Social Psychology ch. 12

Milgram variations

1.Location Run down office/ Yale university, obedience dropped to 48% 2.Proximity Teacher closer to learner, obedience decreased 3.Uniform White coat, obedience increases = BICKMAN STUDY, over phone obedience decreases

Obedience

A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority

prejudice

A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.

dual attitude system

Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.

Ageism

Discrimination and prejudice based on age

cognitive dissonance

Inner tension/discomfort (dissonance) that a person experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions. ex. I am a smoker, but smoking is bad. either change behaviours or change belief

Audience of Persuasion

Intelligence, determines whether a message will be more effective using central or peripheral route People who are more intelligent are more likely to be influenced by rational arguments (central) People of lower intelligence are more likely to be influenced by messages supported by factors other than rational arguments—the peripheral route. self esteem moderate self esteem are more easily persuaded than high or low self esteem

source of persuasion

Most important peripheral factors The greater the credibility and attractiveness of the source, the greater the persuasiveness of the message. Expertise, trustworthiness, attractive

bullying

Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or psychological attack on a weaker person.

quizmaster study

Student participants were randomly assigned to play the role of a questioner or a contestant in a quiz game. Questioners developed difficult questions to which they knew the answers, and they presented these questions to the contestants. The contestants answered the questions correctly only 4 out of 10 times. ). After the task, the questioners and contestants were asked to rate their own general knowledge compared to the average student. Questioners did not rate their general knowledge higher than the contestants, but the contestants (and observer: second study) rated the questioners' intelligence higher than their own.

Milgram's Obedience Experiment

The study to see if people were likely to obey an authority figure in a white lab coat claiming to be a scientist. The "teachers" gave an electric shock to "learners" when they have a wrong answer. (after wwII people wanted to understand how people could be nazis who claimed to just follow orders)

self-fulfulling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

effect of initiation

a difficult initiation into a group influences us to like the group more, due to the justification of effort. ex college group, difficult initiation enjoyed group more (even though boring)

Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)

a model of persuasion maintaining that there are two different routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route

out-group

a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition

Individualism

a social theory focusing on individual achievement/autonomy. greatest tendency for fundamental attribution error

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

stereotype

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

instrumental aggression

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

hostile aggression

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

In group

any group or category to which people feel they belong

foot-in-the-door technique

asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment

central route persuasion

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Yale approach to persuasion

certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message, and audience characteristics will influence message persuasiveness

decreasing cognitive dissonance

change behaviour, change attitudes to justify, create new beliefs, trivialize

Persuasion

changing ur attitudes based on comminication

Positive or negative attitudes

components are: affective (feelings), behaviour (the effect of the attitude on the behaviour), and cognitive (beliefs and knowledge)

Collectivism

cultures focused on forming relationships ie. family, friends, community

Dispositionism

describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament

altruism

desire to help others despite the cost

Homophobia

discrimination and prejudice against homosexuality

bullying risk factors

emotionally reactive, children who are different, LGBT

availability heuristic

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

Attitudes

evaluations of people, objects, and ideas

just-world hypothesis

explanation for fundamental attribution error. the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get

pluralistice ignorance

group members privately reject a norm, but assume others accept so they go along with it

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

internal factor

internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament

Discrimination

involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

incomplete corrections of dispositional inferences

once we have made an error, fail to correct even when given evidence

unrealistic expectations of behaviour

partially recognize the situational constraints, but behaviour is alittle too convincing

evaluation apprehension

people's concern about how they might appear to others, or be evaluated by them, involved in bystander effect

script

person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting

Sexism

prejudice and discrimination based on a person's sex

Racism

prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race

Cyberbullying

repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Message (persuasion)

subtle messages are more persuasive. If the listener already favors your side, the one-sided argument is more persuasive. If the listener opposes your position, arguments that acknowledge both sides of an issue will be more persuasive. Timing, if both argument are back to back, first is more persuasive, while with break last is most persuasive.ä

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

The Asch effect: conformity

the influence of the majority on one individuals judgment

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, looks at the power of the situation

Factors in Asch's Study

the size if majority, conformity increases to a point (seven) and then plateaus/ decreases slightly the presence of another dissenter, conformity drops public is more likely to be conformative than private

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

fundamental attribution error/correspondence bias

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors ex. fav sports team loses vs fav team wins

Groupthink

the tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing external threats, and is biased. groups make more extreme decisions. elimination of diverse opinion contributes to faulty decisions

compliance

the tendency to agree to do things requested by others despite disagreement

actor-observer bias

the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities ie. why do you like your girlfriend study vs whys does you friend like their girlfriend

in-group bias

the tendency to favor one's own group

Situationism

the theory that behavior is determined more by situations (or state ex. mood) than by personality traits.

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

prosocial behaviour

voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another, such as helping, sharing with, and comforting others

Inflated categorizations of behaviour

we fail to appreciate the power of the situation