Soci320 Chapter 10

Define deliberate play and practice, and early sampling and early specialization.

- Deliberate practice (highly structured activity that requires effort, generates no immediate rewards, motivated by the goal of improving performance rather than inherent enjoyment) - Deliberate play (activities designed to maximize enjoyment, flexible rules adapted from standardized sport rules, monitored by the children or an adults involved, minimal equipment required and can adopt to any environment) - Early sampling (involvement in many sports, participation in deliberate play) - Early specialization (ego orientated environment, characterized by high volume of deliberate practice in one sport, as early as 6 or 7 the focus is on performance)

Identify and explain the 3Ps of youth sport.

- Performance (learning performance of motor skills) - Participation (opportunity to be physically active, can lead to improved health outcomes) - Personal development (opportunity to develop life skills... e.g. cooperation, discipline, leadership, self-control)

Explain 5 best practices for youth-sport programs.

1. Attempt to include all children as opposed to selecting athletes based on their performance 2. Focus on athletes' self-improvement as opposed to performance outcomes 3. When athletes learn motor skills, allow them to learn through play activities and fun involvement 4. Opportunities to engage in fun and playful low organization games should be provided for young athletes 5. Use sport as a way to enhance psychological and social development

Describe the 7 postulates of the DMSP.

1. Sampling does not hinder elite sport participation in sports in which peak performance is reached after maturation 2. Sampling is linked to a longer sport career and long-term sport involvement (helps to prevent injuries - cross training muscles, promotes intrinsic motivation, reduction in burnout) 3. Sampling allows for participation in a range of contexts that contribute to positive youth development 4.High amounts of deliberate play during sampling years build intrinsic motivation through involvement in enjoyable activities 5. High amounts of deliberate play establishes a range of motor and cognitive experiences 6. Around 13 years of age, children should have the opportunity to choose to specialize in favourite sport or continue recreational sport 7. Around 16 years of age, adolescents have developed the physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and motor skills needed to invest in highly specialized training in one sport

a. it would threaten the safety of able-bodied participants.

According to the Americans with Disability Act, all youth sports open to the public must allow children with disabilities to play unless. Select one: a. it would threaten the safety of able-bodied participants. b. it leads to even minor changes in the procedures used by a league or team. c. the parents of other children object. d. it would cause some players to focus on helping children with disabilities.

b. value youthfulness more highly than old age.

Ageism is an evaluative perspective that leads people to Select one: a. celebrate the ageing body. b. value youthfulness more highly than old age. c. create more sporting opportunities for older people. d. hope that they will live for a long time.

d. accommodations are not made to allow for full participation in a situation.

An impairment becomes a disability only when Select one: a. people with impairments allow a physical weakness to define them. b. there is no technology that can correct the impairment. c. people with impairments cannot present themselves to others as normal. d. accommodations are not made to allow for full participation in a situation.

b. are more physically active than previous generations of older people.

As they become older, people in the baby boom generation in the United States Select one: a. are less physically active than previous generations of older people. b. are more physically active than previous generations of older people. c. have higher rates of exercise-induced injuries than past generations. d. are not regularly active because social security is their only source of income.

c. an unwillingness of people with a disability to compete against each other.

At this time there are multiple barriers that inhibit regular sport participation among people with a disability. Which of the following is not one of those barriers? Select one: a. overprotective family members and a lack of family resources. b. few sport facilities that are fully accessible. c. an unwillingness of people with a disability to compete against each other. d. a scarcity of consistent resources needed to fund opportunities.

b. told to take it easy and preserve their energy and strength.

During most of the 20th century, older people were Select one: a. forced to stay physically active during physical labor. b. told to take it easy and preserve their energy and strength. c. more active than young people under the age of 20. d. often given prescriptions for drugs to slow them down.

c. men and women in and out of sports.

Gender ideology influences the meaning given to one's body as we age. This influence is experienced by older Select one: a. women, but not by men. b. men in sports, but not by women in sports. c. men and women in and out of sports. d. women outside of sports, but not in sports.

c. be segregated from mainstream activities.

Given the current ableist ideology in North America, most social worlds are organized in ways that lead older people and people with a disability to Select one: a. have easy access to forming social relationships with others. b. be treated as special and superior to others. c. be segregated from mainstream activities. d. seek opportunities to play sports.

b. adopted a commercial approach similar to that used by the IOC.

In order to survive during the 21st century, the International Paralympic Association has Select one: a. allowed the International Olympic Committee to manage its events. b. adopted a commercial approach similar to that used by the IOC. c. asked all Paralympic athletes to work as fundraisers. d. eliminated the Paralympic Games as its premier event and focused on smaller events.

c. people with disabilities become fully integrated into the larger community.

In the Empire if the Normal, sports for people with a disability are usually covered as special interest stories. They will not be covered as real sport stories until Select one: a. women and minorities are fully represented in the events. b. able-bodied people learn to feel sorry for people with disabilities. c. people with disabilities become fully integrated into the larger community. d. the Paralympics signs a television rights contract with a major network.

c. play informal games with peers who can make adaptations.

In the chapter it is noted that children with disabilities usually have two options if they wish to play sports. One is to find an organized adapted program and the other is to Select one: a. disguise disabilities and play mainstream sports. b. find a medical treatment that will fix their disability. c. play informal games with peers who can make adaptations. d. seek a sport in which physical abilities are not relevant to enjoyment.

b. forced people to confront bodies with disabilities in public.

Ludwig Guttmann, the father of sports for people with disabilities, was labelled as a radical in 1948 because he Select one: a. believed that athletes with disabilities could compete against Olympic athletes. b. forced people to confront bodies with disabilities in public. c. use war veterans with disabilities to argue against war. d. established a hospital that was called the "Empire of the Normal."

a. United States.

Media coverage of the Paralympics has been uneven in most countries around the world. In the case of the 2012 Paralympics in London, which of the following countries provided no live coverage and little highlights coverage? Select one: a. United States. b. Australia. c. England. d. Canada.

b. maintaining physical abilities and staying active.

Older people tend to prefer sports in which they can focus on Select one: a. performance as an indicator of moral worth. b. maintaining physical abilities and staying active. c. using their age to intimidate other competitors. d. relaxation and an absence of challenges.

a. challenging ageist beliefs and myths about older people.

People in the baby boom generation in the United States are Select one: a. challenging ageist beliefs and myths about older people. b. not living as long as their parents. c. generally less active than their parents. d. having more children than previous generations.

c. disability as a social issue in need of a social solution.

People who define disability by using the social model are likely to view Select one: a. the Americans with Disability Act as a needless piece of legislation. b. political activism as a futile waste of time. c. disability as a social issue in need of a social solution. d. medical treatment as a requirement for receiving government support.

Identify positive and negative physical, psychological, and social outcomes of youth sport.

Physical Health: - positive (cardiovascular fitness, weight control, muscular strength/endurance, adult physical activity, decreased risk of adult heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, cancer) - negative (overuse injuries (repetitive motions), eating disorders) Psychological Development: - positive (fun, enjoyable, & challenging experiences; increased self-esteem, decreased stress, increased life satisfaction, increased happiness) - negative (decreased self-perceptions (how you see yourself), decreased confidence/self-esteem, isolation from teammates, excessive pressure, burnout) Social Development: - positive (positive intergroup & peer relationships, citizenship, social status & success, social mobility, leadership skills, academic performance, enhanced adult career achievement, decreased school dropout & delinquent behaviour) - negative (aggression, assault, poor sportspersonship, decreased moral reasoning, increased drinking)

a. the need to have an account for why their bodies are "different."

Popular images ignore disability or represent (dis)abled bodies as different. This creates for people with disabilities Select one: a. the need to have an account for why their bodies are "different." b. the illusion that their bodies do not need fixing. c. a clear preference to play power and performance sports. d. the freedom to organize their identities around their abilities and skills.

a. can lead people to conclude that illness is a sign of irresponsibility.

The belief that rigorous physical exercise enables people to stay youthful and healthy Select one: a. can lead people to conclude that illness is a sign of irresponsibility. b. provides hope that health care costs can be contained in an aging society. c. has been proven repeatedly in research made by exercise physiologists. d. is dangerous because older people don't know how to exercise properly.

b. defined his body as abnormal and deviant due to his prosthetic legs.

The board members of the International Association of Athletics Federation (IAAF—the governing body for track and field) banned runner Oscar Pistorius from the 2008 Olympic games because they Select one: a. didn't want Pistorius to compete in both the Olympics and Paralympics. b. defined his body as abnormal and deviant due to his prosthetic legs. c. believed that Pistorius would turn the Olympics into a freak show. d. knew that other runners would boycott if Pistorius competed.

c. processes through which deviance is defined in sports.

The decisions to ban and then reinstate eligibility in the Oscar Pistorius case raises questions about the Select one: a. training methods used by athletes with disabilities. b. moral character of elite athletes. c. processes through which deviance is defined in sports. d. need to ban all forms of technology in sports.

a. ageism and ableism.

The dominant form of ableist ideology today is shaped by Select one: a. ageism and ableism. b. corporate capitalism. c. Darwinism and behaviorism. d. individualism and the baby boom generation.

a. a personal impairment that requires medical treatment to fix it.

The medical model of disability emphasizes that disability refers to Select one: a. a personal impairment that requires medical treatment to fix it. b. a social or environmental barrier to full participation in society. c. any physical inability that prevents a person from achieving personal goals. d. an individual attitude that prevents physical movement.

d. many people continue to accept ableist ideology.

The medical model of disability has remained popular for many years in the United States because Select one: a. people with a disability are true victims of society. b. medical technology can heal nearly all impairments. c. people with a disability consider themselves to be inferior. d. many people continue to accept ableist ideology.

a. too expensive to be acquired by most people with leg amputations.

The prosthetic technologies that enable leg amputees to participate in running sports are Select one: a. too expensive to be acquired by most people with leg amputations. b. funded by the U.S. military and available to anyone who qualifies for food stamps. c. generally provided by charitable organizations serving people with a disability. d. now manufactured with lifetime warranties and replacement guarantees.

d. disability is tied to the ways that people give meaning to difference.

Through most of history Select one: a. people have felt comfortable around others who have disabilities. b. disabled people have had impairments, making them seriously abnormal. c. people who are normal have accepted those with physical disabilities. d. disability is tied to the ways that people give meaning to difference.

c. trained experts who do full examinations and evaluations of the athlete.

To be eligible to participate in the Paralympics, each athlete must be classified according to his or her physical impairment. This classification must be done by Select one: a. the athlete's general practitioner who has examined and treated the athlete regularly. b. the athlete's parents and a general practitioner. c. trained experts who do full examinations and evaluations of the athlete. d. at least two other athletes who can describe and substantiate the impairment.

Explain the Developmental Model of Sport Participation (DMSP).

Trajectories of Sport Participation 1. Recreational participation through sampling 2. Elite performance through sampling 3. Elite performance through early specialization **Important because we want all sport organizations to provide all three pathways

b. expressions of panic among officials who anticipated problems.

U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan issued a letter in 2013 informing school officials that they were expected to provide equal sport participation opportunities for students with a disability. The primary response he received was Select one: a. a threat from high school coaches to go on strike if they had to share school facilities. b. expressions of panic among officials who anticipated problems. c. support from NCAA officials who wanted more disability sports at the college level. d. political donations from companies that sell adapted sports equipment.

c. vary by gender, ethnicity, and social class.

When it is said that age intersects with other social factors, it means that the sport experiences of older people Select one: a. are much the same for people of the same age. b. are insignificant when compared to other social activities. c. vary by gender, ethnicity, and social class. d. have occurred only under certain social conditions.

d. discontinue the use of the 5-teardrop flag.

When the IOC branded itself and its logo, the Paralympics were forced to Select one: a. cancel the Paralympic Games for over 20 years. b. allow their athletes to train and compete with Olympic athletes. c. use a flag that resembled the flag of the IOC. d. discontinue the use of the 5-teardrop flag.

b. efforts to eliminate social and physical barriers that limit participation.

When using a social model of disability, dealing with disability involves Select one: a. treatment to make a person as normal as possible. b. efforts to eliminate social and physical barriers that limit participation. c. developing assistive technologies that eliminate physical impairments. d. teaching normal people to ignore disabilities and treat everyone as normal.

Albeism

an evaluative perspective in which the label of disability is a mark of inferiority, meaning that a person is assumed to be incapable of full participation in mainstream activities.

Ageism

an evaluative perspective that favors one age group—usually younger people—over others and justifies discrimination against particular age groups that are assumed to be incapable of full participation in mainstream activities

Ableist ideology

interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to identify people as physically or intellectually disabled, to justify treating them as inferior, and to organize social worlds and physical spaces without taking them into account

Handicapped

is a negative term that infers being held back, weighed down, and marked as inferior due to perceived impairments.

IMPAIRMENT

is a physical, sensory or intellectual condition that potentially limits a person's full participation in social and/or physical environments

DISABILITY

when an official definition makes it so, or when the social and physical environment contain barriers that convert impairments into functional limitations.