Respiratory system

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where does a tracheostomy go through?

second and third tracheal rings

What does the lamina propria contain?

seromucus glands

What type of cells are type on pneumocytes and what are their function?

simple squamous cell: gas exchange

What are bronchioles supported by?

smooth muscle

What is the olfactory epithelium?

specialized respiratory epithelium that lines the superior region of the nasal cavity

What sinuses drain into the superior meatus?

sphenoidal and ethmoid

what are alveoli made up of?

squamous epithelium

What kind of epithelium is the oropharynx lined with?

stratified squamous epithelium

What type of epithelium is found in the nasal vestibule?

stratified squamous epithelium

What type of epithelium is the laryngopharynx?

stratified squamous epithelium

What are the two apertures of the the thoracic wall?

superior thoracic and inferior thoracic

What are the three nasal conchae?

superior, middle, inferior

What part of the ANS stimulates bronchodilation?

sympathetic

What is a tracheostomy used for?

temporary or permanent intubation

What is the nasal vestibule?

the hallway leading into the nasal cavity

Why does the trachea bifurcate asymmetrically?

the heat is in the way

Where does the pharynx begin at?

the internal nares

What is carina?

the last line of defense against foreign matter in the airway

What are the nasal conchae named for?

their position on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

what does a cricothyroidotomy go through?

thyroid membrane

What are the three cartilages of the larynx?

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid

What is the function of the stratified squamous epithelium?

to protect

why is the oropharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium?

to protect your lining when there is food scratching your throat

What does the oropharynx contain?

tonsils and epiglottis

After air exits the larynx where does it go?

trachea

What does the trachea bifurcate into?

two primary bronchi

What are the three cell types of the alveoli?

type I pneumocyte, dust cells, type 11 pneumocyte

Where does the nasopharynx extend from?

internal nares to soft palate

Why is there a muscle on the posterior side of the trachea?

it allows for the esophagus to slightly bulge into the lumen of the trachea when swallowing and increases the force of a cough

What two structures are found in the larynx?

laryngeal cartilages and vocal folds/cords

What is the LOWER respiratory tract made up of?

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

What are the contents of the pleural cavity?

lungs, mediastinum

What is serous fluid made up of?

lysozymes to destroy foreign particles

What sinuses drain into the middle meatus?

maxillary and frontal

What are the spaces under the nasal conchae called?

meatuses

What does dilation of the airway allow for?

more air into the lungs

What is the function of cilia?

move mucus and foreign particles out of the nose

What is the posterior side of the trachea covered by?

muscle

What is the UPPER respiratory tract made up of?

nasal cavity and pharynx

Where does air flow after it enters the nostrils?

nasal vestibule

What sinuses drain into the inferior meatus?

nasolacrimal duct

What is the pharynx divided into?

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What is vibrissae?

nose hairs that are sticky with mucus

What is the purpose of the cricoid cartilage?

covers anterior and posterior side of the larynx

What is the purpose of the epiglottis?

covers the larynx during swallowing

how is sound produced when air passes through the vocal ligaments?

depending on whether the ligaments are abducted or adducted

What is a cricothyrotomy used for?

emergency procedure used to establish am airway

What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?

equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure

What bone is the superior and middle conchae part of?

ethmoid bone

Which two bones make up the nasal septum?

ethmoid bone and vomer bone

What is the semilunar hiatus formed from?

ethmoid bulla

What does air enter the nose through?

external nares (nostrils)

What are the four paranasal sinuses?

frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary

Function of the alveolus wall?

gas exchange

What happens in the respiratory zone?

gas exchange

What is the main function of the respiratory system?

gas exchange

What takes place in the respiratory bronchioles?

gas exchange

What is the mediastinum made up of?

heart and surrounding pericardium

What is the function of cilia and goblet cells?

help to moisten and clean the airway

What is the function of collateral ventilation?

if part of the lung collapses these holes allow for some air entry

Which aperture is completely covered by the diaphragm?

inferior thoracic aperture

Where does the trachea begin?

inferior to the cricoid cartilage

What is the function of the pharyngal tonsil?

initiate immune response from certain foreign particles

What is the respiratory epithelium made up of?

ciliated, pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, goblet cells

What are both the trachea and primary bronchi supported by?

C- shaped cartilaginous rings

What is a deviated septum?

When the ethmoid and vomer don't develop at the same rate

What is the ethmoid bulla?

a round bulb that protrudes down from the ethmoid bone

What is the function of the vibrassae?

collect foreign particles, antigens, pollen, etc.

What are boogers?

collections of mucus and foreign particles that can be extracted from the nose

What are the functions of alveolar pores?

communication and collateral ventilation

What do meatuses provide?

additional surface area through which air can flow

What are the four functions besides gas exchange of the respiratory system?

air conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense

What is the function of smooth muscle throughout the airway?

allow for dilation and constriction

What are alveolar sacs lined with?

alveoli

What is the purpose of the arytenoid cartilage?

articulate withe the cricoid cartilage and insertion of the vocal ligaments

On which of the laryngeal cartilages do the vocal ligaments insert?

arytenoid cartilage

What is the function of the conchae and meatuses?

as air circulates through them, it is warmed and humidified

What do bronchi branch into?

bronchioles

Which structures support the trachea

c-shaped cartilaginous rings and smooth muscle between the rings

What are bronchi supported by?

cartilage

Which cranial nerve will transmit information regarding smell to the brain?

olfactory nerve (CN I)

What does the olfactory epithelium contain?

olfactory receptor cells

What is the structure of the alveolus wall?

one cell thick

What does the laryngopharynx contain?

opening into the larynx

What are the internal nares?

openings from nasal cavity to pharynx

What part of the ANS stimulates bronchoconstriction and increased mucus secretion?

parasympathetic

What does the nasopharynx contain?

pharyngeal tonsil, uvula, pharyngotympanic tube

What happens when the trachea bifurcates?

primary bronchi splitting

What is the function of goblet cells?

produce mucus

What is the main function of the paranasal sinuses?

produce mucus to maintain moisture in the nasal cavity

What is the function of the seromucus glands?

produce serous fluid and mucus

What is the function of the epiglottis?

protect airway from food

What is the function of the mucus membrane?

protect and secrete

What is the function of the laryngeal cartilages?

protection of larynx and as attachment sites for intrinsic laryngeal muscles

What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?

provides site for muscular attachment

What type of epithelium is the nasopharynx?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)

What does constriction of the airway allow for?

reduces the amounts of air into the lungs

What are the three layers of the mucus membrane?

respiratory epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria

What are the bones that make up the thoracic wall?

ribs, sternum, vertebrae

When a foreign object is aspirated where does it most likely get lodged?

right main bronchus


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