soc exam

What evidence shows that the number of women who commit crimes is related to social structure?

Female arrest rates have increased as women have more presence in the labor market

The Twenty Statements Test asks respondents to make twenty true statements about themselves that begin with the phrase "I am." Why is this test discussed in a chapter about social groups?

It was developed to measure the extent to which we base our identity on membership in groups

What term did sociologist George Ritzer use to describe the spread of rationalization and bureaucratic ways of operating into everyday life?

McDonaldization

In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau identified the poverty threshold for a family of four as

$25,570.

Low-income women of all ethnicities may be LESS likely to marry because they

feel marriage won't offer advantages that make marriage worth the risk.

Members of which of the following think of themselves as belonging together and interact with one another?

group

What do sociologists call patterns of interaction between groups and individuals?

group dynamics

The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that

groups have great power to induce conformity

What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves—either positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?

reference groups

Some municipalities in the Los Angeles area have zoning rules that prohibit multifamily dwellings and require that all homes be built on lots of a certain size. What is the effect of these policies?

residential segregation

What term describes the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society?

social inequality

What do sociologists call the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them?

social networks

What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?

structural mobility

Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization as George Ritzer used the term?

A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. I push a button and I go this way. It was like I was a mechanical nut."

________ was the system of social stratification in the final stages of breaking down when Karl Marx developed his ideas

Feudalism

Which of the following is a serious flaw in the way the federal government defines poverty?

It does not take into account regional differences in the cost of living.

There are usually serious consequences when a politician is caught cheating on his spouse. In some cases, the politician is forced to resign from his office when his constituents loudly express their unhappiness with such behavior. According to Émile Durkheim, what function does this reaction serve?

It helps to clarify moral boundaries and reinforce the idea that marital infidelity is wrong

The Amish have neither the resources nor the desire to use prison as a sanction against members of their community who violate the rules. What sanction do they use instead?

Meidung or shunning is used, which is a process whereby community members will not associate with a rule breaker for a set period of time.

The fact that immigrants from Eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America tended to be shorter than native-born Americans was taken as evidence that there were inherent racial differences between these populations. However, the immigrants had children who grew up to be as tall as anyone else. Geneticists now understand that, although there can be considerable variation in height within a group due to genetics, height differences between groups are largely caused by diet. What does this demonstrate?

Racial differences are socially constructed and not genetic

In the 1900s, there was a strong prejudice against Irish immigrants and their descendants. What does this tell you about the history of the Irish in the United States?

The Irish were once considered to be a separate race.

Texas has never had a Hispanic governor, and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40% of the state's population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?

Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources.

Michelle was born and raised in the United States, but her grandparents are from Korea. Her white classmate was also born and raised in the United States, but his grandparents are from Poland. He tells Michelle that she speaks English very well because he assumes, based on her race, that she is an immigrant. This is an example of

a microaggression.

According to social psychologists, what do people tend to do when they encounter a situation that seems to be unfair and they cannot or will not act to make things right?

convince themselves nothing bad has happened

In the United States, the ________ is made up of legislatures, the police, courts, and prisons.

criminal justice system

What kind of leadership style is typically expected of women in contemporary society?

expressive

What must behavior, trait, or belief do in order to be considered deviant?

depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction

Almost any ________ can have a stigmatizing effect, including a physical disability or a battle with addiction or mental illness.

departure from the norm

Sociologists would not consider fans of the rock musician Bruce Springsteen to be a group because they

do not interact regularly

What do sociologists call it when an individual changes their career but remains within the same social class

horizontal social mobility

In what aspects of stigma are symbolic interactionists interested?

how people manage their stigmatized identities on an everyday basis

Although "like usually marries like,"________ is more common for heterosexual women, whereas ________ is more common for heterosexual men when class boundaries are crossed in marriage.

hypergamy; hypogamy

The goal of affirmative action is to

increase diversity.

Robert Merton's typology of deviance outlines the strain that people experience as they attempt to access cultural goals through legitimate, institutionalized means. In which of the following categories would gangsters and con artists be found?

innovation

The exploitation of a minority group within the dominant group's political borders is called

internal colonialism.

Martin Luther King Jr. went to jail many times for acts of civil disobedience, such as ignoring court orders prohibiting marches and boycotts. Some people, even those who agreed with him, criticized him for disobeying the law. Today, however, most people view these actions as a form of

positive deviance

The belief that all Irish are drunks is an example of

prejudice

What would a sociologist call the belief that members of one racial group are genetically predisposed to be more intelligent than members of another racial group?

prejudice

What are displays of ethnic identity that only occur on special occasions?

symbolic ethnicity

According to the text, which of the following has the effect of making poverty socially "invisible"?

the use of law enforcement to move the homeless away from visible locations

Hate crimes targeting Arab Americans and those mistakenly identified as Arab increased after Arab identity became stigmatized. What sort of stigma was this?

tribal