Respiratory system
where does a tracheostomy go through?
second and third tracheal rings
What does the lamina propria contain?
seromucus glands
What type of cells are type on pneumocytes and what are their function?
simple squamous cell: gas exchange
What are bronchioles supported by?
smooth muscle
What is the olfactory epithelium?
specialized respiratory epithelium that lines the superior region of the nasal cavity
What sinuses drain into the superior meatus?
sphenoidal and ethmoid
what are alveoli made up of?
squamous epithelium
What kind of epithelium is the oropharynx lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
What type of epithelium is found in the nasal vestibule?
stratified squamous epithelium
What type of epithelium is the laryngopharynx?
stratified squamous epithelium
What are the two apertures of the the thoracic wall?
superior thoracic and inferior thoracic
What are the three nasal conchae?
superior, middle, inferior
What part of the ANS stimulates bronchodilation?
sympathetic
What is a tracheostomy used for?
temporary or permanent intubation
What is the nasal vestibule?
the hallway leading into the nasal cavity
Why does the trachea bifurcate asymmetrically?
the heat is in the way
Where does the pharynx begin at?
the internal nares
What is carina?
the last line of defense against foreign matter in the airway
What are the nasal conchae named for?
their position on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity
what does a cricothyroidotomy go through?
thyroid membrane
What are the three cartilages of the larynx?
thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid
What is the function of the stratified squamous epithelium?
to protect
why is the oropharynx lined with stratified squamous epithelium?
to protect your lining when there is food scratching your throat
What does the oropharynx contain?
tonsils and epiglottis
After air exits the larynx where does it go?
trachea
What does the trachea bifurcate into?
two primary bronchi
What are the three cell types of the alveoli?
type I pneumocyte, dust cells, type 11 pneumocyte
Where does the nasopharynx extend from?
internal nares to soft palate
Why is there a muscle on the posterior side of the trachea?
it allows for the esophagus to slightly bulge into the lumen of the trachea when swallowing and increases the force of a cough
What two structures are found in the larynx?
laryngeal cartilages and vocal folds/cords
What is the LOWER respiratory tract made up of?
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
What are the contents of the pleural cavity?
lungs, mediastinum
What is serous fluid made up of?
lysozymes to destroy foreign particles
What sinuses drain into the middle meatus?
maxillary and frontal
What are the spaces under the nasal conchae called?
meatuses
What does dilation of the airway allow for?
more air into the lungs
What is the function of cilia?
move mucus and foreign particles out of the nose
What is the posterior side of the trachea covered by?
muscle
What is the UPPER respiratory tract made up of?
nasal cavity and pharynx
Where does air flow after it enters the nostrils?
nasal vestibule
What sinuses drain into the inferior meatus?
nasolacrimal duct
What is the pharynx divided into?
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
What is vibrissae?
nose hairs that are sticky with mucus
What is the purpose of the cricoid cartilage?
covers anterior and posterior side of the larynx
What is the purpose of the epiglottis?
covers the larynx during swallowing
how is sound produced when air passes through the vocal ligaments?
depending on whether the ligaments are abducted or adducted
What is a cricothyrotomy used for?
emergency procedure used to establish am airway
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity with the external air pressure
What bone is the superior and middle conchae part of?
ethmoid bone
Which two bones make up the nasal septum?
ethmoid bone and vomer bone
What is the semilunar hiatus formed from?
ethmoid bulla
What does air enter the nose through?
external nares (nostrils)
What are the four paranasal sinuses?
frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, maxillary
Function of the alveolus wall?
gas exchange
What happens in the respiratory zone?
gas exchange
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
gas exchange
What takes place in the respiratory bronchioles?
gas exchange
What is the mediastinum made up of?
heart and surrounding pericardium
What is the function of cilia and goblet cells?
help to moisten and clean the airway
What is the function of collateral ventilation?
if part of the lung collapses these holes allow for some air entry
Which aperture is completely covered by the diaphragm?
inferior thoracic aperture
Where does the trachea begin?
inferior to the cricoid cartilage
What is the function of the pharyngal tonsil?
initiate immune response from certain foreign particles
What is the respiratory epithelium made up of?
ciliated, pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium, goblet cells
What are both the trachea and primary bronchi supported by?
C- shaped cartilaginous rings
What is a deviated septum?
When the ethmoid and vomer don't develop at the same rate
What is the ethmoid bulla?
a round bulb that protrudes down from the ethmoid bone
What is the function of the vibrassae?
collect foreign particles, antigens, pollen, etc.
What are boogers?
collections of mucus and foreign particles that can be extracted from the nose
What are the functions of alveolar pores?
communication and collateral ventilation
What do meatuses provide?
additional surface area through which air can flow
What are the four functions besides gas exchange of the respiratory system?
air conditioning, sound production, olfaction, defense
What is the function of smooth muscle throughout the airway?
allow for dilation and constriction
What are alveolar sacs lined with?
alveoli
What is the purpose of the arytenoid cartilage?
articulate withe the cricoid cartilage and insertion of the vocal ligaments
On which of the laryngeal cartilages do the vocal ligaments insert?
arytenoid cartilage
What is the function of the conchae and meatuses?
as air circulates through them, it is warmed and humidified
What do bronchi branch into?
bronchioles
Which structures support the trachea
c-shaped cartilaginous rings and smooth muscle between the rings
What are bronchi supported by?
cartilage
Which cranial nerve will transmit information regarding smell to the brain?
olfactory nerve (CN I)
What does the olfactory epithelium contain?
olfactory receptor cells
What is the structure of the alveolus wall?
one cell thick
What does the laryngopharynx contain?
opening into the larynx
What are the internal nares?
openings from nasal cavity to pharynx
What part of the ANS stimulates bronchoconstriction and increased mucus secretion?
parasympathetic
What does the nasopharynx contain?
pharyngeal tonsil, uvula, pharyngotympanic tube
What happens when the trachea bifurcates?
primary bronchi splitting
What is the function of goblet cells?
produce mucus
What is the main function of the paranasal sinuses?
produce mucus to maintain moisture in the nasal cavity
What is the function of the seromucus glands?
produce serous fluid and mucus
What is the function of the epiglottis?
protect airway from food
What is the function of the mucus membrane?
protect and secrete
What is the function of the laryngeal cartilages?
protection of larynx and as attachment sites for intrinsic laryngeal muscles
What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?
provides site for muscular attachment
What type of epithelium is the nasopharynx?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
What does constriction of the airway allow for?
reduces the amounts of air into the lungs
What are the three layers of the mucus membrane?
respiratory epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria
What are the bones that make up the thoracic wall?
ribs, sternum, vertebrae
When a foreign object is aspirated where does it most likely get lodged?
right main bronchus