Retrovirus

Retrovirus _____ using the enzyme ____ to add itself ___ into the genome. This is apart of replication and it is _______. The Transcription complex ____ is used a promoter sequence, It uses host _____ and _____ factors but it has it own transcription ______. Gene expression in retroviruses is controlled by ______ splicing which produces accessory proteins______ and genome & structure proteins late. Protease ______ polyproteins

Integrates, integrase, randomly, irreversible, U3, RNA pol2, transcriptional, factors, alternative, early, splices

There is no Vaccine, but there are antiviral drugs. Three classes: _____ inhibitors which come in two types ____ (NRTI) which look like nucleotides or ______ (NNRTI) which bind to the enzymes. Protease inhibitors can work ____ or ____ the cell to prevent _____ or ______. Integrase inhibitors stop ______, and finally _____ inhibitors which are rarely used but they competitively bind to _____ and ____ receptors. HAART is used a poly therapy treatment the patient is always given 2 _____ RT inhibitors.

RT, nucs, non nucs, inside, outside, cleavage, maturation, integration, Entry, R5, X4, nucs

HIV1 is structured like all retrovirus except it has additional structure proteins ____, _____, _____, with multiple accessory proteins. HIV activates _____ in T cells and infects post ______ cells. HIV poly proteins ___ which makes structural proteins such as the martix, nucleocapsid and capsid, and pol which make _____, ________ and ______.

p1 , p2 , p6, apoptosis, mitotic, gag, intergrase, protease, RTase

The genome is two ____ sense RNA that is methylated and poly adenylate. __ RNA;'s are bound to be used as primer for ______ reactions from the host cell. The genome has a Rseq which is the terminal _____ sequence. The U5 and U3 which are _____ sequences, PBS which where the _____ binds.

positive, t, RNA pol, redundant, unique, tRNA

For Retrovirus maturation, Cellular _____ cleave envelope proteins, as polyprotein it was synthesized in the ER went to the ____ where it was modified and cleaved. Then they cluster at ___ sites of the virus. when the virus leaves the cell another ____ cleaves the virion as a final step in ________.

Furin proteases, golgi, budding, protease, maturation

Retroviruses _____ into host genome a normal cell cycle feature. It has ____ mutation rate and has its own ______ transcriptase. It is able to _____ cellular genes

integrate, high, reverse, transduce

HIV Glycoproteins allow cell ______ and ____ to CD4 receptor. It uses coreceptors ______ and ______. The receptors are chemokine receptors and certain HIV prefer certain receptors. _____ or R5 is the most common strain and ____ or X4 or least common.

recognize, bind, CCR5, CXCR4, CCR5, CXCR4

HTLV1 has two acessory proteins. The protein ___causes oncogenesis because it inactivates ____ and ____. It also trans activates proto-________

tax, p53, Rb, oncogenes

HIV1 accessory proteins: ___ is found in the nucleus and is responsible for _______ transcription facilitator which promotes RNA pol ________. REV binds to _____ and takes RNA out of the nuclues for packing. ___ is plasma membrane bound an interacts with ____ by internalizing and degrading to stop other retrovirus binding. It also decreases _____ to diminish the immune response. VPU is an ____ membrane, that prevents ______ from going to surface. VIF is found in _____ and targets ______ degradation. Vpr bind _____ and transports it to the nucleus.

TAT, gene, transcription, RRE, NEF, CD4, MHC1, integral, CD4, virions, APOBEC, virions

The virus has 3 clinical phases: the __ phase is 8 weeks and person is extremely sick with a _____ or they can be asymptomatic. The chronic or _______ phase lasts 8-10 ____ with controlled ____ replication and asymptomatic _____ cells response combats viral load. AIDs develops when ____ cell count drops below ____ and or person acquires ____ infections

acute, flu, latent, years viral, CD8, CD4, 200, rare

Deltaretrovirus cause HTLV1 which causes ___ in humans. It is transmitted via ____, ____, _____ milk. The virus has a long ____ period 25- 35 yrs. The Lymphoma causing features are ______ lymphocytes that look like a flower. They person developed ____ lesion , heptosplenomegaly, and ________ which only present in this disease.

cancer, blood, sex, breast, incubation, abnormal, skin, hypercalcemia

Oncoviruses are viruses that causes ____. This can happen with ______ of viral oncogene. Acute transformation is rare but results in ____ tumor production because of _____ random integration. The tumors are ______ and they make ____ constitutively active.

cancer, over expression, rapid, v-onc, polyclonal, v-src

Attachment and fusion of retrovirus is mediated by ___ receptors and _______. This allows ___ of the membrane and ________. Reverse transcription is the process of the ____ becoming _____. It used a RNA dependent_____ pol and DNA dependent ____ pol. There is also ______ which degrades the RNA. The virion replicates in the ____ and goes to the _____ as provirus

cell, glycoproteins, fusion, endocytosis, RNA, DNA, DNA, DNA, RNase H, cytoplasm, nucleus

R5 HIV binds to _____ cell, activated ____ cells and kills them, memory _____ cells and established latency and macrophages. X4 binds to naive ____ cells and kills them, activated _____ cells and kills them and ____ t cells and establishes latency. X4 is more ____ and causes cell ____

dendrites, T, T, Helper, helper, memory, aggressive, lysis

Lentivirus virion is ______ covered with a transmembrane protein and ____ glycoprotein. The virus has ___ layer and the capsid has three proteins _____, _____ and ______. The genome has nucleocapsid.

enveloped, surface, matrix, protease, integrase, Reverse transcriptase

Virus entry the vagina as a ____ virus in semen or virus _____ cells. Cells cross the epithelium and are recognized and degraded by immune response, ____ is released. In the vaginal epithelium the virus can infect ____ cell and the mobilize shuttle virus into the _____. Some people have mutation thats make them resistant to _____ strain.

free, infected, virus, dendritic, blood, R5

The retrovirus ORF has 3 poly proteins always, ____ which codes for structure proteins, ____ which codes for enzymes such as RTase and integrase and pro which codes for _____. They can also have ____ protein with different functions.

gag, pol, proteases, accessory

Prevention is done with PrEP for _____ groups and PEP for ____ potential exposure

high risk, post

Chronic transformation results in a _____ of tumor suppression. The virus is inserted in a ___ location in the genome and tumor takes _____ to form. There are no ____ oncogenes. Integration results in _____ tumor suppression or _____ in control. If there is ____ activation then there was _____ integration of the virus. This makes ____ tumors

inactivation, specific, long time, viral, knockout, proto-oncogenes cis, adjacent, monoclonal