Sample Items PY310 Final

Confounding variables are variables which have mot been accounted for and have no influence over the results of a study. T/F

False

Replicability can prevent (but not correct) cases of fraud in scientific research. T/F

False

Cyberbullying occurs so regularly on social media that it is often not seen as aggression. T/F

True

Regina has been spending time with her best friend's boyfriend due to being assigned to the same class project. Over the next few weeks, Regina begins telling him negative things about her best friend that he did not know because she finds she is interested in him and would like to date him. One night she kisses him and soon after he changes his status update on Facebook from "In a relationship" to "it's complicated." Their behavior is both unethical and an example of bullying. T/F

True

Research conducted by Bryan and Test on the effects of modeling prosocial behavior in a flat tire situation lends credibility to Philpot and colleagues' findings that increased group numbers (of any kind) increases the likelihood at least one individual will help someone in need. T/F

True

Research has shown most attempts to reduce bullying at school have been effective. T/F

True

Scapegoating reduces fear and increases sense of control. T/F

True

What does research on modeling prosocial behavior reveal about the role of age in the effectiveness of modeling? a. modeling influences behavior at any age b. modeling only influences young children c. modeling prosocial behaviors does not lead to actual helping behaviors d. modeling does not influence adult behavior

a. modeling influences behavior at any age

Social loafing tends to be reduced in which of the following conditions? a. Activities where each participant has a unique contribution to make. b. Work in which a participant trusts their coworkers to perform well. c. Group projects where everyone contributes anonymously. d. Tasks participants find uninteresting and personally irrelevant.

a. Activities where each participant has a unique contribution to make.

Which of the following is a major component of groupthink? a. Desire for group cohesion. b. Cooperation with outsiders c. Desire for self-expression d. Desire for anonymity

a. Desire for group cohesion

In their research on online discrimination, Tynes and colleagues found _________. a. Most African American, multiracial and White high school students reported seeing online discrimination of others. b. White high school students reported seeing no online discrimination of others, African American and multiracial students reported seeing online discrimination of others. c. Very few African American and multiracial and White high school students reported seeing online racial discrimination of others d. All African American and multiracial and White high school students reported seeing online racial discrimination of others.

a. Most African American, multiracial and White high school students reported seeing online discrimination of others

Bullying occurs when one person has power over another and engages in what kind of behavior? a. Repeated b. Extreme c. Dangerous d. Single

a. Repeated

Blaming a problem on someone in a lower-status group is known as ________. a. Scapegoating b. Outgrouping c. The just world phenomena d. distancing

a. Scapegoating

Which of the following is an element of the Abilene Paradox? a. Self-censorship b. Feelings of invulnerability c. Pressure on dissenters d. High degree of group morality

a. Self-censorship

Liam is feeling ambivalent about the new dish he started cooking and asks his roommate, who is generally positive and not picky, to taste-test it. Which of the following self-motives best applies in this scenario? a. Self-enhancement b. Self-verification c. Self-awareness d. accuracy

a. Self-enhancement

Which of the following is a correct statement about the value of having a specific goal? a. Specific goals are more likely to be achieved because approaching them increases our motivation b. Specific goals are more likely to be achieved because they are easier to remember c. General goals are more likely to be achieved because there are more ways of achieving them d. General goals are more likely to be achieved because they are easier to remember

a. Specific goals are more likely to be achieved because approaching them increases our motivation

Working in a group with friends tends to _________ social loafing. a. reduce b. have no effect c. increase

a. reduce

There is strong evidence indicating that most differences between women and men are _________. a. very small b. small c. large d. very large

a. very small

The finding that people who volunteer to help also report greater levels of positive affect and self-esteem suggests what about helping behavior? How might self discrepancy theory help to explain the behavior of individuals who lack empathy? a. we are motivated to help others b. we help only when we are told to do so c. we only help when we can receive a direct reward for helping d. we are not motivated by altruism alone

a. we are motivated to help others

Which of the following is an example of a person being influenced by referent power? a. "I agree with him because he knows this better than I do." b. "I do what she asks because I respect her and want to be just like her." c. "I know if I go along I will get a pay raise in January." d. "I will do what she says because I don't want to be fired."

b. "I do what she asks because I respect her and want to be just like her."

Power results in a(n) ________ of dependence a. Degree b. Asymmetry c. Excess d. Term

b. Asymmetry

Which of the following is an example of a stereotype? a. All of Rita's family members are nice. b. College professors are kind of dull. c. I avoid being around small children. d. I have never liked Ahanu.

b. College professors are kind of dull.

Why does crowd behavior differ so much from individual behavior? a. Crowds increase self-esteem, which leads to different behavior. b. Crowds lead us to lose our sense of self, which loosens the behavioral restraints that are typically in place. c. Crowds cause mood changes, which can lead to unpredictable behavior. d. Crowds cause a focus on long-term norms at the expense of a group norms that typically control behavior.

b. Crowds lead us to lose our sense of self, which loosens the behavioral restraints that are typically in place.

According to goal shielding theory, when I see an object associated with studying for my upcoming test a. I will seek out objects associated with other goals. b. I will automatically inhibit goals other than studying for my upcoming test. c. I will avoid thinking about my upcoming test. d. I will feel anxious if I don't start studying immediately.

b. I will automatically inhibit goals other than studying for my upcoming test.

A researcher wants to conduct interviews of incarcerated individuals. For this study, stricter protocols are necessary in addition to __________, which is the process of asking for willingness to participate.

b. Informed consent

Which of the following is most closely associated with self-awareness theory? a. Emotional strength b. Monitoring our own behavior c. Emotional flexibility d. Monitoring others' behavior

b. Monitoring our own behavior

Research has found if someone is prejudiced toward someone based on their membership in one social group, they are _________. a. Less likely to be prejudiced toward others in very different groups b. More likely to be prejudiced toward others in very different groups

b. More likely to be prejudiced toward others in very different groups

Which of the following best describes power? a. Power is based on what people do. b. Power is based on what people can do. c. Power is based on people have done. d. Power is based on what people should do.

b. Power is based on what people can do.

Which of these types of variables is measured in correlational research? a. Dependent b. Predictor c. Confounding d. Exogenous

b. Predictor

The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) is designed to assess the extent to which people a. display signs of neuroticism (negative emotionality). b. engage in suppression or reappraisal of emotional stimuli. c. engage in antecedent- or response-focused emotion regulation. d. succeed at regulating their emotions.

b. engage in suppression or reappraisal of emotional stimuli.

Helping behavior is paradoxical behavior because a. helping brings relief. b. helping often incurs a cost. c. helping does not benefit the helper. d. helping is selfish.

b. helping often incurs a cost.

Research shows positive illusions can lead us to _______. a. construct an accurate self-concept b. persist longer when we initially fail at tasks c. compare ourselves to others more easily d. have lower self-esteem

b. persist longer when we initially fail at tasks

People in a parking lot see a man struggling to put his heavy grocery bags in his car. No on his stopping to help, so each person who walks by the man assumes he actually doesn't need help after all. This situation is an example of a. a high-hurry situation b. pluralistic ignorance c. diffusion of responsibility d. a prosocial model

b. pluralistic ignorance

Which of the following statements best describes an individual exhibiting antisocial behavior? a. someone who disregards social norms, customs, ethics, and laws b. someone who exhibits low moral standards and improper behavior c. someone who intentionally ignores or excludes others d. someone who intentionally attempts to hurt another's reputation or relationships

b. someone who exhibits low moral standards and improper behavior

Quasi-experiments cannot make causal claims because a. all alternative variables are eliminated or controlled for. b. there is no random assignment. c. the dependent variables are random. d. there is no manipulation.

b. there is no random assignment.

In the Madsen et al. kin selection study, which gender did the wall sit longer across all relationships? a. men b. women c. they were about the same

b. women

Which of the following is true of authentic leaders? a. They do not believe in giving rewards to successful employees. b. They are never concerned about getting specific tasks done. c. They show their true selves to those with whom they work. d. They use a contingent leadership style.

c. They show their true selves to those with whom they work.

Select which trait would not be associated with a male-gendered individual. a. assertiveness b. task-orientation c. active listening d. stoicism

c. active listening

Which of the following would be an example of reflected appraisal at work? a. "I know I did well because I was promoted and Dorian was not." b. "This is my third job managing large databases so I guess I must like it." c. "I don't feel successful because I know no one else thinks I am good at my job." d. "I love serving in management and supervisory roles."

c. "I don't feel successful because I know no one else thinks I am good at my job."

Which of the following statements is an operational definition of emotional contagion used by Kramer colleagues (2014) in their Facebook study? a. Affective states (emotions) are contagious via in-person interactions. b. Affective states (emotions) are contagious via emojis and emotions. c. Affective states (emotions) are contagious via verbal expressions. d. Affective states (emotions) are contagious via likes and reposts.

c. Affective states (emotions) are contagious via verbal expressions.

Most studies on social media and mental health employ ______________ designs. a. Quasi-experimental b. Experimental c. Correlational d. Descriptive

c. Correlational

In a study of social engagement in a college residence hall, researchers found ________ predicted prominence in the school year. a. Wealth b. Self-esteem c. Extraverted behavior d. Number of friendships

c. Extraverted behavior

The experience of deindividuation tends to result in an increase in _______________ behavior. a. Prosocial b. Thoughtful c. Impulsive d. Controlled

c. Impulsive

Which of the following maintains an in-group versus outgroup mindset? a. Unjust world phenomena b. Attributions c. Outgroup homogeneity effect d. Institutional prejudice

c. Outgroup homogeneity effect

During Batson and colleagues' research, what motivated low-empathy individuals to help someone in distress? a. having perceived similarity to the person b. receiving permission to leave after helping the person c. being told they must sit and watch the person d. knowing they would get a monetary reward after helping the person

c. being told they must sit and watch the person

The resource depletion model's main contention is that a. people with more resources in their lives (e.g., more money) are better able to self-regulate b. once resources are sufficiently depleted, self-regulation occurs automatically c. engaging in self-regulation depletes willpower and makes further self-regulation more difficult d. every self-regulation task has its own set of resources, so engaging in one self-regulation task has no implication for subsequent self-regulation tasks.

c. engaging in self-regulation depletes willpower and makes further self-regulation more difficult

A comprehensive approach to reducing bullying would not include which intervention? a. including anti-bullying content in classroom lessons b. providing students a structured setting with clear expectations c. increased disciplinary methods d. parent-teacher meetings

c. increased disciplinary methods

Zenaida is conducting a study on social isolation and anxiety. She realizes after the study has begun that she has not informed participants of the potential risks and benefits of the study. What ethical standard has she violated? a. right to withdraw b. privacy and confidentiality c. informed consent d. deception and debriefing

c. informed consent

Which of the following are the three kinds of racial microaggressions studied by Sue et al.? a. invalidation, assault, intervention b. insult, invalidation, assault c. intervention, insult, assault d. invalidation, derogation, insult

c. intervention, insult, assault

The study by Gino et al. showed individuals who do not initially engage in unethical behavior are __________ to engage in subsequent acts of unethical behavior due to resource depletion. a. more likely b. not likely c. less likely d. guaranteed

c. less likely

Trevon was working on math problems in a room with a repair person who was focused on working on the heater. Trevon seemed to do well on easy problems and poorly on difficult problems. Which explanation for social facilitation does this example support? a. distraction-conflict b. evaluation-apprehension c. mere presence d. deferred interest

c. mere presence

You are spending time with your partner and the two of you are exchanging one happy story after another. The stories just seem to come naturally to you. This is likely the result of a. mood congruence and mood-as-information. b. mood incongruence and accommodative processing. c. mood congruence and affective priming. d. mood incongruence and assimilative processing.

c. mood congruence and affective priming.

Based on what we have learned in this module, antisocial behavior is the result of many influences and tends to follow a pattern. Taking this information into consideration, we can say the participants in the study by Kouchaki et al. who reported unethical behaviors may have used ___________ when asked to recall their behavior during a particular event. a. self-handicapping b. the self-verification motive c. social comparison d. the availability heuristic

c. social comparison

Which of the following is not a condition Gordon Allport identified for intergroup contact success in reducing prejudice? a. Interdependence b. common goals c. sufficient time d. equal status

c. sufficient time

Research has shown that prejudice can develop in people as young as ________ years old. a. 12 b. 9 c. 6 d. 3

d. 3

In which of the following situations is evaluation-apprehension likely to be the best explanation for the social facilitation? a. Alo and two other students are working separately at a big table solving math problems b. Dorrian is solving math problems at a table while Angie works at the computer across the room. c. Fernanda is solving math problems in a room by herself. d. Alpha is solving math problems while an observer watches over her shoulder.

d. Alpha is solving math problems while an observer watches over her shoulder.

Which of the following is true of emotion? a. For the most part, an event produces the same emotional response in most people. b. Though appraisal of events occurs, it has little to do with emotional responses. c. The nature of the physiological arousal experienced varies to match each specific emotion. d. An event can cause different emotions, depending on the process of cognitive appraisal.

d. An event can cause different emotions, depending on the process of cognitive appraisal.

Which step in the helping process comes after assuming responsibility? a. Taking action b. Interpreting the event as an emergency c. Assuming responsibility is the final step in the process d. Being able to help

d. Being able to help

Your sister asks for your help on a time-consuming task and offers to take you to dinner at your favorite restaurant as a thank-you. You are quite busy when she asks for your help, but after thinking it through, you decide to help her. This is an example of a. Kin selection b. The reciprocity norm c. The social responsibility norm d. The social exchange theory

d. The social exchange theory

Authentic leadership is most similar to which other leadership type? a. Informational b. Task-oriented c. Transactional d. Transformational

d. Transformational

When is information about others' beliefs likely to influence our own beliefs? a. When the outgroup is present b. When the norms of fairness are activated c. When it is primarily fact-based d. When the information provides consensus for our beliefs

d. When the information provides consensus for our beliefs

Haruhi decides to manipulate his research processes so his hypothesis is fully supported. What unethical behavior is he demonstrating? a. plagiarism b. fabrication c. a conflict of interest d. falsification

d. falsification

One who puts group interests ahead of their own a. is likely to be denied power by group members. b. will never be strong enough to be in a position of power. c. will not be popular with other members of the organization. d. is likely to be afforded power by group members.

d. is likely to be afforded power by group members.

In which of the following situations is distraction-conflict likely to be the best explanation for the social facilitation? a. Alo and two other students are working separately at a big table solving math problems b. Dorrian is solving math problems at a table while Angie works at the computer across the room. c. Fernanda is solving math problems in a room by herself. d. Alpha is solving math problems while an observer watches over her shoulder.

a. Alo and two other students are working separately at a big table solving math problems

Sheila walks by a person collecting money for a charitable cause. It is raining, and the person asking for money looks cold. Even though it would have been easy for Sheila to ignore the person, she still donates the money. Sheila's behavior suggests she is experiencing ______________. a. Altruism b. Hedonism c. Egoism d. reciprocity pressure

a. Altruism

Dr. Dwang compares data he collected with data collected by his colleague. Because Dr. Dwang did not hide participants' identifying information, his behavior compromises participants' right to a. Confidentiality. b. Informed consent. c. Withdraw. d. Be debriefed.

a. Confidentiality.

What has current research shown concerning ingroups and outgroups? a. Most discriminatory behavior is the result of ingroup favoritism b. Most discriminatory behavior is the result of outgroup hostility c. Discriminatory behavior is equally the result of in-group favoritism and outgroup hostility. d. Most discriminatory behavior is not the result of ingroup favoritism

a. Most discriminatory behavior is the result of ingroup favoritism

Which of the following is the best explanation of the findings of Norman Triplett's fishing reel study on social facilitation? a. Pairs of individuals wound fishing reels faster than individuals. b. There was no difference between individuals and pairs of individuals in how fast they wound fishing reels. c. Individuals wound fishing reels faster than pairs of individuals. d. Individuals and pairs of individuals wound fishing reels equally fast.

a. Pairs of individuals wound fishing reels faster than individuals.

Which of the following describes the view of emotion described by the two-factor theory of emotion? a. Physiological arousal plus labeling determines emotional response. b. Physiological arousal plus emotion produces appraisal. c. Physiological arousal, alone, produces emotion. d. Emotion produces physiological arousal and appraisal.

a. Physiological arousal plus labeling determines emotional response.

Which of the following statements concerning stereotypes is accurate? a. Stereotypes are feelings about groups. b. Even when accurate, stereotypes are never useful. c. Stereotypes minimize differences between groups. d. Stereotypes can include positive traits.

a. Stereotypes are feelings about groups.

Imagine the following scenario: You're feeling down and having a bad day. You decide that you want to wallow in your sorrows, so you go home and put on sad music. This makes you more sad, which was your goal. Which of the following is an accurate statement based on this scenario? a. This is an example of emotion regulation. It's situation selection. b. This isn't an example of emotion regulation because, by definition, emotion regulation only involves increasing positive or decreasing negative emotions. c. This isn't an example of emotion regulation because the overall emotion isn't changing. d. This is an example of emotion regulation. It's reappraisal

a. This is an example of emotion regulation. It's situation selection.

Which of the following is a consequence of power? a. Those high in power are less empathetic to their subordinates. b. Those high in power give extra attention to their subordinates. c. Those low in power are more likely to act impulsively to reduce their anxiety. d. Those low in power think of others in stereotypical ways.

a. Those high in power are less empathetic to their subordinates.

Unethical behavior is not always __________, despite it being improper. Select all that apply. a. aggressive b. immoral c. antisocial d. illegal

a. aggressive; d. illegal

The two approaches to self-regulation that can explain the consequences of power are a. approach and inhibition. b. reward and punishment. c. internal and external. d. constructive and instructive.

a. approach and inhibition.

Which definition most accurately describes unethical behavior? a. behavior that runs counter to social norms, customs, ethics, and laws b. behavior that is improper and demonstrates low moral standards c. behaviors that seeks to hurt another's reputation or relationships d. behaviors focused on the use of power to harm another

a. behavior that runs counter to social norms, customs, ethics, and laws

Affective stimuli _____ attention, whereas affective states ______ attention. a. capture; direct b. direct; capture c. boost; process d. process; boost

a. capture; direct

Given what we currently know about mood and processing styles, being in a positive mood is likely to benefit a. creative tasks. b. eyewitness testimonies. c. detail-oriented tasks. d. memories for specific events.

a. creativity tasks.

We attempt to avoid users who engage in unethical behavior by using ___________ to decide whether the information they are presenting is consistent and accurate. a. external attributions b. social comparison c. a people-schema d. warranting

a. external attributions

A young adult who spends several hours each day on social media may struggle with which of the following concerns? Select all that apply. a. low trait self-esteem b. positive illusions c. upward social comparison d. self-handicapping

a. low trait self-esteem; c. upward social comparison

When we experience a failure associated with our ideal self, such as not being accepted for an internship we were interested in, we are likely to experience _________ such as disappointment and hopelessness. a. low-arousal negative emotions b. low-to-moderate-arousal negative emotions c. high-arousal negative emotions d. moderate-to-high-arousal negative emotions

a. low-arousal negative emotions

A transformational leader would likely make which of the following statements? a. "Rewards, people, rewards. Who wants to be promoted? Who wants a pay raise?" b. "If we all work together, we can succeed in achieving the goals of our organization." c. "I expect you to work hard and complete your work on time. There is no time to waste." d. "Thanks, Sherman, for working so hard. I appreciate it and I am grateful for your effort."

b. "If we all work together, we can succeed in achieving the goals of our organization."

Which of the following is true of the effect of similarity on helping? a. People help similar others, but only when similar on significant dimensions like gender, race, and religion. b. Even the most superficial kind of similarity can increase helping behavior. c. People help whomever they come across, regardless of how similar they are. d. People will help dissimilar others mainly in dire situations.

b. Even the most superficial kind of similarity can increase helping behavior.

Kiara, who has written her first novel, is scrolling through the comments about her book on a review site. She focuses on the four- and five-star reviews to see what they liked about the book, and these reviews confirm what she feels are her best talents in writing fiction. Which of the following self-motives best applies in this scenario? a. Accuracy b. Self-verification c. Self-reliance d. Self-enhancements

b. Self-verification

Which of the following statements concerning digital emotional contagion is true? a. Though emotional contagion occurs in real life, it rarely occurs in social media use. b. Social media sites manipulate the content viewers see to increase emotional contagion and increase user engagement. c. Though social media users experience emotional contagion, very little emotion is communicated through social media, so emotional contagion is rare. d. Digital emotional contagion occurs, but it does so in ways that cannot be influenced, measured, or studied.

b. Social media sites manipulate the content viewers see to increase emotional contagion and increase user engagement.

What do proponents of contingency theories believe is contingent? a. High salary is contingent on work performance. b. Successful leadership is contingent on leader qualities and situation factors. c. Success is contingent on hard work. d. Employee satisfaction is contingent on reward structure.

b. Successful leadership is contingent on leader qualities and situation factors.

When are individuals more likely to help in dangerous situations than non-dangerous situations? a. When they are the only person around to help. b. When potential helpers can more quickly identify the situation as one in which help is needed. c. When the majority of people who see the dangerous situation believe others will stop and help as well. d. When they feel guilt about not coming to the aid of the person in danger.

b. When potential helpers can more quickly identify the situation as one in which help is needed.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a task that requires self-regulation? a. Watching an emotional movie without displaying emotion. b. Yelling "TGIF" at the end of a long week c. Eating a small portion of food when you want more d. Working on a crossword puzzle after it's stopped being fun, just because you want to complete it.

b. Yelling "TGIF" at the end of the week

According to psychologist Robert Cialdini, public service messages are successful when a. descriptive norms indicate that many people act inappropriately. b. descriptive and injunctive norms are consistent. c. descriptive norms and injunctive norms are inconsistent. d. they include descriptive norms but not injunctive norms.

b. descriptive and injunctive norms are consistent.

Leader-member exchange theory proposes that a. leader-member dyads are solely responsible for organizational success. b. effective leadership results from positive leader-member dyads. c. leader-member dyads are only important for task-oriented leaders. d. member-member dyads are more important than leader-member dyads.

b. effective leadership results from positive leader-member dyads.

Which of the following is an example of deindividuation? a. Milton decides to throw soda on fans from the other team at a football game. b. Mervin decides not to try hard because he is in a group. c. Angella's nurse scrubs make her feel more compassionate than she otherwise would. d. Lex runs faster in a track meet than when practicing.

c. Angella's nurse scrubs make her feel more compassionate than she otherwise would.

________ uses measured (not manipulated) variables to examine the size and direction of the relationship between two or more variables. a. Quasi-experiments b. True experiments c. Correlational studies d. Descriptive/case studies

c. Correlational studies

Which of the following is true of the findings of research by Peter Fischer and colleagues on helping situations that are dangerous? a. Potential helpers help in dangerous situations only after someone else has already intervened and modeled helping behavior. b. No one helps in dangerous situations for fear of being harmed or killed. c. Individuals alone and individuals in groups help at the same rate in dangerous situations. d. Individuals help more often in dangerous situations than undgngerous situations when they can determine that the situation can be resolved quickly.

c. Individuals alone and individuals in groups help at the same rate in dangerous situations.

In which of the following situations is deindividuation likely to occur? a. Jada is trick-or-treating wearing her regular clothes and a funny hat. b. Julian is wearing the jersey of his favorite team. c. Irma is a spectator in a football stadium with 70,000 other fans. d. Amanda is shopping at her neighborhood grocery store where it is not very crowded.

c. Irma is a spectator in a football stadium with 70,000 other fans.

Which of these research questions is about an associative relationship? a. Does eating a diet high in fiber decrease a person's chance of getting cancer? b. Does sleeping fewer than 8 hours a night decrease the level of a person's happiness? c. Is a high school student's GPA predictive of their future success in college? d. What is the percentage of men in Europe aged 18 to 25 who have traveled outside their home country?

c. Is a high school student's GPA predictive of their future success in college?

Which of the following is NOT an antecedent-focused emotion regulation strategy? a. Situational selection b. Situational modification c. Suppression d. Attentional deployment

c. Suppression

Research by Deborah Richardson and others has shown we are most likely to aggress against which of the following groups? a. Strangers b. Work colleagues c. Acquaintances d. Friends

d. Friends

Intergroup contact works to reduce the prejudice because it leads to which of the following? a. It reduces temptation to interact b. It increases knowledge of the ingroup c. It eliminates all hurdles to future contact d. It increases empathy

d. It increases empathy

Research has provided support for which of the following path diagrams relating to positive emotions, personal resources, and life outcomes? a. Personal resources -> Meditation -> Positive emotions -> Improved life outcomes b. Improved life outcomes -> Positive emotions -> Personal resources -> Meditation c. Positive emotions -> Meditation -> Improved life outcomes -> Personal resources d. Meditation -> Positive emotions -> Personal resources -> Improved life outcomes

d. Meditation -> Positive emotions -> Personal resources -> Improved life outcomes

Self-regulation ability in childhood a. is unrelated to self-regulation ability in adulthood. b. is mostly a function of genetics, with little input from the environment. c. is often higher than it is in adulthood, due to the amount of stress adults experience. d. predicts social and academic achievement in adolescence and adulthood.

d. predicts social and academic achievement in adolescence and adulthood.

Festinger's theory that we tend to seek out others with similar views when evaluating our own opinions or abilities is called ___________. a. self-verification b. cognitive dissonance c. self-esteem d. social comparison

d. social comparison