Socio Exam 2

The Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka decision overturned the principle of ____________________ established in Plessy vs. Ferguson

"separate but equal"

Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907

Was between Japan and U.S, whereby Japan agreed to restrict passports. In return, the US agreed not to formally restrict immigration from Japan, as it had done with China.

Plessy v. Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

When a group experiences prejudice and discrimination, yet seems to have succeeded economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political or violent confrontations with Whites, they are said to be a

model minority

In American Indian tribes, women...

often occupied important economic and political roles

Filial Piety

showing respect for and obedience to one's elders (even those who are slightly older). ex: men and oldest sons having the most respect

Sinophobia

fear or dislike of china, its people and its culture was strong in the 1870s and 1880s

Issei

first generation Japanese immigrants

Assimilated

folks who moved into the cities, learned to speak English fluently and basically saw themselves as just Americans. The goal of most of the federal US policies directed at Native American people was to get them to assimilate to the dominant culture. Many of them did.

The Alien Land Act...

-declared aliens who were ineligible for citizenship to be also ineligible to own land -was one part of a sustained campaign against the Japanese in the United States

Anti-miscenegation

14 states banned miscegenation for inter-racial marriage with Chinese men

In the early 20th century, due to the Chinese Exclusion Act, Chinese men living in the United States outnumbered Chinese women by a ratio of...

25 to 1

environmental justice

A social movement and field of study that focuses on equal enforcement of environmental laws and eliminating disparities in the exposure of environmental harms to different ethnic and socioeconomic groups within a society.

Because "filial piety" is an important traditional value among Asian immigrants, assimilation into mainstream American values is evidenced by...

Asian American kids questioning the authority of their parents

Americanization schools targeted Native American children. The goal was...

Assimilation

Americanization

Assimilation into American culture

De Jure Segregation vs. De Facto Segregation

De Jure: Under this type of segregation, the minority group is physically and socially separated from the dominant group and consigned to an inferior position in virtually every area of social life. The term de jure "by law" means that the system is sanctioned and reinforced by the legal code; the inferior status of African Americans was actually mandated or required by state and local laws. Ex: Jim Crow Laws De Facto: A system of racial separation and inequality that appears to result from voluntary choices about where to live, work and so forth. Often, this form of segregation is really de jure segregation in thin disguise

When did racism as an ideology of racial superiority/inferiority emerge?

During the period of European exploration in the 1500s and 1600s

(T/F) Gambling has eradicated the poverty from most of the American Indian reservations

False

Marginal

Folks like the little kids in the film who left those boarding schools feeling like they were alienated from BOTH their native culture (couldn't speak their native language anymore) and the mainstream culture (weren't accepted in the dominant society, either - the man in the film said that he no longer felt "Indian," but he also didn't feel like a "white man" either). So, very much on the outside of both cultures.

Traditional

Generally older folks who resisted pressures to become like the dominant group. They held onto their native culture and language and tried very hard to preserve their traditional way of life. In more urban areas, these might be folks who live in the ethnic enclaves (ex. Chinatowns, Little Italy's).

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

In 1954, the U.S Supreme Court delivered the single most powerful blow to de jure segregation. They reversed the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision of 1896 and ruled that racially separate facilities are inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional. Ended segregated school systems and all other forms of legalized racial segregation

Indian Reorganization Act (1934)

It provided means by which the tribes could expand their landholding. Many of the mechanisms of coercive Americanization in the school system and elsewhere were dismantled. They proposed an increase in Native American self-governance and a reduction of the paternalistic role of the BIA and other federal agencies. Gave women new rights to participate in elections, run for office, and hold leadership roles.

Dawes Allotment Act (1887)

It was a deeply flawed attempt to impose white definitions of land ownership that divided Native American land into smaller units that the government gave to individuals. The government would offer U.S citizenship to those Native Americans who took the land and lived away from their tribal communities. It was to encourage Native people to assimilate into the larger white society.

Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965. Black codes provided the foundation for the "neo-slaves" and the "new Jim crow" laws because they allowed states to arrest blacks and then rent them out in the form of "convict labor"

Bicultural

Kind of the opposite of "marginal." Native American young people who lived on reservations near big urban centers often took this path: they learned English but they also learned their native language and felt very comfortable interacting in both cultures - with mainstream Americans they saw frequently when they went into the cities, but also with their elders with whom they lived and saw regularly on the reservations.

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

Legislation that granted all American Indians the legal protection and voting rights of U.S citizens.

Brain Drain

Out-migration of well-educated, high skilled professionals

Reparations

Reparations refer to the actions of an aggrieved nation, group, or individual to seek redresses and compensations for the loss of land, money, works of art, jewelry, or other valuable objects, due to the actions of a country, group, or another individual. - There were no reparations after emancipation

Immigration Act of 1924

Severely restricted the number of southern, central, and eastern Europeans who could enter the United States. It also barred the Japanese because it denied entry to all "aliens ineligible for citizenship"

Red Power Movement

The Red Power was a political movement in the 1960's. The Native Americans were fighting to get back their land. They felt that they had to get violent in order to regain their civil rights. The trail of broken treaties where marches were to dramatize the problems of the tribes.

Dehumanization

The deprivation of human qualities, rights, or understanding. ex: white Americans depicted Native Americans as brutal savages to be controlled and or eliminated or as uncivilized heathens to be tamed or reformed

Yonsei

The fourth generation of Japanese Americans in the United States; the children of the Sansei

Cultural appropriation

The use of a culture's symbols, artifacts, genres, rituals, or technologies by members of another culture. This is a one way street by which the dominant culture enriches itself by taking from the minority culture that receives little benefit. - ethnocentric and stereotypes of groups - ex: Native American headdresses

Pan-traditional

These are generally younger people who have completely assimilated to the dominant culture, speak English fluently, and think of themselves as completely American. However, they are curious about their Native American ancestry and feel like they're missing something by not learning about it. They may be taking classes to learn their ancestors' native language or traditional ways of preparing food or playing music or dancing. They want to "reconnect" with a culture that is part of their heritage but that they are only recently learning about.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

They controlled virtually all aspects of everyday life, including the reservation budget, the criminal justice system and the schools. It even determined tribal membership.

Alien Land Act (1913)

This bill made aliens who were ineligible for citizenship (essentially only immigrants from Asia) only ineligible to own land.

Cultural diffusion

a social process through which elements of culture spread from one society or social group to another, which means it is, in essence, a process of social change.

Bipolarity

a split within the black community have stirred heated debate for decades - greater class differentiation within the black community

the goals of the Civil Rights Movement were most compatible with the concept of...

assimilation

Early in the nation's history, white American elites used notions of white supremacy to...

justify slavery, minimize solidarity between black slaves and poor whites, and minimize public resistance to slavery

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

banned virtually all immigration from China. The act was one of the first restrictive immigration laws and was aimed solely at the Chinese. It established a rigid competitive relationship between the groups and eliminated the threat presented by Chinese labor by excluding the Chinese from American society.

the first significant push for civil rights for Black Americans began when...

black soldiers returned home from WWII

St. John's University began calling its sports teams the Redmen in the early 1920s and adopted the Chief Blackjack mascot in 1928. Despite protests from Native American groups, the school continued to use the logo until 1987. Their use of this imagery is called...

cultural appropriation

Over 500 words used by Americans today come from Native American culture. This is an example of...

cultural diffusion

On American Indian reservations, unemployment...

can reach as high as 80% or 90%

"Jim Crow" refers to laws designed to...

enforce de jure segregation

In response to property losses incurred by Japanese Americans intended during World War II, the US government....

eventually agreed to give each survivor $20,000

(T/F) Plessy vs. Ferguson made "integration" the law of the land

false

(T/F) Under de facto segregation, separation of African Americans and European Americans in virtually all aspects of social life was required by law

false

(T/F) the first anti-miscegenation laws in the US were passed in the 1950s to prevent black soldiers from marrying Asian women (known as war brides) during the Korean war

false

Miscenegation

interracial marriage or relationships. Also led to prostitution.

Racial Steering

is a practice some realtors engage in whereby they show black middle class families homes in predominately black neighborhoods and white middle class families homes in predominately white neighborhoods. It's not illegal (unlike redlining, now), but it has the same effect of reinforcing residential segregation by race.

which of the following cultural values, beliefs, and norms have Asian Americans traditionally shared?

patriarchal family structures, avoidance of public embarrassment and not giving offense and prioritizing group membership over individual self interest

environmental racism

patterns of development that expose poor people, especially minorities, to environmental hazards

The concept of _____________ was foreign to the American Indian culture

private property or individual ownership of things

Cultural Genocide

process of undermining, suppressing, and ultimately eliminating native cultures ex: "kill the Indian and save the man"

"Driving while black" is an example of...

racial profiling

Unlike other ethnic groups, including some Native American tribes whose land was illegally taken by the US government and Japanese Americans who were interned during World War II, most African Americans have never received___________ for the injustices of slavery.

reparations

Nisei

second generation Japanese Americans

_______________________ was a major social problem affecting most Asian Immigrants up through the 1940s and led to the passage of anti-miscegenation laws

shortage of Asian women

Primogeniture

the oldest son inherits the property, so many of the immigrants were second third sons trying to earn money

Racial profiling

the racial differences in vulnerability to arrest are captured by racial profiling. The tendency to focus more on African Americans and disproportionally to stop, question, and follow them is a form of discrimination that generates resentment and increases the distrust (and fear) many African Americans feel toward their local police forces

model minority

the relative economic and educational success of many Asian Americans in recent times has led to the creation of a "model minority" stereotype. This stereotype suggests that Asian Americans assimilate easily into the dominant (white) culture and readily achieve the American dream of economic success and high education levels

Sansei

third generation; born in US after WWII

Forever foreign

too different to be assimilated into the dominant group

Institutional Racism

took a new form after the U.S abolished slavery. After slavery, many southern whites began experiencing economic problems, scandals, and frustrations. -blacks in the south were beginning to experience socioeconomic respectability and upward mobility - this led to resentment and increased hostility towards blacks -blacks became scapegoat for white frustrations

(T/F) Asian American groups are generally less residentially segregated than either African Americans or Hispanic Americans

true

(T/F) Many of the treaties established between the federal government and American Indian Tribes during the 1800s have been broken, although some tribes have had success regaining treaty rights through the court system

true

(T/F) Native Americans living on reservations are particularly vulnerable to environmental racism

true

(T/F) Unlike other immigrant groups, African slaves were unable to form sub-communities to help them transition to a new land

true

(T/F) the status of Japanese women improved during their internment during WWII, as they were paid the same as men in the camps and were freed from some of the burdens of housework

true

Sojourner

visitors temporarily working in the U.S. ex: Japanese, Koreans, and Filipinos who arrived in the US to earn some money