Soc quiz ch 3

Cultural lag

general principle that technological innovation occurs more quickly than does our capacity to perceive;interpret and respond to that change

Ideal norms

Guidelines for behavior that people agree should be followed

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Structure and vocabulary of language shapes our perception of reality and therefore also our actions

Society

Structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social intervention

Language

System of shared symbols; including speech ,written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and expressions

Cultural relativism

The viewing of other people's behavior from the perspective of those other people's culture

normative culture

consists of the ways we establish, abide by, and enforce principles of conduct

4. What term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads within and between societies? A) diffusion B) globalization C) innovation D) cultural relativism

A

Formal norm

A norm that generally has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators

Informal norms

A norm that's generally understood but not precisely recorded

Sanction

A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm

Subculture

A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of modes, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society

dominant ideology

A set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimated existing powerful social, economic, and political interests.

Counterculture

A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture

Norm

An established standard of behavior maintained by a society

Argot

Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture

3. What is an invention? A) introducing a new idea or object to a culture B) combining existing materials to create something new C) making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality D) the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives

B

2. What expression did George Murdock introduce to refer to common practices and beliefs shared by all societies? A) norms B) folkways C) cultural universals D) cultural practices

C

Value

Collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper- or bad, undesirable, and improper- in a culture

1. __________ consists of everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other A) innovation B) society C) ethnocentrism D) culture

D

Culture

Everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other

Technology

Form of material culture in which humans convert natural resources into tools to accomplish practical ends

Laws

Formal norms enforced by the state

Mores

Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society

Folkways

Norms governing everyday behavior, whose violation raises comparatively little concern

Material culture

Our physical modification of the natural environment to suit our purposes

Diffusion

Process by which a cultural item spreads within and between societies

Innovation

Process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention

Discovery

Process of revealing a previously unknown aspect of reality

Real norms

Rules of conduct generated from people's actual behavior

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent what's normal or is superior to all others

Invention

The combination of existing materials to create something new

Culture shock

The feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices

Sociobiology

The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior

cognitive culture

our mental and symbolic representations of reality

nonverbal communication

use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate