RNA - 9th grade biology

100,000

20,000 types of mRNA can make _________________ proteins

use the 3 bases (codon) from mRNA to find the amino acids

CODON WHEEL

amino acid 1 CODON = 1 AMINO ACID

Each CODON called for a specific _____________ ___________ that is placed on the polypeptide chain.

a CODON

Each combination of 3 nucleotides on mRNA is called what?

20

How many amino acids are there?

The individual projects needed to complete the master plan

If DNA is like the MASTER PLAN, then RNA is like what?

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) 2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Name the 3 types of RNA.

Eukaryotic Transcription

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Transcription? -RNA is transcribed in the nucleus and RNA moves out into the cytoplasm. -mRNA strand is processed and modified. Introns are removed, exons stay and are spliced together, methyl head added to get through the nuclear membrane, and poly-A tail added to the 3' end. -Only one gene is transcribed at a time. -Can last hours or days for multiple uses to make multiple proteins from the mRNA strand.

Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Transcription? RNA is transcribed in the cytoplasm and it is short lived. Its rarely processed and can contain multiple genes on one mRNA. Transcription and Translation can occur simultaneously.

Proteins are TRAITS and TRAITS are genes being expressed.

Proteins are ______________ and __________________ are genes being expressed.

amino acids

Proteins are polymer chains of _____________ _________________.

RNA is often (Temporary, permanent) and (shorter, longer) in nucleotides than DNA

RNA is often (Temporary, permanent) and (shorter, longer) in nucleotides than DNA

Replication of DNA takes place in the cell's NUCLEUS Transcription of DNA to mRNA takes place in the cell's NUCLEUS Translation of the mRNA into a protein takes place in the cell's CYTOPLASM at the RIBOSOMES.

Replication of DNA takes place in the cell's _________. Transcription of DNA to mRNA takes place in the cell's ___________. Translation of the mRNA into a protein takes place in the cell's _____________________ at the ______________________.

The codon AUG, or methionine, serves as an initiator or (start, stop) codon to BEGIN protein synthesis.

The codon AUG, or methionine, serves as an ______________ or (start, stop) codon

ANTICODON

The mRNA has the CODON for the amino acid, and the tRNA has the _______________________.

Exons

The pre mRNA contains introns and exons and then it is processed. What are the units that remain in the final strand of mRNA?

Transcription factors

These are proteins and enzymes that attach to specific places on the DNA strand

RNA

This is a nucleic acid that acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosomes.

promoter

This is the place on the DNA that have specific base sequences that signal where the RNA polymerase should attach and begin transcription. One typical starting point is a repeat of TATA (sometimes called the TATA box)found within the DNA that helps to position the RNA polymerase to begin.

Translation dna-->transcription-->mRNA-->translation-->protein

This is the process to decode mRNA to form a polypeptide chain (protein). It is when the tRNA brings the amino acids to the polypeptide chain.

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

This type of RNA carries the genetic information from the DNA strand in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produces proteins

TRUE

True or False. There is more than one CODON for most amino acids.

UAA, UAG, and UGA are all stop codons. They all SIGNAL the end of a polypeptide chain.

UAA, UAG, and UGA are all (start, stop) codons.

1- phosphate group 2- 5 carbon sugar - RIBOSE 3- a nitrogen base (A, U, G, C) - no thymine

What is RNA made of?

a methyl head

What is added to one end of mRNA to allow it to pass through the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm?

poly A tail

What is added to the other end of mRNA (opposite the methyl head) that is additional nucleotides that are broken down in the cytoplasm by nucleases? This is sort of like a telomere on the end of DNA. It protects the real code of the mRNA. When these are longer, the mRNA lasts longer.

RNA polymerase.

What is the name of the enzyme that binds to the DNA molecule to start the mRNA transcription process?

Thymine

What is the one base that DNA has that RNA DOES NOT have?

Uracil

What is the one base that RNA has that DNA DOES NOT have?

TRANSCRIPTION

What is the process by which a molecule of DNA is copied to a complementary strand of RNA? DNA >----?----> mRNA

One Strand. DNA is 2 strands

is RNA one strand or two strands?

tRNA-transfer RNA rRNA-ribosomal RNA

mRNA can't produce a protein by itself, it must have the help of these other 2 kinds of RNA to make a protein.

tRNA = transfer RNA

this type of RNA is a single strand of RNA that loops back on itself and each strand carries a specific amino acid.