian cycled

this phase of the ovarian cycle begins when FSH stimulates some secondary follicles to become tertiary follicles

oogenesis

this process begins before birth, accelerates at puberty, and ends at menopause.

ovarian cycle

this process involves changes in ovarian follicles

meiosis

this process produces four haploid cells each with 23 individual chromosomes