Social Psychology ch. 12
Milgram variations
1.Location Run down office/ Yale university, obedience dropped to 48% 2.Proximity Teacher closer to learner, obedience decreased 3.Uniform White coat, obedience increases = BICKMAN STUDY, over phone obedience decreases
Obedience
A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority
prejudice
A negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority.
dual attitude system
Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
Ageism
Discrimination and prejudice based on age
cognitive dissonance
Inner tension/discomfort (dissonance) that a person experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions. ex. I am a smoker, but smoking is bad. either change behaviours or change belief
Audience of Persuasion
Intelligence, determines whether a message will be more effective using central or peripheral route People who are more intelligent are more likely to be influenced by rational arguments (central) People of lower intelligence are more likely to be influenced by messages supported by factors other than rational arguments—the peripheral route. self esteem moderate self esteem are more easily persuaded than high or low self esteem
source of persuasion
Most important peripheral factors The greater the credibility and attractiveness of the source, the greater the persuasiveness of the message. Expertise, trustworthiness, attractive
bullying
Repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or psychological attack on a weaker person.
quizmaster study
Student participants were randomly assigned to play the role of a questioner or a contestant in a quiz game. Questioners developed difficult questions to which they knew the answers, and they presented these questions to the contestants. The contestants answered the questions correctly only 4 out of 10 times. ). After the task, the questioners and contestants were asked to rate their own general knowledge compared to the average student. Questioners did not rate their general knowledge higher than the contestants, but the contestants (and observer: second study) rated the questioners' intelligence higher than their own.
Milgram's Obedience Experiment
The study to see if people were likely to obey an authority figure in a white lab coat claiming to be a scientist. The "teachers" gave an electric shock to "learners" when they have a wrong answer. (after wwII people wanted to understand how people could be nazis who claimed to just follow orders)
self-fulfulling prophecy
a belief that leads to its own fulfillment
effect of initiation
a difficult initiation into a group influences us to like the group more, due to the justification of effort. ex college group, difficult initiation enjoyed group more (even though boring)
Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM)
a model of persuasion maintaining that there are two different routes to persuasion: the central route and the peripheral route
out-group
a social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition
Individualism
a social theory focusing on individual achievement/autonomy. greatest tendency for fundamental attribution error
confirmation bias
a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
stereotype
a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
hostile aggression
aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
In group
any group or category to which people feel they belong
foot-in-the-door technique
asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, asking for a bigger commitment
central route persuasion
attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
Yale approach to persuasion
certain features of the source of a persuasive message, the content of the message, and audience characteristics will influence message persuasiveness
decreasing cognitive dissonance
change behaviour, change attitudes to justify, create new beliefs, trivialize
Persuasion
changing ur attitudes based on comminication
Positive or negative attitudes
components are: affective (feelings), behaviour (the effect of the attitude on the behaviour), and cognitive (beliefs and knowledge)
Collectivism
cultures focused on forming relationships ie. family, friends, community
Dispositionism
describes a perspective common to personality psychologists, which asserts that our behavior is determined by internal factors, such as personality traits and temperament
altruism
desire to help others despite the cost
Homophobia
discrimination and prejudice against homosexuality
bullying risk factors
emotionally reactive, children who are different, LGBT
availability heuristic
estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
Attitudes
evaluations of people, objects, and ideas
just-world hypothesis
explanation for fundamental attribution error. the belief that people get what they deserve in life and deserve what they get
pluralistice ignorance
group members privately reject a norm, but assume others accept so they go along with it
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
internal factor
internal attribute of a person, such as personality traits or temperament
Discrimination
involves behaving differently, usually unfairly, toward the members of a group
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
incomplete corrections of dispositional inferences
once we have made an error, fail to correct even when given evidence
unrealistic expectations of behaviour
partially recognize the situational constraints, but behaviour is alittle too convincing
evaluation apprehension
people's concern about how they might appear to others, or be evaluated by them, involved in bystander effect
script
person's knowledge about the sequence of events in a specific setting
Sexism
prejudice and discrimination based on a person's sex
Racism
prejudice and discrimination on the basis of race
Cyberbullying
repeated behavior that is intended to cause psychological or emotional harm to another person and that takes place online
social facilitation
stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
Message (persuasion)
subtle messages are more persuasive. If the listener already favors your side, the one-sided argument is more persuasive. If the listener opposes your position, arguments that acknowledge both sides of an issue will be more persuasive. Timing, if both argument are back to back, first is more persuasive, while with break last is most persuasive.ä
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
group polarization
the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
The Asch effect: conformity
the influence of the majority on one individuals judgment
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another, looks at the power of the situation
Factors in Asch's Study
the size if majority, conformity increases to a point (seven) and then plateaus/ decreases slightly the presence of another dissenter, conformity drops public is more likely to be conformative than private
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
diffusion of responsibility
the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
fundamental attribution error/correspondence bias
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
Social Loafing
the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
self-serving bias
the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors ex. fav sports team loses vs fav team wins
Groupthink
the tendency of groups to make bad decisions when the group is under pressure, facing external threats, and is biased. groups make more extreme decisions. elimination of diverse opinion contributes to faulty decisions
compliance
the tendency to agree to do things requested by others despite disagreement
actor-observer bias
the tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities ie. why do you like your girlfriend study vs whys does you friend like their girlfriend
in-group bias
the tendency to favor one's own group
Situationism
the theory that behavior is determined more by situations (or state ex. mood) than by personality traits.
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
prosocial behaviour
voluntary behaviour intended to benefit another, such as helping, sharing with, and comforting others
Inflated categorizations of behaviour
we fail to appreciate the power of the situation