Research methodology
give the two research critique processes
1. Read the research article or report in its entirety to get a sense of the study and its contribution to knowledge development. 2. Read the article or report again, paying attention to the questions appropriate to each stage of the critiquing process.
what are the 7 C's of communication
1. conciseness 2. concreteness 3. clarity 4. completeness 7. courtesy 5. correct 6. considerations
who qualifies to be an author
1.substantial contribution to conception, design or collection, or analysis and interpretation of data, 2.drafting or revising critically a data, and 3.final approval of data for publication
How many words is a research proposal meant to be
2500-4000
What's is literature review
A literature review is a piece of academic writing demonstrating knowledge and understanding of the academic literature on a specific topic placed in context.
what if research critique
A research critique is a systematic way of objectively reviewing a piece of research to highlight both its strengths and weaknesses. • A critique differs from an abstract in that it includes the writer's opinions, while the abstract does
What is research design
A research design is a strategy for answering your research question using empirical data. Creating a research design means making decisions about: Your overall research objectives and approach
What are aims and objectives in a research proposal
Aims and objectives gives a broad indication of what the researcher wishes to achieve with the research •Objectives are categorised into primary (general) and secondary (specific) objectives
What is experimental design
An experimental design is a study design that gives the most reliable proof for causation. •In an experimental study, individuals are randomly allocated to at least two groups. One group is subject to an intervention, while the other group(s) is not. •The outcome of the intervention is obtained by comparing the two groups.
List and explain the types of research
Basic Research :- •This research is done to increase our fundamental knowledge of how the processes in living organisms function and develop. it provides the building block upon which other types of biomedical research are based. Applied research :- • •It involves using existing knowledge and applying it to a specific biomedical problem. •This research is directed towards specific objectives and discoveries, such development of a new drug, therapy or medical device. •This research can be carried out with: •Humans •Animals •Non-animals alternates (computers, cell/tissue culture)
What is biomedical research
Biomedical research involves the investigation of biological processes and the causes of diseases in humans and animals through careful experimentation, observation, analysis, laboratory work, and testing.
What starts the research proposal
Brilliant idea and "thinking outside the box"
Explain the types of analytical studies
Case control :- A case-control study is designed to help determine if an exposure is associated with an outcome Disease already present. •Compare exposures e.g lung cancer & smoking. •Quick and inexpensive •Missing records, reliance on memory Cohort study:- A cohort study is a type of epidemiological study in which a group of people with a common characteristic is followed over time to find how many reach a certain health outcome of interest Follow-up or incidence study •Exposed and non exposed group are observed over a period of time for development of disease •Cancer incidence among Cd workers, Bhopal disaster- effects of methyl isocyanate •Expensive •Time consuming •Drop out •Complete records
Wrote how to formulate the statement of the problem
Clear statement of the research problem • The research irritation - Discrepancy or departure from normal situation - Nature of the problem - Who is affected? • Global • Sub-regional • National • State or local level - Why are they affected? - Factors influencing the problem - Past solutions - Why further research is needed?
What are the content of research proposals
Contains a cover page with •Title of proposal:- •Name and affiliation of the researcher (principal investigator) and co-investigators •Institutional affiliations •Introduction (abstract) •Scope of study •Structure Main page contains the following :- •Review of literature/Review of area (case study) •Empirical LR/theoretical framework, etc •Methodology/Research design and methods •Ethical considerations •Anticipated results •Budget •Appendices •Citations
What is an experiment?
Controlled scientific investigation to measure the effect of an intervention (treatment) on a condition or to compare the effects of two or more treatments and the study units are allocated at random to the treatment groups under investigation.
What is Descriptive studies and what are the types
Describes patterns of health problems especially in relation to person, place & time Types: •Cross sectional studies: Prevalence studies or snapshot of exposures and outcome •e.g Prevalence of diarrhoea among infants in day care nurseries in Ibadan North LGA •Correlational studies Describe the relationship between disease occurrence and some relevant factors. High blood pressure in rural and urban civil servants Longitudunal studies- observations are repeated in the same population over a period of time- natural history of a disease, rate of occurrence of new cases
What is prospective study
Estimate the likelihood of an event or problem in the future Attempt to predict what the outcome of an event is going to be
What are the types of hypothesis framing
H0: There is no association between the exposure and disease of interest H1: There is an association between the exposure and disease of interest (beyond what might be expected from random error alone)
What is hypothesis framing
Hypothesis framing and testing happens around collecting data for objects, features, events, and patterns referred to as "variables" and the relationship between them.
What is retrospective study
Investigate a phenomenon or issue that has occurred in the past. •Such studies most often involve secondary data collection, based upon data available from previous studies or databases.
What is ethical consideration
It is the protection of the participants or animals' right. •Right to autonomy and confidentiality •Right to fair treatment. •Informed consent will be taken from participants
Define introduction
It sets the scene and puts the research in context (helps the board to know who to send the proposal to) •It should create interest in the reader about the topic and proposal (pitch) •It speaks to what you want to do, what necessities the study and your passion for the topic (persuasion) •Introduction should address these questions (innovation) : •What do we already know about the topic? What has been question has been answered adequately in previous researches (Background) •What gaps have been noticed? (Statement of problem) •How will this research add to knowledge, practice & policy in this area. The thesis make an original contribution to knowledge (Justification)
How said "If you don't know where you are going, you will not know when you have passed it"
Lewis Carroll in "Alice in Wonderland"
state how to formulate research objectives
Objectives are required to: • Focus the study (narrowing it down to essentials) • Avoid collection of unrelated data • Good objective must be "S M A R T" :- •S Specificity - Is it specific? •M Measurable - ability to quantify the amount of resources, activity, or change to be expected or achieved •A Attainable - Logically relates to the overall problem statement and desired effects of the research •R Realistic - Provides a realistic dimension that can be achieved with the available resources and plans for implementation •T Time based - Specifies a time within which the objectives will be achieved
How to justify a study
Provide convincing proof of the relevance and importance of the research question •Must address a priority health problem •Should show the benefits of answering the research question •Demonstrate feasibility
give the 2 types of data classification
Quantitative variables( posses numerical dimension e.g weight, radiation levels, humidity, pain scores) and Qualitative variables ( attributive variables e.g gender, hazard, skin lesion type
What is the difference between research methodology and research methods
Research methodology refers to the overall strategy, framework, or approach used in conducting research. It is a comprehensive plan that outlines how a researcher will go about answering a research question or investigating a research problem. On the other hand, research methods refer to the specific techniques, tools, and procedures that a researcher uses to collect and analyze data. Research methods are the specific activities or procedures that are carried out during a study to obtain the data needed to answer research questions.
When doing research what do you need to avoid
Research overload
In your research proposal what does methodology include
This section includes: •Population and sample which meets the inclusion criteria for the study •Study design and Sample size calculation •Data collection - give a detailed account of methodology to be adopted for data collection, including data collection instruments, researchers and time frame. •What will be measured and what will be used for measurement (variables to be measured and instruments that will be used), training of researchers. •Likely limitations should be stated and plans to address them. It should be specific and address possible confounders and sources of bias
Define and state types of analytical studies
To test the hypothesis of the cause of a disease 2 TYPES •CASE CONTROL •COHORT (follow up or incidence)
give three knowledge needed to navigate through the data management and analysis
Variable types and data summarization • Statistical significance • Choice of appropriate hypothesis test • Choice of appropriate measure of association, difference or effect.
What is research proposal
a written statement that describes the marketing problem, the purpose of the study, and a detailed outline of the research methodology •It shows how your work fits into what is already done and the new paradigm it will add to it (innovation) •A proposal should be persuasive enough to convince the readers that the research is worth doing (pitch) •It must be capable of convincing the reviewers and any other audience on the credibility, achievability, practicality and repeatability of the research design (persuasive)
What are the key points in developing a proposal
• Bright idea + Physiological relevance •You must be focused and set realistic goals •Do not "reinvent the wheel" •You must consider the financial implications •Emphasis on significance of results -In terms of health and contribution to knowledge.
What are the types of objectives
• General objective / Aim: This is a statement of what is ultimately to be accomplished. Eg To determine the effect of quercetin on reproductive function of male Wistar rats exposed to water soluble fraction of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil. • Specific objectives: specific and measurable parameters that are explicitly stated and often a basis of assessment of research achievement. Eg 1.To determine the effects of water soluble fraction of crude oil and quercetin on serum levels of testosterone. 2.To determine the effects of water soluble fraction of crude oil and quercetin on testicular and epididymal sperm oxidative status (MDA, CAT, SOD).
what are the 4 aspect of research critique
• Understanding the purpose and problem, while determining if the design and methodology are consistent with the purpose. • Determining if the methodology is properly applied. • Assessing if outcomes and conclusions are believable and supported by findings. • Reflecting on overall quality, strengths, and limitations.
Explain appendices
•Appendices - should contain the informed consent form, supporting documents, questionnaires, any other tool
Explain budget
•Budget - should show the cost of all aspects of the research plus miscellaneous for delays and rising costs
Explain citation
•Citations/ References - cite all sources used in composing the proposal. Referencing style is dependent on reviewing committee (APA version 7)
What are the 5Cs in writing literature reviews
•Cite: Keep the focus on the literature important to your research problem and specific objectives •Compare: What do the authors agree on? •Who applied similar approaches to analysing the research problems? •Contrast: What are the major areas of disagreement or debate? •Critique the literature: Which arguments are more persuasive and why? •Which approaches, findings, methodologies, theories and frameworks seem most reliable, valid and why •Connect: How does your own work draw upon, depart from or synthesise with what is in the literature? •How will the LR contribute to the methods, design and findings of your work?
What are the stages of research (CPPDDIR)
•Conceptualization •Planning •Preparation for data collection •Data collection and project administration •Data processing •Interpretation of findings •Report writing
What are some examples of online information searching tools
•Databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science) •Digital Archives (PMC, DOAJ) •Indexes and Abstracts •Internet Portals (•Hinari) •Institutional Repositories (•UI-Space, UNILAG IR) •Library Catalogues
How does one plan for research
•Develop a problem statement •Identify research questions •Formulate study objectives (General and specific) •Formulate hypothesis •Determine study design to be used •Identify study population •Inclusion (criteria, exclusion criteria) •Identify key persons to be involved, (statistician/lab scientist) •Identify equipment/tests required •Write a proposal •Apply for ethical review
What are the objectives of developing a research proposal
•Help the researcher to define the contents and to plan the execution of a research project •Inform the examination body and the potential collaborators about the topic and the expected quality of the research •Monitoring tool for assessing compliance with stated methodology and progress.
List and explain the concept of biomedical research
•In vitro research - is research done with bacteria, cell, tissues, and organ cultures done in laboratories. •Ex vivo research - is research done in or on a living cells or tissues from an organism and cultured in a laboratory outside of the living organism. •In vivo research - is research done in a whole organism.
What are the types of research designs
•OBSERVATIONAL •Descriptive •Analytical •EXPERIMENTAL •Clinical trials •Field trials/ Community trials •Natural experiment
When planning for research what does one need to consider
•Problem • Relevance •Avoid duplication •Feasibility • Political acceptability • Applicability •Urgency of need •Ethical acceptability
What is research
•Research is the systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of data to answer a certain question or solve a problem or the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions
Why must one write a research proposal
•To help the researcher define the scope of the study •To plan project execution •To inform the examination body and the potential collaborators about the topic and the expected quality of the research •For fund sourcing •For advancement of knowledge •As a monitoring tool for assessing compliance and progress
What are the features of experiments
•intervention/manipulation/treatment •control: the use of a comparison group •randomization: experimental units are allocated to treatment groups at random