Roman Architecture

Roman arch

used concrete: limestone and volcanic sand

open gallery above maeniānum 3

was used by women

rudis

wooden training sword given to gladiator

pālus prīmus

- "first sword" - highest ranked gladiator

maeniānum 1

- first fourteen rows behind podium for equestrians

maeniānum 2

- for ordinary citizens

andābata

- fought blindfolded

essedārius

- fought in a war chariot

bestiārius

- fought wild animals

rētiārius

- fought with a net *(rēte)* and trident *(fuscina)*

murmillō/mirmillō

- had a helmet with a fish crest, fought with a gladius

auctōrātus

- volunteer gladiator

maeniānum 3

pillars - lowers classes, foreigners, and slaves

Colosseum, Rome

72-80 CE Placed both symbolically and precisely at the heart of Rome -name "Colosseum" comes from the 100-foot bronze statue of himself that Nero put in front of his palace, the Domus Aurea -Vespasian initiated building this after making Rome more finanically stable; built it on top of the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea -Finished by Titus (oversaw construction) Mainly used for chariot races, but also used for gladiator games, animal hunts, and prisoner execution. There are four levels; ??each one of the arches serve as triumphial arches, serving to commemorate Titus's victory in Judea.?? ^ Titus seiged Jerusalem and destroyed the city, getting spoils as a result. Spectators were seated based on their social status, with the higher ranks being seated in the front. The corridor system of the amphitheatre prevented each class from interacting with another. -vela: sails; canvas awnings that covered the audience, protecting them from the heat of the sun as they watched the games. Maintained by sailors. Dyed azure and was spotted w stars to be similar to the heavens -harena (or arena): sand that covered the wooden surface and soaked up the blood during the games. -*hypogeum*: the substructure beneath the amphitheatre that is divided into tunnels used for purposes like storing animals or props. Had system of trapdoors that allowed for dramatic entrance of the animals/gladiators

ampitheatre of capua

A Roman amphitheatre in the city of Capua, second only to the Colosseum in size and probably the model for it. It may have been the first amphitheatre to be built by the Romans. and was the location of the first and most famous gladiator school.

Basilica

A large oblong hall or building with double colonnades and a semicircular apse, used in ancient Rome as a court of law or for public assemblies.

public baths

Atrium at the entrance, followed by the apodyterium Tepidarium was a room with warm air, used as a transition to the hot baths. Usually well decorated. Caldarium was a room filled with hot air, placed right over the furnace. A basin of cold water was in the room, for pouring over one's head. Some baths had a laconicum, which is even hotter.

Theatre of Marcellus

Built from tuff and concrete, and completely sheathed in white travertine. Also the earliest dated building in Rome to make use of fired Roman brick. Largest and most important theatre in ancient Rome; 111 meters in diameter and could hold 10k to 20k spectators.

Baths of Trajan

Built starting from 104 AD, commissioned by Trajan, and the architect is said to be Apollodorus of Damascus.

amphitheatre

Circular building with rows of seats rising around a central open area. Used for public games.

arch of constantine

Commissioned by Roman Senate to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Battle of Milvian Bridge.

Aula Palatina, Trier

Commissioned by the Constantine I. Built around AD 310 as a part of a palace complex. Originally not free standing, had a forehall, vestibule, and some service buildings attached.

Arch of Titus, Rome

Constructed in 82 AD by the Domitian, shortly after the death of Titus to commemorate his victories, including the Siege of Jerusalem Provided the general model for many triumphal arches built since the 16th century

Augustus of Prima Porta

Imperial Rome, made of marble -expresses Augustus' connection to the past, his role as a military victor, his connection to the gods, and his role as the bringer of the Roman Peace. -nice lil cupid baby riding on a baby dolphin

Pantheon, Rome

Former Roman temple built on site of an earlier temple commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus. Completed by Hadrian.

Hadrian's baths, Leptis Magna

Has swimming pool of almost 30 meters and tepid and warm baths Has two dressing rooms, two cold water baths, two tepid baths, two warm water baths, and one hot bath

temple

Structure reserved for religious or spiritual rituals, such as prayer and sacrifice. Offerings are made to a deity, and a special group of clergy maintain and operate the temple. The most common architectural plan had a rectangular temple raised on a high podium, with a clear front with a portico at the top of steps, and a triangular pediment above columns.

Theatre at Leptis Magna

Partly financed by a man named Annobal Tapapius Rufus Partly created in the slope of a low hill that had been used as a cemetery Built from natural stone, concrete, and bricks

Temple of Vesta

Round with entrances facing east to symbolize connection between Vesta's fire and the sun as sources of life. Numa Pompilius is believed to have built this temple.

theatre

Structure where theatrical works or plays are performed. Traditionally organized to provide support areas for performers, the technical crew and the audience members. Romans built walls and terraces instead of looking for a naturally occurring site

basilica of Constantine and maxentius, rome

The Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine, sometimes known as the Basilica Nova, is an ancient building in the Roman Forum, Rome, Italy. It was the largest building in the Forum.

triumphal arch

Used to commemorate victorious generals or the founding of new colonies, construction of a road or bridge, death of a member of the imperial family or accession of a new emperor

munera gladiātōria

gladiatorial fights

porta Libitīnēnsis

narrow passage for carrying the dead