rocks and minerals
PEARLY
-The luster of a pearl or mother of pearl Example Biotite Mica
Magma freezes between
700 C and 1,250 " C
TWO TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS- NON CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Igneous Rocks can also be classified
Felsic Mafic Coarse grained Fine grained
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Formed beneath the earth's surface
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS-
Formed from broken bits and pieces of other existing rocks that settle out of water or air Ex Conglomerate sandstone
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Formed on the earth's surface
TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS
TYPES OF ROCKS
IGNEOUS ROCKS SEDIMENTARY ROCKS metamorphic rocks
TWO TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS
INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS
To say that something is a mineral it must have all the following characteristics
It is naturally occurring not man made or machine generated it is inorganic it hss definite arrangement of atoms, that is solid
i LUSTER
It is the quality and intensity of reflected light exhibited by the mineral Can also be described as the general appearance of the surface in reflected light
TYPES OF LUSTER
METALLIC VITREOUS PEARLY SILKY SILKY ADAMANTINE DULL EARTHY
METALLIC
Minerals reflect light like metals Example Galena
geophysical techniques
Modern mining technology uses that involve measuring the magnetic gravity and sonic responses of rocks above around prospective mineral ore body
German geologist mineralogist Friedrich Mohs
Mohs Hardness Scale is designed by
magnetism odor taste reaction to acid fluorescence
Other properties of minerals include
MINERAL GROUPS
Oxides Silicates Sulfates sulfides carbonates native elementd
ADAMANTINE The
The luster of a diamond
SILKY
The luster of silk . It occurs in minerals with fibrous structure Example Satin Spar
DULL / EARTHY
The mineral does not reflect light and has the same appearance as soil Example Limonite
VITREOUS
The mineral reflects light like glass Sometimes glassy luster is used instead of vitreous Example Fluorite
SALT
Used as a preservative and additive
SILVER
Used as conductor making silverwares coins and jewelry
GRAPHITE
Used as pencil Lead
GOLD-
Used for coins jewelry and coating other ornamental objects
APATITE
Used for fertilizer
MICA-
Used for insulation in electrical equipment wallpaper and fireproof materials
ALUMINUM
Used for roofing and in making
COPPER
Used in electrical wirings
DIAMOND
Used in industry and in making jewelry
IRON
Used in industry and infrastructure projects
QUARTZ-
Used in making optical instruments radio and electronic equipment because of its electrical properties and in porcelain paints when in powdered form
CALCITE
Used in manufacturing cement and mortar and for writing on the board
SULFUR-
Used in manufacturing sulfuric acid explosives dyes insecticide and soap
TITANIUM
Used in paint pigments and bulletproof since it was light but very strong
TALC
Used make powder for cosmetic products
BORAX
Used manufacturing soap enamels glass washing powder and welding
FELDSPAR
Used to make porcelain enamel and as a building stone
Magma can form
When rock is heated When pressure is released When rock changes composition
MINERALS
are chemical elements or compound that have been formed through inorganic processes
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
are formed by the compaction and cementing together of sediments materials that settle out air and water , broken pieces of rock like gravel sand silt clay
IGNEOUS ROCKS
are rocks that form from the cooling of hot molten masses called magma
Fine grained
cools quickly with little to no crystals
Mafic
dark colored rocks
Calcite
fizzes with acid as with dolomite but in powdered form
Sulfur
has distinctive smell
Fluorite
has the ability to disperse ultraviolet rays to visible light
fracture
is irregular or without any definite pattern or direction
Halite
is salty
Magnetite
is strongly magnetic
HARDNESS
is the measure of the resistance of a mineral to abrasion Mohs scale is used to determine the hardness of a mineral
STREAK
is the mineral's color in powdered form obtained by rubbing a mineral on a white unglazed tile or porcelain plate
Cleavage
is the property of some minerals to break along specific planes of weakness to form smooth flat surfaces
Strata
layers of rock
Felsic
light colored rocks
what are the properties of minerals
luster hardeness color streak cleavage and fracture specific gravity and others
Silicates
minerals containing 2 of the most abundant elements in the Earth's crust namely silicon and oxygen
Oxides
minerals containing Oxygen anion 02 combined with one or more metal ions
Sulfates
minerals containing Sulfur and Oxygen anion SO4 combined with other inns
Sulfides
minerals containing sulfur anion S2 combined with one or more ions Some sulfides are sources of economically important metals such as copper lead and zinc
Carbonates
minerals containing the carbonate anion CO3 combined with other elements
Native Elements
minerals that form as individual elements
ore
natural rock or sediment containing one or more valuable minerals The
Mining
process of mineral extraction from a rock seam or ore
ROCKS
rocks are naturally formed non living mass of organic and inorganic earth material consisting of one or more minerals that are held together in a firm solid mass
Coarse grained
takes longer to cool giving mineral crystals more time to grow
Stratification
the process which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
the weight of the mineral compared to the weight of an equal volume of water Native metals are the heaviest ones
Mohs scale
used to determine the hardness of a mineral
