Soc quiz ch 3
Cultural lag
general principle that technological innovation occurs more quickly than does our capacity to perceive;interpret and respond to that change
Ideal norms
Guidelines for behavior that people agree should be followed
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Structure and vocabulary of language shapes our perception of reality and therefore also our actions
Society
Structure of relationships within which culture is created and shared through regularized patterns of social intervention
Language
System of shared symbols; including speech ,written characters, numerals, symbols, and nonverbal gestures and expressions
Cultural relativism
The viewing of other people's behavior from the perspective of those other people's culture
normative culture
consists of the ways we establish, abide by, and enforce principles of conduct
4. What term do sociologists use to refer to the process by which a cultural item spreads within and between societies? A) diffusion B) globalization C) innovation D) cultural relativism
A
Formal norm
A norm that generally has been written down and that specifies strict punishments for violators
Informal norms
A norm that's generally understood but not precisely recorded
Sanction
A penalty or reward for conduct concerning a social norm
Subculture
A segment of society that shares a distinctive pattern of modes, folkways, and values that differs from the pattern of the larger society
dominant ideology
A set of cultural beliefs and practices that legitimated existing powerful social, economic, and political interests.
Counterculture
A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the larger culture
Norm
An established standard of behavior maintained by a society
Argot
Specialized language used by members of a group or subculture
3. What is an invention? A) introducing a new idea or object to a culture B) combining existing materials to create something new C) making known or sharing the existence of an aspect of reality D) the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
B
2. What expression did George Murdock introduce to refer to common practices and beliefs shared by all societies? A) norms B) folkways C) cultural universals D) cultural practices
C
Value
Collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper- or bad, undesirable, and improper- in a culture
1. __________ consists of everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other A) innovation B) society C) ethnocentrism D) culture
D
Culture
Everything humans create in establishing our relationships to nature and with each other
Technology
Form of material culture in which humans convert natural resources into tools to accomplish practical ends
Laws
Formal norms enforced by the state
Mores
Norms deemed highly necessary to the welfare of a society
Folkways
Norms governing everyday behavior, whose violation raises comparatively little concern
Material culture
Our physical modification of the natural environment to suit our purposes
Diffusion
Process by which a cultural item spreads within and between societies
Innovation
Process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture through discovery or invention
Discovery
Process of revealing a previously unknown aspect of reality
Real norms
Rules of conduct generated from people's actual behavior
Ethnocentrism
Tendency to assume that one's own culture and way of life represent what's normal or is superior to all others
Invention
The combination of existing materials to create something new
Culture shock
The feelings of disorientation, uncertainty, and even fear that people experience when they encounter unfamiliar cultural practices
Sociobiology
The systematic study of how biology affects human social behavior
cognitive culture
our mental and symbolic representations of reality
nonverbal communication
use of gestures, facial expressions, and other visual images to communicate