SkyWest Interview- Technical
Runaway lights: what do they mean when all red?
1000ft remaining
How long a temporary airmen cert is good for?
120 days
What are the alternate rules for Part 91?
123 rule. 1 hour before or after ETA, wx must be 2000 foot ceilings and 3SM visibility. If not, tgen Alternate required. Alternate must have wx, 800/2 non precision approach, 600/2 precision approac
How long is a TAF valid for?
24 or 30 hours
Speeds in and around class B, C, and D.
250 in B, 200 at or below 200AGl w/ in 4NM of Class C or D
How many miles around the nav aid are the altitudes in the MSA circle on an approach plate for?
25NM unless otherwise depicted
You are at 10,000ft you need to descend to 1,000ft. When do you begin your descent?
3 miles for every 1000ft
What does a VOR/DME look like on Jepps?
A black compass rose with a black scalloped cirlce inside
What is D-ATIS? (Data- Link ATIS)
ATIS is traditionally a voice recording of someone reading the weather. D-ATIS is a way to deliver the information digitally so onboard equipment can interact with it. Can be sent through ACARS or data link.
How does the hydraulic system on your aircraft maintain psi throughout all regimes of flight?
Accumulator
Explain how the environmental system works.
Air goes from the compressors and goes through PACKS for cooling then are mixed with hot air to control temperature
Where is the bull-horn suppose to be stored?
As per Part 121: In aircraft capable of carrying 60-100 passengers the megaphone (bullhorn) will be in the most AFT compartment. The administrator may deviate from this if it is found more safe to have it in another location. Aft compartment is what they are looking for. 99 seats or less - 1 in rear. More than 99 seats = 2 (1 rear/1 front).
Where does the stall occur first on a swept wing aircraft?
At the wingtips
Which is worse warm front or cold front?
Cold
What is an ILS hold short line? What's it protecting? Glide slope or localizer?
Critical area when conditions are below 800/2 where you may be asked to hold short. It protects either the LOC signal, GS signal, or both, depending on the airfield and location of taxiway
What does the ILS critical area boundary signs look like?
yellow background black ink bar
How do you recover from a stall?
Decrease the angle of attach by lowering the nose and maybe add power.
Approaching 16R in Reno and one of the fixes on the approach says you should be at X altitude? Your indicating x 200'? What do you do?
Depends is the altitude a mandatory altitude, block, at or above, at or below. Either way correct our altitude and fly the plane!
You're at FL 340 and you need to descend to 240 in 31.1nm, what rate of descent would you use?
Depends on airspeed. Assuming 360 KIAS, it would take 5.2 minutes to go 31.1nm, so your rate of descent would be around 1900 fpm.
What do taxiway signs look like?
Destination/Direction- Yellow background with black inscriptions Location- Black background with yellow inscriptions
What are the meanings of different colors on radar ?
Different colors define the reflectivity of an air mass or specifically, moisture in the air. Higher reflections of a radar transmission indicate higher moisture content.
What does ACSL meant on a chart?
Do you mean on a weather chart? Alto Cumulus Standing Lenticular.
Draw an instrument runway with applicable markings and runway lighting.
Don't forget all of the markings as described in the AIM for a precision instrument runway— touchdown zone markings included
Yawing and rolling motion - what aerodynamic condition are you in?
Dutch Roll
How and where is pressure measured in the engine?
EPR - Engine Pressure Ratio - • is the ratio of Turbine discharge to Compressor Inlet Pressure. - Pressure measurements are recorded by probes installed in the engine Inlet and at the Exhaust. - An EPR gauge is used to indicate the power/ THRUST Output of a Turbofan engine. - PRIMARY FOR THRUST PRODUCED!
If a VOR is required for navigation on a route, above what altitude is DME required?
FL240
Where does RVSM airspace start?
FL290
What happens to TAS as alt increases?
For a given constant IAS, TAS increases with altitude
Which cg loading condition is most efficient?
For cruise, aft cg loading is the most efficient (reduces drag by reducing the amount of downward lift the tail surfaces have to exert)
What are the pilot certification and currency requirements for a night IFR flight carrying passengers?
IFR Certified. 3 takeoffs AND 3 landings to a full stop, between 1 hour after sunset and 1 hour before sunrise, within the preceding 90 days. PLUS instrument current
Describe the engine on the plane you fly.
IO-540. Fuel injected, direct drive, air cooled, horizontally opposed******
Describe the basics of jet engine operation.
Intake, Compression, Combustion, and Exhaust.
Tell me what derived alternate mins are.
It allows the carrier(s) to create their own alternate minimums instead of using either what is published on the charts, or the standard alternate minimums
What is the tallest obstruction on an instrument approach chart? How do you find it? It is manmade or natural made?
On Jepp chart the tallest obstruction is shown with a big bold black arrow on the plan view. Can either man made or natural.
What is a relay?
Switches that open and close circuits.
What is an amp?
The base unit of electrical current* -basically it is a number of electrons - and tells you how much electricity you have to work with. The More Amps you have, the more electricity you have to work with.*
How long is the MALSR system?
The configuration of signal lights starting at the threshold and extending into the approach area 2,400-3000' for a precision, instrument runway 1,400-1,500' for a non-precision, instrument runway
What is a critical engine (Multi engine ops) and what four factors affect it?
The critical engine of a multi-engine, fixed-wing propeller-driven aircraft is the one whose failure would result in the most adverse effects on the aircraft's handling and performance. PAST, P-factor, Accelerated slipstream, spiraling slipstream, and torque
What is balanced field length?
The distance where Accelerate stop and accelerate go distances are equal.
Where is the ITT gauge located inside the engine?
Turbine Section
What is N1, where is it measured from?
N1 is low pressure compressor speed, N2 is high pressure
Is accessory gearbox attached to N1 or N2?
N2
What is the maximum speed in a Procedure Turn?
200KIAS
What are the pros of a hershey bar wing?
Stalls at the root first thereby keeping your ailerons effective during a stall which helps recovery, more stable at slower speeds
Decode a METAR and TAF (abbreviations)
B - Began BC Patches BL Blowing BR Mist >=5/8 DR Low Drifting DS Dust storm DU Dust DZ Drizzle E - Ended FC, +FC Funnel Cloud, Well-Developed Funnel Cloud Tornado or Waterspout FG Fog FU Smoke FZ Freezing GR Hail (>5mm) GS Small Hail / Snow Pellets (<5mm) HZ Haze IC Ice Crystals MI Shallow PL Ice Pellets PO Well-Developed Dust/Sand Whirls PR Partial PY Spray RA Rain SA Sand SG Snow Grains SH Showers SN Snow SQ Squalls Moderate SS Sandstorm TS Thunderstorm UP Unknown Precipitation VA Volcanic Ash VC In the Vicinity Modifiers: - Light + Heavy P More than M Less than B Began E Ended BKN - Broken cloud layer 5/8ths to 7/8ths CB - Cumulonimbus CLR - Sky clear at or below 12,000AGL FEW - Few cloud layer 0/8ths to 2/8ths OVC - Overcast cloud layer 8/8ths coverage SCT - Scattered cloud layer 3/8ths to 4/8ths SKC - Sky Clear TCU - Towering Cumulus A01 - Automated Observation without precipitation discrimination A02 - Automated Observation with precipitation discrimination A3000 - Altimeter setting 30.00" AMD - Amended forecast AUTO - without human editing BECMG - Becoming... BECMG 0002 = becoming 00 to 02 Zulu CAVU - Ceiling and visibility unlimited COR - Correction DSNT - Distant weather phenomenon FM - From... FM0200 = from 0200 Zulu FROPA - Frontal Passage LTG - Lightning LDG - Landing M - Minus, below zero, "less than" NO - Not available NSW - No significant weather P6SM - Plus 6 Statute Miles, greater than, "more than" PK WND - Peak Wind PRESFR/PRESRR - Pressure Falling or Rising Rapidly PROB40 - Probability of 40% R04 - Runway 4 RMK - Remarks RWY - Runway RVRNO - Runway Visual Range not available SFC VIS - Surface Visibility SLP - Sea Level Pressure, add 10 to numbers given SLPNO - Sea Level Pressure not available SM - Statute miles SPECI - Special Report TEMPO - Temporarily... TEMPO 0002 = Temporarily 00 to 02 Zulu T02560179 - Temperature 25.6 dew point 17.9 TWR VIS - Tower Visibility V - Varying VIRGA - Virga VRB - Variable VRB VIS - Variable Visibility VV - Vertical Visibility, indefinite ceiling WS - Wind shear WSHFT - Wind shift
If a circuit breaker was to pop, was it due to over-amperage or over-voltage?
Because over loading Amp
How high does class G go?
Overlying E; 700' AGL or 1200'AGL or 14,500'MSL
What does a rectifier do?
converts a/c to d/c and stabilize current TRU
What is a volt?
the SI unit of electromotive force, the difference of potential that would drive one ampere of current against one ohm resistance. - Basically it is electrical pressure*
Where is icing most critical, on the wing tip or wing joint to the fuselage?
tips are usually thinner than the rest of the wing, so they are the part of the wing that most efficiently collects ice. This can lead to a partial stall of the wings at the tips, which can affect the ailerons and thus roll control.
What would you do if you found yourself in a thunderstorm?
1.Tighten your safety belt, put on your shoulder harness. 2. Plan and hold the course to take the aircraft through the storm in minimum time. 3. To avoid most critical icing establish a penetration altitude below the freezing level or above the level of -15C 4. Turn on pitot heat, carb heat, jet engine anti-ice. 5. Establish power settings for turbulence penetration airspeed. 6. Turn up cockpit lights to highest level to lessen temporary blindness from lighting. 7. If using autopilot disengage altitude hold mode and safe speed mode. 8. If using airborne radar tilt the antenna up and down occasionally. 9. Keep eyes on instruments to avoid temporary blindness from lightning. 10. Maintain constant ATTiTUDE. Allow altitude and airspeed to fluctuate. 11. Don't turn back once you are in the thunderstorm. Turning maneuvers can increase stress on aircraft. AIM 7-1-28 b,c
Service Volumes of a high altitude VOR?
1000 - 14500 40NM 14501 - 18000 100NM 18001 - 45000 130NM 45001 - 60000 100 NM
Q-routes are at what altitudes?
18,000ft-FL450 inclusive
How many Data Concentrator Units on the CRJ-200? How many on the 700?
2 on newer crj 200/700 and 3 on the older 200's. Heart of the CAS system, receive information from all airplane systems and relay necessary CAS message
What altitude does the tropopause start?
20,000' near the poles, 65,000' near the equator. Approximately 36,000' over the US
What is the maximum airspeed permitted in a hold between 0-6,000ft , 6,001ft-14,000ft, and 14001ft and above?
200kts,230kts, and 265kts respectively
What is a Jet Pump?
A form of a fluid pump in an aircraft fuel system that produces a low pressure by moving fuel at a high-velocity through a venturi. A jet pump helps remove vapors from fuel before it enters a fuel control unit. Some of the fuel from the main pump is returned to the tank through a venturi or a jet pump. The low pressure at the throat of the venturi pulls the vapor out of the chamber where vapor gets collected before returning fuel to the tank.
What is the difference between a fuse and a circuit breaker?
A fuse melts at over-current where a Circuit breaker can be reset.
What is a Yaw Dampener?
A gyro operated stability augmentation auto control system installed to automatically provide immediate rudder input when necessary to aid in canceling out yaw tendencies such as those of Dutch roll. Basically an autopilot for the rudder.
What is a lenticular cloud?
A lenticular cloud is a lens-shaped cloud that normally develops on the downwind side of a mountain or mountain range. This occurs when stable, moist air flows over a mountain, creating a series of oscillating waves. If the temperature at the crest of the wave equals the dew point temperature, condensation occurs in a lens formation. As the air falls down the trough of the wave, where the temperature and dew point temperature are not equal, evaporation occurs. Thus, a wave cloud, or a series of lenticular clouds, is capable of forming
What is a magneto and how does it work?
A magneto is an engine mounted, direct drive device that converts rotational motion into electrical energy which is then routed through wires to spark plugs in each cylinder of a piston engine and set to fire at specific times during crankshaft rotation. There are generally two per engine to provide redundancy as well as higher performance due to more efficient ignition of the fuel/air mixture.
What is an electrical bus?
A metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside switchgear, panel boards, and busway enclosures for local high current power distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment in battery banks.
What is a Microburst?
A microburst is a rapidly descending column of air, usually no larger than about 2.5 miles in diameter where the rate of descent can exceed 6,000'/minute. When the column of air nears the surface, the wind will spread in all directions causing a wind change as you fly through the microburst.
What is associated with the pneumatic system?
A pneumatic system is any system that uses pressurized air to move something. On aircraft, lots of different parts of the aircraft can be moved with pneumatic components or hydraulic components, which are the same except they use pressurized water instead of air. Some parts that use pneumatics or hydraulics are the ailerons, the elevators, the rudder and the flaps.
What aerodynamic condition is causing the aircraft to Dutch Roll?
A series of out-of-phase turns, when the aircraft rolls in one direction and yaws in the other.
What are some things inside a turbine engine to provide positive air flow?
A variable geometry(VG)system regulates airflow through the compressor by changing the position of the compressor inlet guide vane and the variable geometry stator vanes on the first five stages of the compressor. This is done to prevent compressor stall and surge by optimizing the angle of attack of the vanes. TheVG system is controlled by the fuel control unit (FCU) which uses high-pressure fuel to hydraulically move two actuators which are mechanically linked to the VG system. CRJ-200
What is a hershey bar wing?
A wing that maintains and equal chord
How do you convert AC-DC and DC-AC?
AC to DC by a transformer rectifier, DC to AC by an inverter
Mountain waves can extend how far from mountains?
AIM 7-5-6 Mountain flying "Satellite photos of the Rockies have shown mountain waves extending as far as 700 miles downwind of the range" "Appalachian chain have picked up the mountain wave phenomenon over a hundred miles eastward."
What approach lighting has red terminating bars?
ALSF-1 and ALSF-2
How does the starter work?
APU starter is usually electrically driven. The engines can use bleed air from the APU, or other engine if it is operating at the appropriate power settings, to power the engine starters.
What are the 5 required documents on board an aircraft?
ARROW: Airworthiness Certificate, Registration, Radio Operator's License, Operating handbook, and Weight/Balance
What are the thin grey lines (isobars) Close vs far isobars?
Close isobars depict a steep pressure gradient. That is to say, there is a rapid increase or decline in pressure over a short distance perpendicular to the isobar. Close isobars usually indicate a probability of higher wind speeds
What is a coffin corner?
Coffin corner is found in jet when flying at very high altitudes. You have low IAS and high TAS. go slower and you stall, go faster and you exceed Mmo or Mach Crit.
Where are the ignitors?
Combustion section
What section of engine does bleed air come from?
Compressor Section
Part 121. What do we do if we reach the VDP and we do not have the runway environment in sight?
Continue to stay at MDA altitude until the requirements of 91.1759 (C) are met or we reach MAP. Then we would go missed
What are the effects of a cold front?
Cumulus clouds, showery precip, good visibility. Possibility of a severe thunderstorm.
Explain 3 stages of thunderstorms.
Cumulus mature dissipating
What are your currency requriements to carry passengers during the day? Night? Instrument currency?
Day, 3 takeoffs and landings sole manipulator, cat, class, type Night, 3 full stop 1 hr after/before sunset/sunrise Instrument, 6 appch, intercept/track, holding
Can you be dispatched at a certain time if forecast visibilities were lower than prescribed for the approach to be used.
Except as provided in §121.615, no person may dispatch or release an aircraft for operations under IFR or over-the-top, unless appropriate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination thereof, indicate that the weather conditions will be at or above the authorized minimums at the estimated time of arrival at the airport or airports to which dispatched or released.
What was my previous company's procedure on wind shear alerts?
Go- Around
Explain why a generator might be used instead of an alternator.
Greater power output
On a prog chart what does H and L mean?
H and L on a Prog Chart depict the forecast epicenter of a High pressure system, and a Low pressure system, respectively.
Heavy rain / heavy snow equates to what visibility?
Heavy snow: < 1/4 SM. Heavy rain:
What are Hot start and hung starts?
Hot start: Too much fuel too early in the start process before enough air is compressed in the combustion chamber. Hung Start: Light-off occurs, but the engine stabilizes or hangs below starter cutoff speed usually at a higher than normal temperature. Caused by insufficient airflow due to high altitude or hot day low-density air; inefficient compression; or low starter RPMs.
What other systems run of the rotation of the engine?
Hydraulic pumps, engine driven fuel pumps, electrical system. Environmental/pressurization (bleed air)
Finger Fly approaches
I had to talk through a Jepp STAR. Big thing was being cleared the STAR, with an altitude clearance. Meaning that I fly the star track but not the altitudes.
Point out different types of airport sig
I was asked about runway edge lights, yellow chevrons, what runway and distance remaining signs looked like
What is the definition of severe icing?
Icing accumulation to the point that equipment fails to control removal
What is associated with the accessory section?
If it is the accessory section of the jet engine, things like a fuel pump, generator or Constant Speed Drive generators, things like that
Are you legal to start the approach?
If the visibility is approved the required visibility for the IAP prior to the Final approach segment, then yes. If its below prior to FAF, then no you cannot start approach. If it drops below after the FAF, then you can continue to the DA/DH
What is a PACK? What's in there? Explain.
PACKs means Pneumatic Air Conditioning Kits. 2 separate systems, consists of an Air Cycle Machine, dual heat exchanger, reheater, and condenser. 1. Air sent to core of heat exchanger where it is cooled using ram air. 2. Routed to compressor where it is warmed 3. Routed back to main core of heat exchanger twice where it is cooled 4. Routed to reheater and condensor where water is removed 5. Air is routed to ACM turbine, where it is expanded and cooled again, then supplied to distribution. THEN TO MIXING MANIFOLD where recirculated and bleed air is mixed. TEMP Control by Air Conditions System Control, will cause air to bypass certain heating or cooling stages
How do we cool the air for the cabin?
In the CRJ air is taken from the 10th stage bleed air from the compressor section and is run through a heat exchanger in the packs to cool and condition the air.
Why are some airports blue and some green?
Jeppesen: "Airports with instrument approaches are in blue and have the city name in CAPITAL LETTERS. Airports in green have no instrument approach."
What is a J-route on a Jepps high altitude chart.
Jet route
What are wing tip vortices?
LP trying to get to HP around the wing
What to do if you find yourself getting closer to coffin corner?
Level off and descend/reduce airspeed*
What are the cons of a hershey bar wing?
Low aspect ratio (ratio of a wing's length to its chord), Low aspect ratio= high amounts of wing surface area so lots of induced drag, aerodynamically inefficient
What are the negative effects of wing sweep?
Low lift requiring high lift devices at slower airspeeds, wing tips stall first reducing aileron effectiveness, prone to free directional oscillations (dutch roll)
Give examples of Low and High Pressure Bleed Air.
Low-Pressure Bleed Air: Engine Starting and Air Conditioning. High-Pressure Bleed Air: Thrust reversers, cowl and wing anti-ice
What is a MOCA?
MINIMUM OBSTRUCTION CLEARANCE ALTITUDE (MOCA)? The lowest published altitude in effect between radio fixes on VOR airways, off-airway routes, or route segments which meets obstacle clearance requirements for the entire route segment and which assures acceptable navigational signal coverage only within 22 nautical miles ( or 25 statute miles) of a VOR
What is the difference between a MEA and a MOCA?
MOCA only guarantees reception within 22 NM from the navaid. Both provide obstacle clearance.
What you can do if you only have the approach lights in sight but not the runway?
Per 91.175, you can continue the approach if you have one of the following: approach lighting system (VERY IMPORTANT CAVEAT: you cannot go below 100' above TDZE unless you have the red side bars or red terminating bars of the ALS1/2); threshold; threshold lighting; threshold markings; runway; runway markings; runway lights; touchdown zone; touchdown zone markings; touchdown zone lights; VASIs; REILs. So in this case, you can continue the approach as long as you can see the red side row bars or red terminating bars
What is the difference between the N1 and the N2?
N1 = the speed of the fan/low pressure compressor and low pressure turbine. N2 = the speed of the high pressure compressor and high pressure turbine.
Brief a jepp chart.
Stick with the briefing strip at the top of the chart. Make sure you start by stating the approach name and type as well as the airport that the approach is for. Was asked specifically ILS 08L CYVR: The trick is where FAF is for the localizer vs ILS. Also asked about continuing the approach inside FAF if the weather drops below mins. (FAR 121.651 says if you are inside the FAF, you can continue the approach to minimums).
What are the minimums for the approach?
Study Jeppesen charts. Remember approach category speeds and be careful to read the vis. as RVR or SM depending on the approach plate!
Why are the wings swept on many turbine aircraft?
Swept wings delay airflow separation due to the shockwave from approaching the speed of sound thus increasing the aircrafts critical mach number ( you can fly faster)
What is a TRU and an inverter?
TRU Transformer Rectifier Unit. Used to convert AC to DC. The CRJ 200 has five TRU's. Inverter, used to convert DC to AC
V1 decision speed and your action if emergency happens exactly at V1?
Take the emergency with you into the air, fly the airplane get some altitude and then handle the emergency. Obviously besides a dual engine failure on an aircraft with only two engines. Utilize QRH and available resources , ATC, cabin crew etc
What phase of flight is a compressor stall most likely to happen?
Takeoff/ GA
You clear the runway and you're talking to ground and cleaning up the airplane with your head down in the cockpit and look up and the captain has stopped and there are green lights under you. Where are you?
Taxi way centerline lights are green
What color are taxi way lights?
Taxi way edge lights are blue and center line lights are green
What is enhanced centerline and what does it look like?
The enhanced taxiway centerline marking consists of a parallel line of yellow dashes on either side of the normal taxiway centerline. The taxiway centerlines are enhanced to maximum of 150 feet prior to a runway holding position marking
Also which is more effective at low altitude, bypass air or the jet exhaust?
The fan at low altitude and the Jet exhaust at high
Where is the most severe turbulence in a thunderstorm?
The greatest turbulence occurs in the vicinity of adjacent rising and descending drafts. Gust loads can be severe enough to stall an aircraft flying at rough air (maneuvering) speed or to cripple it at design cruising speed. Maximum turbulence usually occurs near the mid-level of the storm, between 12,000 and 20,000 feet and is most severe in clouds of the greatest vertical development.
Why does COP move aft when experiencing mach tuck?
The increasing size of the shockwave (with an increase in Mach number) forces the COL and COP aft.
What are the purpose of flaps?
The purpose of the flaps is to generate more lift at slower airspeed, which enables the airplane to fly at a greatly reduced speed with a lower risk of stalling. This is especially useful during takeoff and landing. Plain-- Increases drag and allows to fly steeper approaches without increasing approach speed Split-- Same Slotted-- Increase camber, allows HP air from bottom of wing to reach LP air, energizing the boundary layer Fowler-- Increase area of wing, first increase lift with little increase in drag, and then create more drag
How to differentiate hail from rain on radar.
The radar uses dual band to determine size and shape of the falling particles
What is V2?
The speed at which a jet climbs at with one engine inoperative.
What are the numbers on the circuit breaker?
The total Amperage load by which this circuit breaker is designed to protect the circuit with. Upon reaching this number, the circuit breaker will "break" the flow of current to this circuit (I.E. popes the circuit breaker)
On a TAF if there is a TEMPO line what weather does it resort back to after tempo is over
The weather that was present prior to it
Runaway lights: What do they mean when alternating white and red?
They alternate red and white for last 2000' of runway and then red for final 1000' runway remaining
Be prepared to read en route low, high and approach charts.
They wont ask you every possible question about a chart just a few to test your overall knowledge. Study Jeppesen charts there is a free guide online that is a great resource. Know the basics and you will be fine!
Explain where you can descend, what the courses are, and how you would enter holding depicted.
Things to know: are you cleared for the approach? Did ATC give you a clearance to descend? Are you established? If the feeder is apart of the approach and you have been cleared you can descend unless otherwise told by ATC. Know max holding speeds. Know max speed for a course reversal (200KTS)
What is Mach Buffet?
This is a flow separation of airflow over the wing. This can be from to high of an airspeed (flow desperation at crit. mach), or can be from to high of an AOA Airflow over parts of the wing beginning at the thicker wing root and progressing outward toward the wing tips begin reaching the speed of sound creating a shock wave that causes turbulence which disrupts laminar airflow aft of the shockwave.
What does MEA give you?
This is the lowest published altitude between radio navigation fixes that assures acceptable navigational signal coverage and meets obstacle clearance requirements between those fixes*
What is the purpose of a stator vane?
To properly position airflow to enter the next level of compression and increase pressure
Why is alternators voltage higher than battery voltage?
To recharge the battery in flight
What is the purpose of an outflow valve?
To regulate the cabin pressure for comfort and satety
What is bypass air and what is the benefit?
Typically bypass air makes up 80% of the air that is sucked into the engine (turbofan). Bypass air flows between the core of the engine and the outside casing. The benefit of using so much bypass air is both fuel efficiency and it's quieter than a full-on jet engine
When does your medical expire?
Under 40-ATP (PIC): On the last day of the month, 12 months from the exam. 40 and over-ATP (PIC): On the last day of the month, 6 months from the exam. SIC: On the last day of the month, 12 months from the exam.
Which stage would you most likely encounter a downdraft?
Updrafts and downdrafts at mature and all downdrafts at dissipating stage
What will happen to the de-icing boots if you engage them too early?
Use them early and often; that's the message from the NTSB when it comes to activating deicing boots on your aircraft. The longstanding debate over so-called "ice-bridging" notwithstanding, the safety board recommends inflating the boots with as little as one-quarter inch of ice on the surface.
If we didn't have DME how would we determine how far we have gone out bound?
Use your ground speed and time. If you are going 120 KTS then you are going 2 miles per minute. In 5 min you are 10 miles out
Definition of VMC. Multiengine ops not visual meteorological conditions...
V-speed that specifies the calibrated airspeed below which directional or lateral control of the aircraft can no longer be maintained, after the failure of one or more engines.
What is climb speed if one engine fails after V1?
V2 or VYSE (blue line)
How do you calculate VDP?
VDP by TIME & DME: TIME: Take 10%of the HAT(height above threshold)that will give you time(in seconds)from VDP(visual desent point) to the end of the runway or MAP(missed approach point). Example; If your HAT is 300' at minimums, 10% of 300 is 30,therefore you take 30sec. off of your time from the FAF(final app. fix) DME: Devide your HAT by 300. Ex; If your HAT is 360', 360/300=1.2 your VDP is 1.2 miles from the MAP. Back 1.2DME from your MAP and you're there. *It's all based on the 3:1 rule, you lose 300' per 1 N.M. *IMPORTANT* A VDP based on DME will get you to the MAP 'NOT' the begining of the runway
What is the definition of single-engine Vspeeds (Vmc, Vxse, Vyse)?
Vmc - minimum controllable airspeed during an engine failure Vxse- best single engine angle of climb speed Vyse - best single engine rate of climb speed
What is Mach Number?
What is Mach Number?
If you shoot the approach by doing Procedure turn where is FAF?
When a FAF is not designated, such as on an approach that incorporates an on-airport VOR or NDB, this point is typically where the procedure turn intersects the final approach course inbound. This point is referred to as the final approach point (FAP) Established inbound on the inbound course
When is a take-off alternate needed?
When conditions at departure airfield are below the IAP landing minimums for the airfield.
What is mach tuck?
When the center of pressure/center of lift moves too far rearward. Not enough elevator control exists to overcome forces and maintain level flight. Usually around mach 1.0
What are the colors of the approach light system?
White and Red
What is the difference between white and yellow displaced threshold markings?
White arrows can be used for takeoff and taxi operations still, while yellow chevrons cannot be used for any operation.
Where does the air stall on a hershey bar wing?
Wing root
If you see a thunderstorm with a big anvil? Which way to divert?
With only this much information, you would want to stay to the upwind side of the anvil (aka the side opposite where the anvil is pointing), but of course there's more information you want to take into account when diverting.
How do you convert pascals to millibars?
X Pascals/100= x millibars
Modern jets are equipped with what feature to counter dutch roll?
Yaw Damper
Can you continue an approach to land with only the REILs visible?
Yes
Weather is below mins, can you depart?
Yes you can as long as you meet TO minimums in accordance with FAR or approved Op Specs. You may need a TO alternate, but that is different question.
If it is 5C at altitude could we get ice on wings?
Yes! icing can accumulate when there is visible moisture at temps between 5C - (-20C)
METARs says VV001 on an ILS, with visibility still within minimums, can you continue to descend if you are past the FAF?
Yes, ILS approaches care about visibility, not ceiling
Can you overfly a thunderstorm?
Yes, suggested 1000 ft for every 10kts of movement
What is Shock Stall?
a marked increase in drag and a loss of lift and control on an aircraft approaching the speed of sound.
How is 'no special VFR' shown on a jepp lo-enroute?
a red dashed line/ squares around the area see sfo inner class B ring.
What is a free turbine?
a turbine that is not attached to the compressor section directly.
What is a stall?
an aerodynamic condition in which an airplane exceeds its given critical angle of attack and is no longer able to produce the required lift for normal flight.
How does a winglet work? Draw it.
it directs the wing airflow up and away from the upper wing surface reducing induced drag. W/o winglets, vortices bend relative wind inward. W/ winglets, airfoil that generates lift in the forward direction, able to dissipate induced drag caused by vortices
Explain the landing gear system
it is a tricycle type retractable landing gear. It works by an electrically driven hydraulicly actuated reversible pump. Gear is kept up by oil pressure and kept down by braces and springs. There are two hydraulic disk types brakes in the main wheels.
What is a KVA?
kilovolt-amp
Explain and draw a turbine engine.
labeled the intake, N1,N2, ignitors, combustion chamber, accessory box, N1/N2 turbine and exhaust.
Know the 4 forces of flight.
lift weight thrust drag
What do we do to deal with tip-stall?
same way you recover from a spin.
What does an inverter do?
takes current from D/C to A/C
As a pilot how can you visually tell which stage the thunderstorm is in?
updrafts in cumulus clouds, due to lifting force Mature stage when it starts to rain Dissipating stage when the cloud opens up and starts to dry out and the anvil shape forms
How do you determine precipitation amount in a METAR?
water equivalent of precip since last METAR in hundredths of an inch example: P0000 - trace of precip
What is the print and background color of a runway sign?
white letters red background
What is the difference between a Lead Acid and NiCad battery?
NiCads sustain a higher percentage of their rated output for a longer period of time, then after a certain amount of time the voltage dives and they are depleted. -------The output of a Lead Acid battery decreases more proportional to time. It's like a flashlight that will start going dim as the batteries die. One penalty of the performance of NiCads is that they can produce a lot of heat. lead acid drains slow like a flashlight. Nickel cadium dies without no notice sometimes gets hot
Do the igniters stay on all flight?
No
What is the max speed in B airspace at 11000ft?
No speed restriction above 10000
Would you want to operate your aircraft at its service ceiling?
No, if it is not necessary for normal operation.
Can you join the glide slope from further out than the published glide slope intercept altitude?
No. The following additional advisory language was added to the AIM 5-4-5 b: 2. The ILS glide slope is intended to be intercepted at the published glide slope intercept altitude. This point marks the PFAF and is depicted by the "lightning bolt" symbol on U.S. Government charts. Intercepting the glide slope at this altitude marks the beginning of the final approach segment and ensures required obstacle clearance during descent from the glide slope intercept altitude to the lowest published decision altitude for the approach. Interception and tracking of the glide slope prior to the published glide slope interception altitude does not necessarily ensure that minimum, maximum, and/or mandatory altitudes published for any preceding fixes will be complied with during the descent. If the pilot chooses to track the glide slope prior to the glide slope interception altitude, they remain responsible for complying with published altitudes for any preceding step-down fixes encountered during the subsequent descent.
Can your temp ever go below the dewpoint?
No. when temp reaches same dewpoint, air is 100% saturated
What happens when a cold front collides with a warm front?
Occluded Front
What causes CAT?
Often encountered in the vicinity of the jet stream typically where no clouds are present Often cause by and found near the jet stream Most common between 20,000 and 50,000 ft Sometimes found in mountain range
What is clear air turbulence?
Often encountered in the vicinity of the jet stream typically where no clouds are present Often cause by and found near the jet stream Most common between 20,000 and 50,000 ft Sometimes found in mountain range
Describe how a molecule of air would flow through a turbofan engine.
Ok so 80% of air goes bypass around engine. The rest of 20% goes inside the inlet. The inlet feeds you through different stages (a stage is comprised of a rotating blade and stationary stator vane) and it the air gets faster and faster through smaller blades until fed to combustion chamber where engine is self igniting. From there exhaust air is pushed through a turbine and pushed out. Of course some molecules may be diverted into bleed air
What altitude does the OROCA go from green to red?
On Jepp charts it's called a MORA (Minimum Off-Route Altitude). Below 10,000ft it's green, 10,000ft and above it's maroon (red).
Descend via the arrival SEAVU.2 and loss comms. How do you know what approach to shoot into LAX?
On the STAR it says "In the event of lost communications prior to runway assignment proceed via ILS RWY25"
You are at an uncontrolled airport and it has an ILS critical holding area. It is also IFR conditions. When can you depart and under what weather conditions can you depart without being released from ATC?
Operating Part 121 - Weather minimums prescribed for that specific airport. In the absence of specific weather requirements for the airport of departure, the minimums are 1-mile visibility if you have 2 engines or less. 1/2 mile visibility if you have 3 or more engines. There is no ceiling requirement. See 91.175
Explain left turning tendencies for a prop driven aircraft.
P-factor (Asymmetrical thrust), 2.) Gyroscopic precession (action), 3.) Spiraling Slipstream (Corkscrew effect), 4.) Torque effect (newtons third law).
What is hydroplaning?
"HYDROPLANING":Can occur at- 8.6 X Square Root of tire press. • "DYNAMIC": At ldg speeds standing Water Lifts Tires off runway • "VISCOUS": Oily water and accumulated rubber • "REVERTED RUBBER":When tires "LOCK UP" and RUBBER MELTS and trapped H2O causes steam
What control inputs would you have to make if you lose an engine in a multiengine aircraft?
"split the ball and raise the dead". so rudder opposite of the dead engine to split the inclinometer ball, then apply bank into the good engine around 3-5 degrees.
Describe the electrical system on the plane you fly.
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Draw the electrical system of your most complex aircraft.
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Explain how density altitude and a hotter temperature will affect your landing distance.
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How many volts does your battery have?
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What are the cloud clearance requirements in class D airspace?
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Can you draw your fuel system?
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How long could you run electronics if you are drawing 70 AMPs?
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What is exemption 17347? (I was told that it is basically a new name for exemption 3585)
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What is the default CAT II approach minimums?
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What is the difference between swept wing and wing on an Archer?
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What are the cloud clearance requirements in class B airspace?
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Why is dutch roll worse on swept wings vs straight wings?
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What is needed for a thunderstorm to form?
1. Moisture, 2. An unstable air mass as indicated by a higher than average lapse rate. 3. A lifting force
What does a Diffuser do and where is it located in an engine?
A diffuser is a divergent duct that slows the velocity of the impellers output air, thereby increasing the air pressure before it enters the combustion chamber. Used in a centrifugal-flow compressor.
What is the FAF on a LOC approach?
Maltese Cross
Microburst what is it and which stage of Thunderstorm?
Mature stage preceding rain fall
What stage would you most likely encounter the anvil top?
Mature stage???
What are the cloud clearance requirements in class E airspace above 10,000 feet?
....
When can you fly through known icing?
If you have anti-icing capabilities that will not be exceeded by the icing condition.
Know the AIMs definition of Mountainous Terrain.
3,000 ft elevation change w/in 10 nm
How many times/day does the TAF come out?
4 times 00z 06z 12z 18z
How often do winds and temperature aloft forecasts come out?
4x 0, 6, 12, 18 Z
How much does jet fuel weigh?
6.79ibs/ gallon
What are the three "emergency" transponder squawk codes and their meaning?
7500- hijack 7600-radio failure 7700- general emergency
What speed we would hydroplane at if our tire psi was at x amount?
8.6 times the Square Root of Tire Pressure
Explain what a carburetor does on a piston engine, and why they aren't needed on a fuel injected engine.
A Carb mixes fuel in to an air/gas proportional to the power needed and relative pressure. A fuel injector does the same thing more efficiently
What is Dutch Roll?
A Dutch Roll is a combination of rolling and yawing (coupled lateral/directional) oscillations that normally occurs when the dihedral effects of an aircraft are more powerful than the directional stability
Your battery is XY amp/hours. What does that mean?
A battery with a capacity of 1 amp-hour should be able to continuously supply a current of 1 amp to a load for exactly 1 hour. ---So a Battery XY amp/hours should be able to supply a current at its full capacity for XY hours.
What weather associated with cold front, warm front?
A cold front has a higher potential for cumulus build-ups of clouds, with showery precipitation and generally good visibilities. A warm front has stratus-like cloud formations, steady rain and generally reduced visibilities associated with a more stagnant air mass.
What is a compressor stall?
A compressor stall is similar to when you stall an airplane (lack of airflow). A compressor stall will typically take place if you exceed the engine's critical angle of attack (again, similar to a regular stall). Exceeding the engine's critical angle of attack means the fan on the front of the engine won't be able to suck in enough air to go through the engine. This can take place during a balked landing or more likely during a go-around for a missed approach procedure by pitching up to much. A compressor stall can also occur if you have violent, rapidly shifting winds. All this means is there's not enough air to suck into the fan again. This can lead to a 'hung' stall which will be noticeable by loud backfiring noises. It is important to remember that compressor blades are actually small airfoils. The rotor blades are set at a given angle on the spindle and stators. The angle at which the incoming air meets those blades varies as a result of the air's velocity and the compressor's rotational speed. In other words, its angle of attack. An imbalance between those two vector quantities might stall the airflow. A compressor stall occurs when the air mass travelling through the compressor slows down and stops. In extreme cases, the airflow might even reverse direction. Compressor blades stall for numerous reasons: blade failure, foreign object damage, a fuel mixture that is too lean, abrupt aircraft movement (severe pitch up or down), excess fuel flow
What is VDP?
A defined point on the final approach course of a non-precision straight-in approach procedure from which normal descent from the MDA to the runway touchdown point may be commenced, provided the approach threshold of that runway, or approach lights, or other markings identifiable with the approach end of that runway are clearly visible to the pilot
Describe a Delta Wing.
A delta wing is an airfoil shaped like a triangle* Benefits of a delta wing: Due to the large root chord, a delta wing combines low relative wing thickness with a sufficiently thick wing spar for a lightweight structure. Since a low relative thickness keeps wave drag down (a drag component which occurs only in supersonic flow), this makes delta wings especially attractive for supersonic aircraft. The large root chord gives the delta wing a high internal fuel volume even at a low relative thickness. The large root chord also provides it with a large surface area which helps to bring the minimum speed of the aircraft down. With sufficient leading edge sweep, a delta wing produces vortex lift, so flow separation can be turned into a means of increasing lift. A delta wing is naturally stable in pitch, therefore it does not require a separate tail surface. Drawbacks of a delta wing: The large wing area causes more viscous drag for the same amount of lift compared to a high aspect ratio wing. Swept wings have a better lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) than delta wings. High-lift devices like fowler flaps are hard to integrate into delta wings. The higher relative thickness of regular airliner wings allows to integrate large flaps more easily, and the rearward location of the trailing edge of a delta wing will produce intolerable pitching moments if such flaps would be deflected.
If the VOR, which is being used for missed approach segment, is inoperative, is the approach still legal?
Aeronautical Information Manual5-4-21. Missed Approach. Some locations may have a preplanned alternate missed approach procedure for use in the event the primary NAVAID used for the missed approach procedure is unavailable. The alternate missed approach may be based on NAVAIDs not used in the approach procedure or the primary missed approach. When the alternate missed approach procedure is implemented by NOTAM, it becomes a mandatory part of the procedure. The NOTAM will specify both the textual instructions and any additional equipment requirements necessary to complete the procedure. Air traffic may also issue instructions for the alternate missed approach when necessary, such as when the primary missed approach NAVAID fails during the approach. Pilots may reject an ATC clearance for an alternate missed approach that requires equipment not necessary for the published approach procedure when the alternate missed approach is issued after beginning the approach. However, when the alternate missed approach is issued prior to beginning the approach the pilot must either accept the entire procedure (including the alternate missed approach), request a different approach procedure, or coordinate with ATC for alternative action to be taken, i.e., proceed to an alternate airport, etc Well, that depends on the title of the approach. If the approach was titled VOR or GPS, then you may legally execute the Missed using your approved database as a means to retrieve the way-points necessary to execute the missed. 1-2-3 Use of Suitable Area Navigation (RNAV) Systems on Conventional Procedures and Routes, Para C. Can use RNAV to hold over VOR. (July 18, 2018 - Unknown)
If you need a takeoff alternate, where must it be?
Aircraft having two engines. Not more than one hour from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative. (2) Aircraft having three or more engines. Not more than two hours from the departure airport at normal cruising speed in still air with one engine inoperative.
How does aerodynamic cooling work?
Airflow that results in decrease in pressure (i.e. top the wing) also results in decrease in temperature
How can we determine in flight visibility to legally descend below the DA?
By use of the approach lighting length, the number of runway lights seen (12 lights = 1/2 a mile), and using the known distances of TDZ markings. runway edge lights are 200' apart, rwy centerline lights are 50' apart
When should you have the igniters on?
CRJ: T/O or land on contaminated RWY, T/O in excess of 10 kts X/wind, in MOD or greater rain, MOD or greater Turb, V/C TS
What types ice can you encounter?
Clear, Rime, Mixed and Frost
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a swept wing?
Allows for span-wise flow across the wing so that it does not encounter the greatest camber on the wing, thus increasing its Mach Number. Advantages: Higher cruising speeds due to higher critical mach number.Disadvantages: Reduced lift, which requires high lift type flaps and leading edge slatsAt low airspeed the wingtips stall first, which results in loss of aileron effectiveness.Poor yaw tendencies
What is the difference between AC and DC? Which is better?
Alternating current vs. direct current. A/C is lighter weight and more stable. AC is used for high voltage, DC for low voltage.
What type of power does the alternator produce? What type of power does the battery produce?
Alternator produces ac , battery produces DC
Which one kills you, amps or volts?
Amps
Generally explain the flow of electricity.
An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in an ionised gas (plasma). ... Electric current is measured using a device called an ammeter.
What affects your center of pressure?
Angle of Attack
Why does the thunderstorm flatten at the top?
Anvil clouds, which are mostly composed of ice particles, form in the upper parts of thunderstorms. They get their anvil shape from the fact that the rising air in thunderstorms expands and spreads out as the air bumps up against the bottom of the stratosphere
Why can a swept wing aircraft go faster?
As air accelerates about the surface of an aircraft [typically (but not limited to) over the top of the wing] local velocities can reach Mach 1, while the rest of the aircraft is still sub sonic. This super sonic flow builds up against pressure waves of subsonic air behind (think subsonic air downstream traffic jamming the supersonic air) and forms a shockwave. Shockwaves create a huge amount of drag, loss of lift, and often an alteration of stability and control characteristics (pitching moment). The speed at which shockwaves begin to form is known as Critical Mach or M subscript Crit. Air is only accelerated about a wing across the CHORDWISE component. Wingsweep divides the total flow over the wing into chordwise and span wise components. Picture a right triangle, with the hypotenuse being the total flow, and the shorter sides as span wise and chord wise flow. By dividing the flow into smaller components, shockwave formation is delayed and Critical Mach is increased. Meaning the airplane can fly faster before a shockwave develops.
What will you do if you lost communication?
Assigned (Your last assigned heading) Vectored (If nothing is assigned fly your last vector) Expected (If no vector fly what was expected in your clearance) Filed (Finally fly what you filed) For altitude we use the MEA portion of our acronym Fly the HIGHEST of the following Minimum en-route altitude Expected altitude Assigned altitude Where are you cleared to? If you're cleared to a fix from which an approach begins, commence descent and approach at your EFC or if one has not been received, and close as possible to your ETA. If you're not cleared to a fix from which an approach begins, fly to your clearance limit and leave at your EFC or if one has not been received, leave the clearance limit and proceed to a fix from which an approach begins and commence descent and approach as close as possible to your ETA from filed or amended flight plan (May 24, 2017 - Jonathan M.) MEA AVEF
Thunderstorms should be avoided by how many miles?
At least 20 miles according to the thunderstorm advisory circular.
How many flight attendants an aircraft would need if it has over 300 seats on it?
At least 7, 1FA/50pax (trick question: more than 300 seats = 301 or more, 6 FA's for 1st 300 pax, 7th FA for pax 301 thru 350, etc.)
How do you avoid risks associated with TS?
Avoid flying 20nm from the TS.
You just departed Dallas, there's a T-Storm directly in front of you. What direction do you go around it?
Away from anvil-- Upwind side of the thunderstorm since the anvil is always at the downwind side of the thunderstorm
What is the difference between axial flow and centrifugal flow?
Axial flow is compressed air going thru the engine core (straight line), centrifugal flow is air going outward.
What does runway distance remaining sign look like?
Black sign, white numbers
Where is the FAF if there is not a lightning bolt depicted on the chart for precision approaches?
Glideslope intercept at GS intercept altitude.
What would you do if the Flight Attendant noticed Bomb 12-C
Fasten seatbelt sign on. Maintain altitude--don't change. Declare emergency with ATC for priority handling and airspace. Reference the FOM for Bomb Threat and Least Risk Bomb (LRB) location. Notify dispatcher if ATC hasn't already. Ask FA to reference her manual and training for Bomb Threat. Use CRM to develop a game plan with company and crew. Possibly move pax away from 12-C and inspect for bomb depending on situation. If bomb located, try to gather as much intel about it as possible without disturbing it. May have to move bomb to LRB and pack it with wet towels and carry-on items capable of absorbing energy from a bomb detonation. Use all available resources, onboard Wifi, photos, passengers with expertise in hurt-locker tactics, etc. Don't leave the flight deck. Keep the door locked. Fly the plane. Land at the nearest suitable airport based on your game plan Don't startle pax
When do you call out FAF on ILS approach?
GS intercept
If you are assigned higher alt. than the published MDA to intercept GS, where is FAF?
Glide slope intercept at the intercept altitude
What is the difference between volts and amps?
If we think of electricity as water flowing through a pipe it can help us understand amps, volts and watts. Amps would be the volume of water flowing through the pipe. The water pressure would be the voltage. Watts would be the power (volts x amps) the water could provide (think back to the old days when water was used to power mills). So with this analogy in mind the definitions below for amp, volt and watt should be easier to understand: Amp - an ampere is the unit for measuring electricity. The accepted standard unit used for measuring how fast an electric current flows is an example of an ampere. Volt - the basic unit of electromotive force in the SI and MKS systems, equal to the electromotive force, or difference in potential, that causes a current of one ampere to flow through a conductor having a resistance of one ohm. Watt - the basic unit of electric, mechanical, or thermal power in the SI and MKS systems, equal to one joule per second or 10 ergs per second (of a horsepower): for electric power it is equal to one volt-ampere.
The Captain lines up for the wrong runway. What do you do?
Immediately question his actions. It is best to have an angry captain than to have a pilot deviation
In a modern turbofan engine, what % of the thrust comes from the fan section?
In high bypass (5:1) turbo fan engine it get 75%-80% of thrust from fan section
What is the name and meaning of the yellow chevrons painted on the beginning portion of the runway?
Indicate areas of pavement aligned with the runway that are unusable for taxi, takeoff, or landing. Chevrons cover blast pads or stopways, which are constructed to protect areas from erosion caused by jet blast and to provide extra stopping distance for aircraft (stopways).
What are the different types of drag? Does induced drag increase with airspeed or decrease?
Induced Drag-- Byproduct of lift (caused by spillage and rearward movement of the lift vector) Parasitre Drag-- Caused by parts of the airplane. - Form Drag- Shape of aircraft - Skin- Friction Drag- roughness of the skin of the aircraft - Interference Drag- where surfaces meet Wave Drag-- Shock wave drag caused by supersonic flight Induced drag is highest at low airspeed and parasite drag is highest at high airspeed. The best glide airspeed is where the induced drag equals the parasite drag (where the curves intersect on a drag/airspeed graph).
Is bleed air cooled before entering the cabin?
Instead of saying yes go into more detail if you can about how many times bleed air is cooled, and how the pressure changes with tempurature
What is an accumulator?
It is a steel cylinder or spare with a diaphragm in the middle, one half is filled with Nitrogen or air and the other contains fluid. The purpose of an accumulator is to store power and supply fluid when needed in case of a pump failure also to absorb any pressure surges.
What is a circuit breaker?
It is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current, typically resulting from an overload or short circuit. It opens when a coil inside the unit heats up and expands, releasing the button and breaking the circuit. When the coil cools down and contracts, it might be reset again
How long is the touchdown zone?
It's the first 3,000' or first 1/3 of the runway, whichever is shorter.
Feeder routes, how can you tell the difference between that and a cross radial?
Jepp Charts - feeder or transition routes are heavy dashed black lines. Cross raidials are thin light grey lines.
What is critical mach? What happens to the center of pressure/lift as we enter mach tuck?
Mach tuck is an aerodynamic effect, whereby the nose of an aircraft tends to pitch downwards as the airflow around the wing reaches supersonic speeds. The aircraft will be subsonic, and traveling significantly below Mach 1.0, when it first experiences this effect. As the wing becomes more affected by the shock wave the center of pressure will continue to travel aft, thereby causing a significantly higher nose-down force and requiring a nose-up input or trim to maintain level flight. Although Mach tuck develops gradually, if it is allowed to progress significantly, the center of pressure can move so far rearward that there is no longer enough elevator authority available to counteract it, and the airplane enters a steep, sometimes unrecoverable dive "By definition, Critical Mach number, is the "Free Stream" Mach number which produces the First evidence of Local (on-wing) Sonic flow." • This condition of flight would be the Highest flight speed possible Without Supersonic flow. • Critical Mach number is, the boundary between Subsonic and Transonic flight and is an important point of reference for all Compressibility Effects encountered in Transonic flight. • Therefore, Shock waves, Buffet, Airflow Separation, etc., take place above Critical Mach number. • As Critical Mach number is exceeded, an area of Supersonic airflow is created, and a Normal Shock Wave forms, as the boundary between the Supersonic flow and the Subsonic flow on the AFT portion of the airfoil surface.
When choosing a high cruising altitude what is the limiting factor?
Maximum cabin pressure differential.
Calculate time/ distance in a procedure turn if travelling at 210 knots and if we would remain within the 10 NM radius before rejoining the LOC inbound.
Maximum speed in a procedure turn is 200 KIAS
What are the risks associated with TS?
Microbursts, Hail, Lightning, Turbulence
What is mountain wave?
Mountain Waves is defined as oscillations to the lee side (downwind) of high ground resulting from the disturbance in the horizontal air flow caused by the high ground.
When do you need to hold short of an ILS critical area?
Pilots are not required to hold short of ILS critical areas unless ATC instructs you to hold short. AIM 1-1-9: ATC issues control instructions to avoid interfering operations within ILS critical areas at controlled airports during the hours the Airport Traffic Control Tower (ATCT) is in operation. critical areas are not protected at uncontrolled airports or at airports with an operating control tower when weather or visibility conditions are above those requiring protective measures. Aircraft conducting coupled or autoland operations should be especially alert in monitoring automatic flight control systems. (See Figure 1-1-7.)
Tell me about the constant speed prop?
Pitch is varied using oil from the engine and a governor to provide the optimum performance for the state of flight you are in.
Name the different types of fog and what causes them?
Radiation-- Cool ground cools air Advection-- Moist air over cool ground Precipitation-- Cool precip through warm airmass, saturation Upslope-- Rising air is cooled to its dew point Ice-- Moisture sublimates to ice crystals
Can a compressor stall be prevented, detected, fixed?
Reduce Power, Reduce AoA
When you can proceed down past the DA(H) ?
Refer to 91.175 1) Normal descent and normal maneuvers to make a safe landing in the touchdown zone 2) Visibility as prescribed on approach plate or better 3) Must see one of the following to land: - Approach Lights in sight (Once you have 1 and 2, then if you see the approach lights, then you can descend to 100' above touchdown zone until you see the Red Side Row Bars or Red Terminating Bars. Once you see those you can land.) - Touchdown zone markings - Touchdown Zone Lights - Touchdown Zone - Threshold Markings - Threshold Lights - Threshold - Runway Markings - Runway Lights - Runway - VASI - REIL
What are your ATP hour requirements?
Restricted ATP- 1000 TT, 200 XC, 100 night, 75 Instr, 25 multi
What color are runway edge lights?
Runway Edge lights are white except on instrument runways, when they turn yellow the last 2,000ft or half the runway length which ever is less to form a caution zone
What color are rwy centerline lights?
Runway centerline lights are white until the last 3,000 feet of the runway. Of that 3,000 feet, the first 2,000 feet alternate red and white and the last 1,000 feet of are red. This is to let you know how much runway is left before the end. Of course you will see the REL's (Runway End Lights) at the end of the runway as well.
How is ignition in the combustion chamber sustained?
Self Sustained after ignitors are used to start the engine(s)
What would you do if a flight attendant was being attacked in the back?
Squawk 7500, Make a PA to all the passengers to help my FA, subdue the perpetrator, declare an emergency, land at the nearest suitable airport
What are the different types of hypoxia's?
Stagnant - blood pooling, poor circulation.Hypoxic - Alttude related, less o2 for the blood to carry.Hypemic-Oygen deficiency in blood. Smoking is included with hypemic hypoxia, not histotoxic. Histotoxic-tissue poisoning from alcohol, cyanide etc.
Why is the air in the compressor section hot if it hasn't been ignited yet?
Temperature of air increases as its pressure increases (compression).
TAF TEMPO meaning and what does it mean to us
Temporary Time Period
What is area rule?
The "pinched waist" - there is an indentation in the fuselage near the wing, which reduces the drag at transonic speed, allowing the airplane to fly faster and farther without increasing power. The fuselage of a supersonic airplane built so the combined frontal area of the fuselage and the wing form a smooth curve from nose to tail. An airplane with an area-rule fuselage has the minimum transonic drag.
What does a RAT provide?
The Ram Air Turbine generates power from the air stream to supply power to either an electrical generator or to hydraulic pumps and is an emergency power supply to vital systems.
Where is the accessory section?
The accessory section sits just below the front part of the engine core. Covered from the outside by the engine cowling
Advantages Of turbofan vs. turbo jet, where to turbofans have a greater advantage over a straight turbo jets?
Turbojets are used in aircraft with high performance needs (ie. supersonic); usually military jets. Turbofans are used by commercial airliners which normally cruise in the .75 - .85 mach range. Turbofans are 30-40% more fuel efficient than turbojets and much quieter because the lower-velocity "bypass" air shrouds the jet core exhaust, which insulates and muffles the noise. This is why a F-15 is so much more loud than a 737 passing overhead at an airshow.
What is wake turbulence?
Turbulence produced by another aircraft, the high pressure below the wings spills over to the low pressure above the wing and creates a bubbling air flow
Is the fan a single shaft or two?(Apparently there is a separate shaft inside the main shaft to turn the fan so you can reduce speed and not slow down compression)
Two Shafts
What are the colors of the de-icing fluid?
Type I: Orange Type II: Light Yellow Type III: Yellow Type IV: Green
What is the difference between anti-ice and de-ice?
anti-ice prevents ice build up De-ice removes ice that has built up
How is turbofan different from Turbojet?
approx. 30% more fuel efficient; modification of turbojet engine; more power and less noise by moving significantly larger volume of dense cool air; larger air intake so processes more air than jet providing partially compressed air to compressor inlet; result is more gas is expelled at slower velocity and reduced temp, which results in higher thrust w less noise; compressor blades located ahead of actual compressor; these longer fan blades direct air backward partly to the compressor and partly through ducts that bypass the compressor and flow btwn the nacelle and the engine; the excess dense, cold air that is moved significantly increases overall engine thrust
What would you do if there was a microburst over the field and you were five minutes from landing?
ask for vectors to a hold and wait it out. Or divert to alternate. Go-Around would sequence you through the microburst, most likely.
What is a chord line?
chord refers to the imaginary straight line joining the leading and trailing edges of an aerofoil.
Does air heat or cool as it's compressed?
compressing a gas causes it the temperature to increase. So the answer is that it heats as compressed
What is a diffusor?
diffuser (stator) is an annular chamber with a number of vanes that form a series of passages into the manifold at gentlest angle possible to retain max amount of energy; diffuser provides combustion chamber w air at correct velocity and pressure for max efficiency by slowing compressor discharge w a high pressure airflow
What would a high altitude stall look like and how much altitude do you think you would lose?
disconnect the autopilot and autothrottles, unload the wing (push the nose over), level the wings (reduce any bank angle) and begin a descent until the airspeed returns sufficiently to produce enough lift to support the aircraft. This may require 2,000 to 4,000 feet change in altitude.
What is exemption 3585?
f there is a conditional or temporary weather condition that is below minimums at the destination or the alternate airport at the flight's ETA1,2, where the flight could not normally be released, they can depart under the 3585 exemption as long as a second alternate that is above required minimums3 is filed in the flight plan and enough fuel is carried to reach the furthest alternate plus the required 45 minute reserve. There are a few other requirements too (training, manual and OpSpec revisions, etc.) but you can take a look at the letter to see them. The exemption must be requested of and approved by the FAA for each air carrier that wants to use it.
