Skin

What are the symptoms of an inflammatory response?

Pain, redness, immobility, swelling, heat

Why do older people have more difficulty controlling body temperature than do younger people?

Older people have difficulty controlling body temperature because the ability to shiver declines, as well as fewer deep blood vessels with a lesser ability to shunt blood toward the body's interior.

What type of tissue makes up the dermis?

connective tissue

What is the function of sweat glands?

control body temperature; as the water in the sweat evaporates, the surface of the skin cools.

What are the 2 main layers of the skin and the layer directly underneath the skin?

epidermis and dermis are the main layers and the subcutaneous is directly under

What are the 3 main layers of the skin?

epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue (hypodermis)

How many people are diagnosed with skin cancer in the U.S. annually?

4.3 million cases

Which SPF sunscreen was most effective at blocking UV radiation?

50 (mineral one)

From the results of this experiment, what SPF sunscreen would you recommend?

50 SPF lotion

By what percentage does use of tanning devices increase the chance of developing skin cancer?

75%

How many people will be diagnosed with skin cancer in their lifetime?

9,500 people

What is normal human body temperature?

98.6 Deg. Fahrenheit, 37 Deg, Celsius

What are sebaceous glands?

gland that secretes oil

What part of the brain controls thermoregulation?

hypothalamus

What triggers an inflammatory response?

injury and stress

What are hair and nails made up of?

keratin

What protein makes up hair and nails?

keratin

What makes up the epidermis?

keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells, and the 5 layers (corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale).

What structures can be found embedded in the dermis?

nerve endings, sweat glands and oil (sebaceous) glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels.

What are the protective functions of the epidermis?

protection, regulation and sensation

Explain why it is better to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen?

protects you from both UVA and UVB rays

What were the common symptoms found between the majority of the skin disorders?

rashes, red, itchy, and discoloration in skin.

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

secrete the oily, waxy substance called sebum -sebum waterproofs and lubricates the skin and hair of mammals

Where in the U.S. has the lowest environmental temperature been recorded? How low was the temperature? How would the human body respond to this environment?

-Alaska - -80 Deg. Fahrenheit -risk for frostbite and hypothermia. -extreme shivering, body constricts blood supply (feelings pins and needles).

Where in the U.S. has the highest environmental temperature been recorded? How high was the temperature? How would the human body respond to this environment?

-Death Valley, California -134 Deg. Fahrenheit -high risk for heat stroke/heat exhaustion -loss of large amounts of body fluids through sweating and lowered blood pressure due to pooling of blood in the legs.

What are mechanoreceptors? Thermoreceptors? Nociceptors?

-Mechanoreceptors: a sense organ or cell that responds to mechanical stimuli such as touch or sound. -Thermoreceptors: responds to relative changes in temperature -Nociceptors: a sensory receptor for painful stimuli.

Explain how shivering, vasoconstriction, and erect body hairs help control temperatures in cold conditions.

-Shivering: hypothalamus triggers the muscles to contract, which produces heat. -Vasoconstriction: the blood vessels contract to conserve heat for vital organs. -Erect Body Hair: arrector pili muscles contract and stand up to reduce the airflow over the skin.

Explain how sweating, vasodilation, and flat body hairs help control temperature in hot conditions.

-Sweating: sweat glands secrete water that carries out heat and evaporates on the skin, cooling it. -Vasodilation: the blood vessels widen to allow more blood to flow through, which results in heat loss from the body to the skin. -Flat Body Hair: the arrector pili relaxes, which increases the airflow over the skin.

What is the difference between UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C radiation?

-UVA: 95% of UV radiation that reaches earth, used in tanning beds, penetrates into dermis, causes wrinkles and premature aging, penetrates through clouds and glass windows. -UVB: affects epidermis, causes most sunburns, linked strongly to skin cancer. -UVC: does not reach the earth's atmosphere, found in man-made sources (mercury lamps, welding torches), not normally considered a risk for skin cancer.

What part of the body that you tested was the most sensitive? Hypothesize as to why this part of the body is so sensitive.

-forearm, because it has more receptors in it

Which part of the body was the least sensitive? Hypothesize as to why this part of the body is insensitive.

-pad of thumb, there are less receptors in it

What can you infer about the distribution of nerves in the skin?

-the nerves are not evenly distributed across the skin

What are the 5 layers, or strata, of the epidermis. Write the function of each layer next to the label.

1.) Stratum Corneum 2.) Stratum Lucidum 3.) Stratum Granulosum 4.) Stratum Spinosum 5. Stratum Basale

What type of burn is most likely to leave a scar? Why?

3rd degree, because most of the epithelial cells, collagen, and fibroblasts have been destroyed

What is dermatographia? Do you have it?

A condition also known as skin writing. When people who have dermatographia lightly scratch their skin, the scratches redden into a raised wheal similar to hives. These marks usually disappear within 30 minutes. -I do not have it.

What causes hyperthermia? What are the symptoms?

A dangerously overheated body, usually in response to prolonged, hot, humid weather. -dehydration, fatigue, nausea/vomiting, headache.

List 3 risk factors that you personally may have for skin cancer.

A history of sunburns, excessive sun exposure, a family history of skin cancer.

What is basal cell carcinoma and what does it look like?

A type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells, slow growing cancer

What is the tissue response to inflammation?

Blood vessels dilate and fluids leak into the damaged tissues.

How is body heat produced?

Body heat is produced by cellular metabolism, particularly in the skeletal and cardiac muscle cells.

What is squamous cell carcinoma and what does it look like?

Cancer caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells.

Which environmental factors influence skin color?

Environmental factors that affect skin color include ultraviolet light from the sum or sunlamps and X rays

How does the body lose excess heat?

Excess body heat is lost through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.

How do genetic factors influence skin color?

Genes control the amount of melanin the melanocytes produce.

What produces goosebumps?

Goose bumps are created when arrector pili muscles, contract and pull the hair erect. The reflex is started by the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for many fight-or-flight responses

Which form of skin cancer causes the most deaths?

Melanoma

What is the difference between eccrine (merocrine) and aprocrine sudoriferous glands?

Merocrine sweat glands secrete through tubes (ducts) to the skin surface, are found all over the body, and respond to elevated body temperature Apocrine sweat glands secrete through tubes (ducts) to hair follicles, are most numerous in the axillary and groin areas, and respond when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain.

What is the difference between merocrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands?

Merocrine sweat glands secrete through tubes (ducts) to the skin surface, are found all over the body, and respond to elevated body temperature Apocrine sweat glands secrete through tubes (ducts) to hair follicles, are most numerous in the axillary and groin areas, and respond when a person is emotionally upset, frightened, or in pain.

What were the common causes and risk factors found between the majority of the skin disorders?

Most of the skin disorders were caused by a virus, bacteria, or a skin injury. Many common risk factors were injury, heredity, and a weakened autoimmune system.

What (besides body temperature regulation) are some functions of the skin?

Prevents loss of essential body fluids, protection of the body from harmful UV rays, and vitamin D production.

What are the functions of the skin?

Regulates body temperature, prevents loss of essential body fluids, protection of the body from harmful effects of the sun and radiation, and excretes toxic substances with sweat.

What is the function of the sebaceous glands?

Sebaceous glands secrete the oily, waxy substance called sebum, which waterproofs and lubricates skin and hair

How do physiological factors influence skin color?

Sunlight, UV lamps, and X-Rays. These all affect skin color by rapidly darkening existing melanin and by stimulating more melanocytes to produce more melanin.

What is melanoma and what does it look like?

The most serious type of skin cancer, a tumor of melanin-forming cells,

What is the function of melanin?

The pigment that gives human skin, hair, and eyes their color. Melanin also helps to protect the skin against UV rays.

What type of radiation constitutes the basis for setting an SPF rating?

UVB rays

How does the skin help regulate body temperature?

When body temperature rises above the set point dermal blood vessels dilate so heat escapes to the outside of the body and sweat glands produce sweat that evaporates and cools the body. When body temperature drops below the set point dermal blood vessels constrict to conserve heat and sweat glands remain inactive, also skeletal muscles may begin to contract (shivering) to produce more heat.

What causes hypothermia? What are the symptoms?

When the body is losing heat quicker than it can produce heat. -shivering, weak pulse, shallow breathing, rapid breathing.

What changes occur with age in the epidermis and dermis?

With age, the epidermis thins, and the dermis is less elastic showing wrinkling.

What is a skin culture and what is it used to diagnose?

a laboratory test to look for and identify germs that cause problems with the skin or nails.

What is a patch test and what is it used to diagnose?

a method used to determine whether a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of a patient's skin. Any individual suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis or atopic dermatitis needs patch testing.

What is a skin biopsy and what is it used to diagnose?

a procedure in which a doctor cuts and removes a small sample of skin to have it tested. This sample may help your doctor diagnose diseases such as skin cancer, infection, or other skin disorders.

What happens when sebaceous glands get clogged?

acne can form

What form of skin cancer is the most common?

basal cell carcinoma

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

stratified squamous epithelium

From what layer of the epidermis was your skin sample taken?

stratum corneum

What does SPF stand for? What is the difference between SPF 15 and SPF 30 sunscreen?

sun protection factor, SPF 15 blocks out 93% of UV rays and SPF 30 blocks out 97%

What are sudoriferous glands?

sweat glands

What is thermoregulation?

the ability of an organism to keep its body temperature within certain boundaries, even when the surrounding temperature is very different

Hypothesize what would happen to the oral and dermal temperatures if the test subject was placed in a hot sauna.

the dermal temperature would rise faster and higher than the oral temperature

Sunscreens normally are only effective for up to 2 hours. What do you think would happen to the UV sensitive paper in this experiment if it were left in the sunlight for 5 hours? How does this relate to using sunscreen on your skin?

the paper would be more blue than white because the effects of the sunscreen would wear off. It would prove that sunscreen needs to be continually applied every 2 hours, if you are in the sun.

Were there any SPF sunscreens that showed little to no difference between the effectiveness of the SPF level? Hypothesize why this occurred.

the spray sunscreens did not show much difference on the photosensitive paper. The lotion sunscreens put more onto the skin, while the spray doesn't put as much sunscreen onto the skin.

What is the number one risk factor for skin cancer?

too much exposure to UV radiation