Research Notecards (Animal Testing)
"Join over 2.5 Million Young People Taking Action." 11 Facts About Animal Testing. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2014
"Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year."
Leonard, Wendy. "USDA Issues Citations to University of Utah Animal Laboratories." DeseretNews.com, Deseret News, 21 Apr. 2010
"A 2007 USDA report states that Utah institutions used just over 7,000 animals for research, while research facilities in California were conducting tests on more than 124,000. The number of animals used in tests has continued to decline since a peak in 1985, and Parks said it is likely because they are the catalyst for cures. Once a cure is found, testing for that specific reason can stop, he said. Ninety-five percent of the U.'s animal inventory are mice."
"Animal Experimentation Unscientific." Animal Experimentation Unscientific: Physicians Convincingly Argue That Animal Testing Seriously Impedes Progress in Human Medicine While Vivisection Industry Profits (Part 1)
"According to Dr. Arie Brecher, M.D., head pediatrician in Holon, Israel, "Animals are completely different from humans, and no animal species can serve as an experimental model for man. Each animal has a genetic code of its own, which is a fixed datum, and characteristically unique in each species."
BBC, "Ethics - Animal Ethics: Experimenting on Animals." Published by the BBC, 2018 April 2018
"Animal experiments are widely used to develop new medicines and to test the safety of other products. Many of these experiments cause pain to the animals involved or reduce their quality of life in other ways. If it is morally wrong to cause animals to suffer then experimenting on animals produces serious moral problems."
Klazema, April. "Animal Testing Cons: What Every Person Should Know." Udemy.com, 13 June 2014
"Animal testing is a process that has been going on for centuries for numerous reasons, such as developing medical treatments, determining the toxicity of certain medications, confirming the safety of a product designed for humans, and other health care uses."
Brecher, Arie. "The Scientific Argument Against Animal Testing." The Scientific Argument Against Animal Testing
"Animals are completely different from humans, and no animal species can serve as an experimental mode for a human. Each animal has a genetic code of it's own, and is characteristically unique in each species. For this reason, a method that is based on the similarity between the species, while there are differences, and different genetic codes, can only lead medical science into error."
Hajar, Rachel. "Animal Testing and Medicine." Heart Views : The Official Journal of the Gulf Heart Association, Medknow Publications Pvt Ltd, 2011
"Animals have been used repeatedly throughout the history of biomedical research. In recent years, the practice of using animals for biomedical research has come under severe criticism by animal protection and animal rights groups. Issues such as 'cruelty' to animals and the humane treatment of animals are valid concerns, and hence, the use of animals in experimentation is greatly regulated. This has led to the 3Rs campaign, which advocates the search (1) for the replacement of animals with non-living models; (2) reduction in the use of animals; and (3) refinement of animal use practices."
"Reason for Hope: A Spiritual Journey" by Jane Goodall, Phillip Berman. Paperback, 298 pages. Published October 1st 2000 by Grand Central Publishing
"Animals have not been as critical to the advancement of medicine as is typically claimed by proponents of animal experimentation. Moreover, a great deal of animal experimentation has been misleading and resulted in either withholding of drugs, sometimes for years, that were subsequently found to be highly beneficial to humans, or to the release and use of drugs that, though harmless to animals, have actually contributed to human suffering and death."
Capaldo, Theodora. "'Inadequate Laws Don't - but Research Alternatives Will - Protect Animals in Labs.'" Harvard Law Petrie-Flom Center Blog "Bill of Health", Theodora Capaldo, EdD, President and Executive Director of the New England Anti-Vivisection Society (NEAVS), 14 Jan. 2013
"Animals in labs suffer tremendously in the name of science. However, systematic analysis of biomedical literature shows that animals have given us inadequate or erroneous information in human disease and toxicology and that in many cases medical breakthroughs were delayed by dependence on animal models."
Silcock, Sheila. "'Is Your Experiment Really Necessary?" ." Lonestar.edu, Sheila Silcock, a Research Consultant for the RSPCA, 1992
"Animals may themselves be the beneficiaries of animal experiments. But the value we place on the quality of their lives is determined by their perceived value to humans". Making human's lives better should not be justification for torturing and exploiting animals. The value that humans place on their own lives should be extended to the lives of animals as well."
Wilson, Deborah. "Testing Drugs On Animals No Longer Suitable Option." Testing Drugs on Animals No Longer Suitable Option, Deborah Wilson, 23 Apr. 2006
"As debate continues over Covance's plan to build an animal drug-testing facility in Chandler, I am troubled by its controversial record of animal care and the reported suffering of animals in its experiments. I also have serious concerns about the harm pharmaceutical testing on animals can cause to humans. Animal tests such as the ones that would be conducted at the proposed Covance facility have led to a string of public health disasters."
Moss, Michael. "U.S. Research Lab Lets Livestock Suffer in Quest for Profit." The New York Times, 19 Jan. 2015
"As the decades have passed, the center has bucked another powerful trend: a gathering public concern for the well-being of animals that has penetrated even the meat industry, which is starting to embrace the demand for humanely raised products."
"'About Animal Testing.'" HSI Website, Humane Society International, 7 Apr. 2017
"Aside from the ethical issues they pose—inflicting both physical pain as well as psychological distress and suffering on large numbers of sentient creatures—animal tests are time- and resource-intensive, restrictive in the number of substances that can be tested, provide little understanding of how chemicals behave in the body, and in many cases do not correctly predict real-world human reactions."
Scutti, Susan. "Animal Testing: A Long, Unpretty History." Medical Daily, Newsweek Media Group, 27 June 2013
"Aware of the potential importance of their work and how a system can lend insight into how to prevent and cure illness, scientists follow the three Rs in order to reduce the impact of research on animals: Reduction, Refinement, Replacement."
Animal Experimentation in Cancer Research: A Citation Analysis Anne InnisDagg - Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science - 2000
"Cancer research involves the use of millions of nonhuman animals and billions of dol- lars in public funds each year, but cures for the disease remain elusive. This article suggests ways to reduce the use of animals and save money by identifying articles that garnered few citations over the 9 years after they were published."
The Humane Society of the United States. "Cosmetic and Product Testing" 26 April 2016
"Did you know that many of the products you and your family use every day are still tested on animals? Cosmetics like toothpaste and mascara are typically tested on rabbits and guinea pigs. The good news is that an increasing number of companies are turning to humane alternatives, so it's never been easier to find cruelty-free products."
Twain, Mark. "Mark Twain's Book of Animals." Letter to the London Anti-Vivisection Society, Mark Twain, American Writer and Humorist, 26 May 1899
"I believe I am not interested to know whether Vivisection produces results that are profitable to the human race or doesn't. To know that the results are profitable to the race would not remove my hostility to it. The pains which it inflicts on unconsenting animals is the basis of my enmity toward it, & is to me sufficient justification of the enmity without looking further."
Lumley C: "Clinical toxicity: could it have been predicted? Premarketing experience. In Animal Toxicity Studies: Their Relevance for Man". Edited by Lumley C, Walker, S: Quay; 1990: 49-56
"In one small series in which the toxicity in clinical trials led to the termination of drug development it was found that in 16/24 cases toxicity was not predicted in animals [49] "
Akhtar, Aysha. "How Animal Experiments Paved the Way for the CIA's Torture Program." HuffPost, Oath Inc., 21 Jan. 2015
"In the 1960s, dogs were subjected to random electric shocks from which they could not escape. Eventually the dogs gave up trying to avoid the painful shocks, not even escaping when a path to escape was finally presented to them."
Goodall, Jane. "'So Much Animal Pain, So Little Human Gain.'" ProCon.org, Jane Goodall PhD, 17 Mar. 2012
"In the name of science or medicine, animals are subjected to countless invasive, frightening and sometimes very painful procedures. We all want to see cures for terrible diseases such as Parkinson's (which afflicted my mother), cancer (to which I lost my husband), multiple sclerosis and so on, but regardless of how much or how little these experiments benefit human health, should we exploit animals in this way?"
Blue, Laura. "How Much Does Animal Testing Tell Us? - TIME." Breaking News, Analysis, Politics, Blogs, News Photos, Video, Tech Reviews - TIME.com
"Increasingly scientists are also looking at non-animal models to provide more and more answers. That's not only going to decrease the number of animals used in certain experiments but, more important for many, speed up the [drug approval] process."
Morrison, Adrian R. " Perspectives in Biology and Medicine." SpeakingOfResearch.com, Adrian R. Morrison, Sept. 2002
"It illustrates how animal rights pseudoscientists misuse references, often quoting passages out of context so they contradict the wider conclusions of a paper. However, we must do more to argue openly and publicly against these scientific distortions, and it might be helpful to first consider what elements go into a misleading proposition."
"'Responsible Research.'" IDA Website, In Defense of Animals (IDA), an International Animal Rights and Rescue Organization, 24 Oct. 2013
"It is possible, in the twenty-first century, to conduct a vast array of experiments without using animals and to derive better results more quickly and at less cost."
Knight, Andrew. "'Animal Testing Isn't Just an Ethical Problem - Let's Invest in Safer Methods.'" Theguardian.org, Andrew Knight, PhD, Veterinarian and Fellow of the Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics, 12 July 2012
"It's not hard to fathom why. Animals have a plethora of genetic, biochemical and physiological differences that alter disease progression, drug uptake, distribution and effect. Stressful environments and experiments are common, and distort outcomes. Additionally, numerous studies have revealed scientific flaws in the design of many animal experiments."
Lerner, Jennifer E., and Linda Kalof. "THE ANIMAL TEXT:" Sociological Quarterly, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 21 Apr. 2005
"Many of the commercials had multiple themes, indicating the varied, multilayered messages about animals in advertising and the different value and use categories that humans assign to different nonhuman animal species, upholding the ideology of the U.S. political economy. Finally, most of the animal portrayals were not anthropomorphized; those that were given human characteristics were typically part of a multi-themed message that portrayed animals as allegories."
Cameron, Nigel M. de S. "The United Nations Condemns Human Cloning." Triumph In New York, Nigel M. De S. Cameron, Director of the Council for Biotechnology Policy and a Fellow of The Wilberforce Forum
"March 8, 2005, will go down in history. It is the date on which the plenary session of the United Nations General Assembly ratified solemnly the anti-cloning declaration recommended by its legal committee. By an even larger margin of nearly 3-1, the General Assembly called on member states to ban all human cloning."
" 'Animal Testing Is Bad Science: Point/Counterpoint.'" PETA Website, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) , 2 Oct. 2013
"Most animal experiments are not relevant to human health, they do not contribute meaningfully to medical advances and many are undertaken simply of out [sic] curiosity and do not even pretend to hold promise for curing illnesses. The only reason people are under the misconception that animal experiments help humans is because the media, experimenters, universities and lobbying groups exaggerate the potential of animal experiments to lead to new cures and the role they have played in past medical advances."
Of Mice Not Men." What Doctors Don't Tell You, by Kathy Archibald, 2016
"Not only are animals poor models of safety for humans, but they are also unreliable for demonstrating the effectiveness of treatments too. Just as many drugs fail in clinical trials because they turn out to cause side-effects in humans, many others turn out to be ineffective in humans, despite performing well in animals. This makes drug development extraordinarily expensive because companies need to recoup the costs of clinical trials not only for successful drugs, but also for the nine others that fail for each one that succeeds."
Orlans, F. Barbara. In the Name of Science: Issues in Responsible Animal Experimentation. New York: Oxford UP, 1993
"People have different feelings for animals; many look upon animals as companions while others view animals as a means for advancing medical techniques or furthering experimental research. However individuals perceive animals, the fact remains that animals are being exploited by research facilities and cosmetics companies all across the country and all around the world. Although humans often benefit from successful animal research, the pain, the suffering, and the deaths of animals are not worth the possible human benefits. Therefore, animals should not be used in research or to test the safety of products."
Allen, Jane E. "Animal Testing." ProConorg Headlines. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2014
"Proponents of animal testing say that it has enabled the development of many life-saving treatments for both humans and animals, that there is no alternative method for researching a complete living organism, and that strict regulations prevent the mistreatment of animals in laboratories."
Akhtar, Aysha. "Animals and Public Health: Why Treating Animals Better Is Critical to Human Welfare." Procon.Org, Aysha Akhtar MD, MPH, 21 Oct. 2013
"Regardless of any role animal experiments may have played in the past, the mounting evidence shows that using animals today is largely ineffective in helping us understand human physiology, predict human toxins and find useful drugs. Despite some similarities between humans and non-human animals, medicine now deals with the subtle nuances of physiological mechanisms and genetics that are unique to humans. While animals may be 'whole models,' they are the wrong whole models because of inter-species differences."
"'Problems with Animal Research.'" AAVS Website, The American Anti-Vivisection Society (AAVS) , 23 Oct. 2013
"Scientists use animals in biological and medical research more as a matter of tradition, not because animal research has proved particularly successful or better than other modes of experimentation."
Wyatt, Ken, and Jason Wood. "The Coalition Will Ban Cosmetic Testing on Animals." Liberal Party of Australia, 3 June 2016
"Senator Fiona Nash, Minister for Regional Development, Regional Communications and Rural Health, and Mr Ken Wyatt AM MP, Assistant Minister for Health and Aged Care announced today the Coalition's policy to ban the testing of finished cosmetic products on animals in Australia, the testing of cosmetic ingredients on animals in Australia and the sale of cosmetic products and ingredients that have been tested on animals outside of Australia."
Statement by Ambassador DS Kumalo on an International Convention Against the Reproductive Cloning of Human Beings, Sixth Committee, Agenda Item 150." Statements and Speeches, 21 Oct. 2004
"South Africa supports a ban of all forms of reproductive cloning of human beings, which would lead to the unnatural and artificial human process. While there is general consensus to ban human cloning for reproductive purposes, there is, however, no agreement as to how to proceed with the issue of human cloning for therapeutic purposes. In many countries, including my own country South Africa, we are in the process of gathering further information on the benefits and disadvantages of human cloning for therapeutic purposes focusing on health, ethical, legal, cultural, philosophical and religious context."
"Fact Sheet: Cosmetic Testing : The Humane Society of the United States." RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2014.
"The Chinese government conducts mandatory animal tests on all cosmetic products imported into the country. The government may also conduct animal tests on items pulled from store shelves. Therefore, even if a cosmetics company does not test their products or ingredients on animals, if they sell their products in China they cannot be considered cruelty-free."
Flynn, Clifton P. "Why Family Professionals Can No Longer Ignore Violence Toward Animals*." Family Relations, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 27 Feb. 2004
"The issue of violence to animals has been virtually ignored by family scholars and other family professionals. After looking at why animal abuse has not received attention, it is argued that those who study and work with families need to attend to animal abuse for seven reasons: (a) animal abuse is a serious antisocial behavior by children and adolescents; (b) it is a relatively common childhood occurrence; (c) it has potential negative developmental consequences; (d) violence toward animals is related to interpersonal violence; (e) it is connected to and may be a marker of family violence; (f) the well‐being of companion animals is being neglected; and (g) it will help achieve a less violent society"
Singer, Peter. "Animal Liberation." ProCon.org, Peter Singer, MA, Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics at Princeton University, 2009
"The practice of experimenting on nonhuman animals as it exists today throughout the world reveals the consequences of speciesism. Many experiments inflict severe pain without the remotest prospect of significant benefits for human beings or any other animals. Such experiments are not isolated incidences, but part of a major industry."
Balls, Michael. " 'Time to Reform Toxic Tests.'" Lonestar.edu, Michael Balls, a Professor of Medial Cell Biology at the University of Nottingham and Chairman of the Trustees of FRAME (the Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments), 1992
"The use of the Draize test and the LD50 test to examine product toxicity has decreased over the past few years, but these tests have not been eliminated completely. Thus, because animals are subjected to agonizing pain, suffering and death when they are used in laboratory and cosmetics testing, animal research must be stopped to prevent more waste of animal life."
Bekoff, Marc. "The Emotional Lives of Animals." ProCon.org, Marc Bekoff, PhD, Former Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado , 11 Oct. 2013
"There is no reason to continue to use nonhuman animals for scientific or commercial testing. There are ample non-animal alternatives that are readily available that are just as good or better in the Ethical, Economical, and Educational arenas. Many teachers and researchers agree with this point of view."
—Dr. Christopher Austin, former director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Chemical Genomics Center
"Traditional animal testing is expensive, time-consuming, uses a lot of animals and from a scientific perspective the results do not necessarily translate to humans."
Phil. "The Pros and Cons of Animal Testing." Phil for Humanity, Phil for Humanity, 1 Jan. 2010
"Unfortunately, there are no better alternatives to animal testing and experimentation. And animal testing has proven itself to be both practical and a reasonably accurate means of testing. So in conclusion, animal testing highlights the fine line between ethics and practical need, and thus becomes very subjective to each person."
Bantwal, Natasha. "Arguments Against Animal Testing." Arguments Against Animal Testing, Buzzle.com
"Want a world that is entirely free of illness and disease? Well, let's just ask our research laboratories to keep churning out medicine after medicine that will cure everything. They're sure to work, you know. After all, they'll be tested on animals, who apparently are exactly like us humans."
—Dr. Elias Zerhouni, former director of the National Institutes of Health
"We have moved away from studying human disease in humans. We all drank the Kool-Aid on that one, me included. ... The problem is that [testing on animals] hasn't worked, and it's time we stopped dancing around the problem. ... We need to refocus and adapt new methodologies for use in humans to understand disease biology in humans."
Murnaghan, Ian. "Using Animals for Testing: Pros Versus Cons." Using Animals for Testing: Pros Versus Cons, 23 Apr. 2018
"While there are numerous pros and cons of animal testing, the ethical aspect overshadows both of them, which means that emotion may be the ultimate determining factor in whether a person believes the benefits of animal testing outweigh the problems associated with the practice."
Reiter , Douglas K., et al. "Ublic Attitudes toward Wildlife Damage Management and Policy." Wildlife Society Bulletin, vol. 27, no. 3, 1999, pp. 746-758
"While wildlife is a valuable natural resource with several beneficial values to the people of Kenya and Botswana, wild animals in both countries usually cause damage to society in terms of attacks on people and livestock, damage to crops and other property such as infrastructure, and disruption of peaceful existence in local communities living in close proximity to wildlife areas. Wildlife damage would ordinarily result in people having negative attitudes towards conservation."