SB Q&A Topic 7
David McClelland's theory about the drivers of employee behavior is the:
acquired needs theory
McClelland's theory states that employees are motivated by acquired needs that include the need for:
achievement affiliation power
Psychologist J. Stacy Adams first applied _____ theory in the workplace.
equity
In equity theory, inputs can include:
-education -skills and knowledge -personality traits
The outcomes of an equity comparison include which of the following?
Equity Positive inequity Negative inequity
Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as _____ deals.
Idiosyncratic
What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?
It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.
Who pioneered the use of equity theory in the workplace?
J. Stacy Adams
What should individuals do if their current job is unfulfilling but they do not want to change jobs?
Try to incorporate job crafting or I-deals.
Which of the following are among the top-down approaches to job design?
-Job enlargement -Job rotation -Scientific management
Job crafting is the:
approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work
The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:
interactional justice
The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as _____ _____. (Two words)
job design
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are known as _____.
needs
Equity theory uses a comparison of the ratio of ______ to _____.
outputs inputs
Which methods should managers use to determine the needs of their employees?
-Employee surveys -One-on-one meetings
Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?
-experimentation -reason -systematic observation
Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?
-low sense of accomplishment -high levels of dissatisfaction and stress -poor mental health
The top-down approaches to job design include:
-scientific management -job enlargement -the job characteristics model
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.
?
Who formulated the theory that motivation is a function of five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization?
Abraham Maslow
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce
desired combinations of expected outcomes.
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adams' Elements of _____ theory.
equity
The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is _____ theory.
equity
Which theory is based on comparing one's outputs and inputs with those of others?
equity theory
The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:
expectancy theory
What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?
idiosyncratic deals
Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective _____.
inputs
In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as:
inputs
The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as:
job crafting
Any set of activities that involve the alteration of specific job activities to improve the quality of employee job experience and motivation is called
job design
The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:
motivation
Vroom's expectancy theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for _____ to be high.
motivation
Hunger or thirst are examples of physiological deficiencies that arouse behavior known as ______.
needs
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make organizational decisions is:
procedural justice
The theories that focus on explaining the process by which internal and situational factors influence employee motivation are known as ______ theories.
process
The method of job design that draws from observation, experiments, and reasoning is _____ _____. (Two words)
scientific management
Which approach to job design often creates jobs that are very simple, repetitive, and boring?
scientific management
Which theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness?
self-determination theory
Herzberg's theory states that there are _____ separate sets of factors that create satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job.
two
Self-determination theory assumes that our behavior and well-being are influenced by which innate needs?
autonomy competence relatedness
How can managers incorporate the principles of expectancy theory?
by linking performance to rewards that individual employees value
What motivates corrective action in equity theory?
cognitive dissonance
Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.
direction of behavior or thought persistence of behavior or thought intensity of behavior or thought
The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job _____.
enlargement
Which process theory explains how people strive for fairness and justice in social exchanges or give-and-take relationships?
equity theory
The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is:
job enlargement
The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job _____.
rotation
The question that asks "How much do I value the outcomes I will receive by achieving my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
valence
Which of the following are among the top-down approaches to job design?
-Scientific management -Job enlargement -Job rotation
What are some recommended approaches for creating change when one's job is low on hygiene or motivating factors?
-Talk with the manager. -Change jobs. -Ask for new work assignments.
Using Vroom's expectancy theory to predict motivation, it can be said that:
motivation will be high when all three elements are high
Job rotation is the top-down approach that:
moves employees from one specialized job to another
The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ______ theories.
content
The question "What are the chances of receiving various outcomes if I achieve my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
instrumentality
According to equity theory, people compare
their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.
Who wrote the book The Human Side of Enterprise, which explores two contrasting sets of assumptions about human nature?
Douglas McGregor
The theory that proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and dissatisfaction from the absence or weak presence of hygiene factors is based on research done by:
Frederick Herzberg
Kaya and Franklin just received their end-of-year bonuses. Kaya's bonus was 10% larger than Franklin's, but Kaya knows she regularly worked overtime while Franklin rarely did. Based on this equity comparison, which equity relationship is Kaya most likely to perceive?
Positive inequity
The title of Douglas McGregor's book, which formulated two contrasting views of human nature is:
The Human Side of Enterprise
True or false: Research in more than 1000 different studies from a wide range of countries show that goal setting helps achieve success.
True
McClelland's theory, developed in the 1940s, proposed that employee behaviors are driven by three _____ needs.
acquired
Research has shown that setting _____ helps motivate individuals, teams, and organizations to achieve success.
goals
Which of the following are included in Maslow's need hierarchy theory?
-Physiological Needs -Esteem Needs