Sociology
Individuals acquire an achieved status through their own direct efforts.
(Achieved Status)
Personality traits determine
* How we adjust to our environment and how we react in specific situations. * Each individual's own way of interacting with other people and his/her social environment.
According to the information presented in the lecture, what can be said about personality?
* It is the behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values of a person. * It can develop throughout a person's life. * It affects how a person reacts and adjusts in his or her environment.
Socialization encompass the following processes:
* Learning basic skills * Learning behavior patterns of society * Learning values and beliefs
An aptitude is
* The capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge. * A natural talent for music or art. * Learned as well as inherited.
dispositional view
***
group think
***
hindsight bias
***
social influence
***
Primary Groups
-the most intimate type -fundamental in forming the social nature and ideas of the individual -small group that interacts over a long period of time on a personal basis -involves entire self of a member
female headed house holds
1/2 of all children can expect to live with only one parent at some point in their lives. Numbers are growing due to: Pregnancy among unmarried High divorce rate Teen mothers are less likely to marry than in the past. Single fathers tend to get more help than single mothers.
social category
A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status
subsistence strategy
A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.
Major forms of Mass Media include:
A books and films B magazines and newspapers C radio and television D all of these answers are correct ANSWER: D
Aptitude
A capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge
How does population stimulate social change?
A change in the size of the population may bring about changes in the culture. For example, food brought to this country by immigrant groups have become common in many American kitchens. Population increases and decreases affect the economy. For example, by increasing the demand for goods and services, a growing population may increase employment and stimulate the economy. An increase in the general population also means that there are more people occupying the same amount of space, which creates more crowded conditions. In addition, the larger population brings increased demand for energy, food, housing, schools, stores, and transportation. People also bring about changes simply by moving from one place to another. Migrations of people within a country can cause social changes, such as the loss of regional distinction within the country. Social and cultural changes also result from changes in the average age of a population. When fewer people are having babies, for example, there is less need for schools, recreation centers, and other services geared toward children.
self-fulfillment
A commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential is
False
A counterculture is a subculture (t/f)
true
A function is the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system t/f
Theoretical perspectives
A general set of assumptions about the nature of things
theoretical perspective
A general set of assumptions about the nature of things.
secondary group
A group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.
Social institutions
A group of compromised statuses & roles organized to satisfy basic needs of society - Focus on family, economy, politics, education, and religion Media, medicine and science
Society
A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity (m)
society
A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity is a
Society
A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity is a (mc)
false
A group that accepts the major values, norms, and practices of the larger society is a subculture sociologists refer to as a counterculture. t/f
subculture
A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population
Subculture
A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population (m)
formal organization
A large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals
false
A latent function is the intended and recognized consequence of some element of society t/f
true
A minister is an example of someone with an achieved status. t/f
Total institution
A place in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are subject to tight control
e-community
A place where people interact with one another regularly on the Internet
negative sanction
A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity
bureaucracy
A ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
group
A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.
primary group
A small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis.
What is a social movement?
A social movement is a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change
status
A socially defined position in a group or in society
conflict perspective
A sociological approach that assumes that social behavior is best understood in terms of conflict or tension between competing groups
accommodation
A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is
The Yanomamo and the San
A study of which two groups provided examples of how different value systems produce different cultures (mc)
voluntary association
A typically nonprofit organization which is formed to pursue some common interest is a
Sociological perspective
A viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way
true
A voluntary association is typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest t/f
A negative sanction is a. a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity. b. a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency. c. the main source of social change. d. a value.
A. a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
Marriage systems can be categorized by:
A. Number of Partners B. Property and decent C. All of these answers are correct D. Place of residence answer: C
Unintended Socialization *****
A. all of these answers are correct B. can communicate ideology C. can have greater effects on children than deliberate socialization D. includes the unwritten curriculum in school Answer: A
A major weakness of victimization data is that
A. all of these are correct B. it doesn't measure murder C.it relies on the memory of the victim D. the wording of the question can affect the answer answer: A
Gender Socialization affects:
A. social and political attitudes B. relationships with others D. all of these answers are correct E. perceptions about other people Answer: D
Schools engage in gender socialization through
A. treatment by teachers B. all of these answers are correct C. playground interactions D. educational tracking answer: B
power
Ability to control the behavior of others with or without their consent
non material culture
Abstract human creations form a group's ____culture
true
Accommodation is a state of balance between cooperation and conflict t/f
Primary group
According to Cooley, the interactions with this group is how children develop a sense of self
I
According to Mead, is the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity
Me
According to Mead, the socialized self
principle of imminent change
According to Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change, the principle of immanent change is the natural tendency of a society's structure to swing back and forth between an ideational and sensate culture.
false
According to the Peter Principle, in a hierarchy no one ever rises to their level of incompetence. t/f
core nations
According to the world-system theory of modernization, core nations are those more developed nations that are at the center of the world economy and upon which less developed nations are economically dependent.
peripheral nations
According to the world-system theory of modernization, peripheral nations are less developed nations that are economically dependent on the core, or more developed, societies.
semiperipheral nationsq
According to the world-system theory of modernization, semiperpheral nation are nations which are between core nations and peripheral nations in terms of industrialization and level of exports.
medical model
According to this model, deviance is a behavior or condition that falls outside of a normative boundary and is caused by biological factors (or is best thought of in terms similar to biologically based illnesses). -The medical model may employ either statistical or absolutist definitions -- for example: Some people believe that those who fall outside of some form of statistical boundary have a physical or mental abnormality
Role performance
Actual role behavior May or may not reflect societal expectations
How has advertising affected American values?
Advertisers have attempted to sell their products to American consumers by explaining how their products will enhance consumers' material comfort and lead to self-fulfillment. Advertisers have tapped into American values to influence people's perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors.
true
All groups create norms to enforce their cultural values t/f
What is a master status?
All individuals hold many statuses. For most people, one status tends to take rank above all others. This status plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity. This status is called a master status.
The military
All of the following are examples of a counterculture except (mc)
postindustrial
All of the following are examples of preindustrial societies except
economic
All of the following are types of societies except
Culture
All the shared products of human groups, including both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group (m)
sandwich generation
Americans caught between the needs of their children and their aging parents.
Freedom is an important value for most Americans. What freedoms do most Americans seem to value the most?
Americans particularly value personal freedoms of choice such as the freedom of religion, speech, and press, which are guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution.
What is the difference between a positive and a negative sanction?
An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior is a positive sanction. A negative sanction is a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture
An attitude of cultural relativism is (mc)
Intended socialization
An example being a mother instructing her child on the importance of telling the truth
red tape
An example of a weakness in bureaucracies
theory
An explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena.
manifest function
An intended and recognized consequence of some element of society is a
focuses on how people use symbols when interacting
An interactionist perspective
Instinct
An unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern
Agricultural Societies
Animals are used to plow fields Irrigation increases crop yields Many members are able to engage in specialized roles Cities are formed Leaders are often hereditary Marked by powerful armies and the construction of roads Abandon bartering in order to trade easier Power often unequally distributed
Symbol
Anything that represents someone else
Noam Chomsky
Argues that popular culture can be used to divert people's attention from real issues such as their conditions of employment. It is only the intellectual and educated classes in society, largely the professional classes, who must be persuaded to agree with the ideological values of the ruling elite. Argues that the media manipulates populations to prevent them rebelling against the powerful or dominant classes. This is done through 'manufacturing consent' - by filtering available information through the media and therefore controlling the audience's ideas and thoughts. Example of "manufacturing consent": In 1985, only 6% of Americans thought drug abuse was the nation's number one problem. In 1989, that number had grown to 64%. In 1990, before the first Gulf War, that number had fallen to less than 10%. What happened between 1984 and 1989 to cause such concern in U.S. citizens? What happened between 1989 and 1990 to cause such a lack of concern in U.S. citizens?
Peer groups Cohort Effects (Agents of socialization)
As children grow older, forces outside of the family increasingly influence them. Children begin to relate more and more to their peer groups. Peer Group: A primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics. Cohort Effects: Shared experiences by people based on their date of birth. Peer groups are particularly influential during the pre-teenage and early teenage years. Winning peer acceptance is a powerful force in the lives of young people. To win this acceptance, young people willingly adopt the values and standards of the peer group. Young people often shape themselves into the kind of person they think the group wants them to be.
true
Ascribed statuses are not based on an individual's abilities, efforts, or accomplishments t/f
life expectancy
Average number of years a person born in a particular year can be expected to live.
Internalization is a. an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior. b. the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations. c. extreme self-centeredness. d. a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
B. the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations.
Some people are motivated by ____, rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms. a. internalization b. sanctions c. narcissism d. self-fulfillment
B. Sanctions
false
Basic components of a culture vary from society to society t/f
Which of the following are examples of achieved statuses?
Basketball player, actor, and musician
deviance
Behavior that violates significant social norms is called
false
Bell believed the established American values are stronger due to narcissism t/f
step family
Blended families demand both parents and children learn new roles. The lack of support systems cause stress resulting in high probability of divorce. The divorce rate for second marriages, when only one partner has children, is over 65 percent. When both partners have children, the rate rises to 70 percent. The divorce rate for third marriages is 73 percent. Regular ol' divorce rate is about 53%
Color-blind racism
Bonilla-Silva (2003): Saying that race is no longer important is an attempt to maintain White privilege without appearing racist.
sociological perspective
By adopting a ____, you can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions
false
By adopting a sociological imagination, you can look beyond commonly held beliefs to the hidden meanings behind human actions. t/f
Cultural universals
Certain features that are developed to ensure fulfillment of some needs of society that are common to all cultures (m)
cultural universals
Certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures.
Families and globalization
Changes at the global level are producing transnational families, families where at least one parent lives and works in a different nation than the children. Patterns of migration, war, and economic development have a profound effect on the social structure of families.
The concept of the Looking-Glass Self was developed by
Charles Horton Cooley.
The reading: Still a Man's world
Christine Williams Still a Man's World: Men Who Do "Women's Work" We tend to focus on women in male dominated occupations. This work focuses on men in female dominated occupations. What does Williams mean by "still a man's world"? What jobs does Williams focus on? Nurses, teachers, librarians, social workers What is the glass ceiling? an unofficially acknowledged barrier to advancement in a profession, especially affecting women and members of minorities What is the glass escalator? Men in female-dominated careers rise higher and faster than women in their own fields. What mechanisms aid the glass escalator? Hiring decisions Tracking into administration - sometimes unwanted pressure
Cohabitation
Cohabitation has become common among single people. More than three times as many couples live together without being married now than in the 1970s. Estimates are that one-quarter of all children will at some time during their childhood live in a family headed by a cohabiting couple.
Hunter-Gatherer Societies
Collect wild plants Hunt for wild animals Move constantly Rarely exceed 100 members Family is the main social unit
true
Competition occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain t/f
false
Competition occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person t/f
Culture effects personality traits through:
Competitiveness, individualism, and assertiveness
Composition (kinship category)
Composition of kinship systems refers mainly to the composition of families.
urbanization
Concentration of the population in cities.
Conflict perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)
Conflict Perspective Conflict theory asserts that social problems occur when dominant groups mistreat subordinate ones, and thus advocates for a balance of power between genders. Men subordinate women in order to maintain power and privilege in society Frederich Engels compared the family structure to the relationship between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat women had less power than men in the household because they were dependent on them for wages Men, like any other group with a power or wealth advantage in Conflict Theory, fought to maintain their control over resources (in this case, political and economic power). Conflict between the two groups caused things like the Women's Suffrage Movement and was responsible for social change.
Dysfunctional
Containing a negative consequence for the ability of the social system
The looking-glass self
Cooley: The looking-glass self refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.
The United States was founded on the principle of human equality
Describe how equality and democracy represent traditional American values.
Mass media
Different from other means of socialization because they involve no face to face interaction; instruments of communication that reach large audiences
Role strain
Difficulty with meeting the role expectations of a single status Boss working overtime
discrimination
Discrimination: when prejudices become unfair treatment 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibits discrimination or segregation on the grounds of race, color, religion, or national origin Can be very subtle—nonverbal behavior
Weber's Model of Bureaucracies (HAVE TO KNOW)
Division of labor Ranking of authority Employment based on formal qualifications Written rules and regulations Specific lines of promotion and advancement
Postindustrial Societies
Economic emphasis is on creation and exchange of information and services instead of manufacturing goods Standard of living improves Education and sciences are important Technological advances seen as key
social control
Enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.
Social Control
Enforcing of norms through either internalization or sanctions.
1. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances.
False
4. Social networks have clear boundaries.
False
Social structure provides a society with temporary traits.
False
The acceptance of social instability is known as social control
False
1. Social structure provides a society with temporary traits.
False B.
2. Competition occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.
False B.
4. A triad is a group with two members.
False B.
4. Groups have a common identity but not shared expectations.
False B.
4. The in-group represents people that interact with one another regularly on the Internet.
False B.
5. According to the Peter Principle, in a hierarchy no one ever rises to their level of incompetence.
False B.
5. Rationality involves people sharing the same values and performing the same tasks.
False B.
6. Competition occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person.
False B.
6. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances.
False B.
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances.
False. (Role Expectations)
diversity among families
Families today are smaller with fewer births that are more closely spaced. Childbearing and child rearing now occupy a smaller fraction of the adult life of parents. Age at first marriage is steadily increasing. See chart. -Married couples make up a smaller proportion of households. See chart. -Death has been replaced by divorce as the major cause of early family disruption. -Single parent households, post-childbearing couples, same-sex couples, and those without children are increasingly common.
rationality
Features of human behavior subjected to control and measurement
cultural universals
Features that are common to all cultures are called
Functionalist Perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)
Functionalist Perspective The functionalist perspective sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. This approach looks at society through a macro-level orientation and broadly focuses on the social structures that shape society as a whole. Gender roles exist to maximize social efficiency an efficient way to create a division of labor a social system in which a particular segment of the population is clearly responsible for certain acts of labor and another segment is clearly responsible for other labor acts.
dysfunctional
Functionalists view certain elements in society as ____, representing the negative consequences that elements have for the stability of the social system
Hidden curriculum
Hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school. "formal" curriculum = the courses, lessons, and learning activities, as well as the knowledge and skills educators intentionally teach to students hidden curriculum = unspoken or implicit academic, social, and cultural messages that are communicated to students while they are in school School children learn: -What is important -What is expected -Gender norms -Morals -Definitions of social class -Stereotypes -Politics -Coded language Messages are conveyed to students through the following mechanisms: Cultural expectations Cultural values Cultural perspectives Curricular topics Teaching strategies School structures Institutional rules School Cultural Expectations: The academic, social, and behavioral expectations established by schools and educators Some schools have a culture that places importance on standardized testing or going to college. Other schools focus on getting by with little effort. Some schools have a culture that fosters cliques. For example: One teacher may give tough assignments and expect all students to do well on those assignments, while another teacher may give comparatively easy assignments and habitually award all students passing grades even when their work quality is low. Schools may unconsciously hold students from different cultural backgrounds to lower academic expectations, which may have unintended or negative effects on their academic achievement, educational aspirations, or feelings of self-worth. School Cultural Values: The values promoted by schools, educators, and peer groups Some schools promote equality, others do not. Some teachers try to sway the ideology of their students. School Cultural Perspectives: How schools recognize, integrate, or honor diversity and multicultural perspectives may convey both intentional and unintended messages. Some schools may expect recently arrived immigrant students and their families to "assimilate" into American culture by requiring the students to speak English in school at all times or by not providing translated informational materials or other specialized assistance. For example: In one school, non-American cultures may be entirely ignored, while in another they may be actively celebrated, with students and their families experiencing feelings of either isolation or inclusion as a result. Curricular Topics: The subjects that teachers choose for courses and lessons may convey different ideological, cultural, or ethical messages. Curricular topics may also often intersect with, or be influenced by, political, ideological, and moral differences that are broadly contentious in American society—e.g., teaching evolution in science courses, multiculturalism in social studies, or sex education in health courses. For example: The history of the United States may be taught in a wide variety of ways using different historical examples, themes, and perspectives. A teacher may choose to present the history of the world or the United States from the perspective of the European settlers and explorers, or the teacher may choose to present it from the perspective of displaced Native Americans or colonized African and Asian peoples. Teaching Strategies: the way that schools and teachers choose to educate students Project-based learning or community-based learning communicates specific messages Skills such as critical thinking and problem solving, and attributes such as persistence, resourcefulness, and self-motivation, are valued and important. the way that schools and teachers choose to educate students On the other hand: If students earn good grades or extra credit for turning in homework on time listening attentively participating during class raising their hands the students may learn that compliance is as important as academic performance. School Structures: the way that a school or academic program is organized and operated The structure of a school program can also mirror or reinforce cultural biases or prejudices. For example, students of color and students from lower-income households are often disproportionately represented in lower-level courses (tracking), and receive harsher punishments for breaking rules. example: Students of color and students from lower-income households are often disproportionately represented in lower-level courses (tracking), and receive harsher punishments for breaking rules. Institutional Rules: The formal rules in a school may communicate a wide variety of intentional and unintentional messages to students. While the intent of formal school rules and policies is to tell students how they are expected to behave, the degree to which they are enforced or unenforced, or the ways in which they are enforced, may communicate messages that undermine or contradict their stated intent. For Example: Some schools require students to wear school uniforms, some ban certain types of attire, and others have very liberal or permissive clothing policies. What kind of strange dress/appearance regulations where present at your school? The hidden curriculum is a powerful force of socialization. Since the hidden curriculum is "hidden" Difficult to reform Might be linked to institutional prejudices so that new rules produced are equally inequitable Its effects are hard to measure or "prove".
Nurture POV
Holds that behavior and personality are the result of social environment and learning
group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity
How is society different from culture?
we create our culture and communicate it to group members
How is the use of symbols related to culture?
What is a role expectation?
Ideally, when people interact with one another their behavior corresponds to the particular roles they are playing. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role expectations. For example, doctors are expected to treat their patients with skill and care.
Marxists believe the mass media supports an unfair social system though the broadcasting of _____________.
Ideologies
What is a social movement?
Ideologies are often spread through social movements. A social movement is a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change. Social movements usually involve large numbers of people. Examples of social movements include the prohibition movement and the civil rights movement.
true
Individuals acquire an achieved status through their own direct efforts t/f
ethnic group
Individuals who share a common cultural background and a common sense of identity are known as an
The Tabula Rasa was developed by
John Locke.
Tabula Rasa
John Locke: Each person is a blank slate at birth with no personality. People develop personality as a result of social experiences. Infants can be molded into any type of person
false
Karl Marx coined the phrase "survival of the fittest." t/f
Technology
Knowledge and tools people use for practical purposes.
formal organization
Large secondary group formed to achieve specific goals
expressive leaders
Leaders who are emotion-oriented.
conflict
Legal disputes are an example of this
same sex households
Less gender-stereotyped in household roles than heterosexual couples. General Social Survey showed that in 2014: 42% of people in the United States, believed same-sex marriages should be recognized as valid. 48% believed that civil unions between same-sex couples should be given the same rights as heterosexual couples
social movement
Long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
Chomsky argues that the media manipulates populations to prevent them rebelling against the powerful or dominant classes by filtering available information through the media and therefore controlling the audience's ideas and thoughts. He calls this
Manufactured consent
brown bag test
Many churches, fraternities, and nightclubs used the "brown paper bag" principle as a test for entrance. People at these organizations would take a brown paper bag and hold it against a person's skin. If a person was lighter or the same color as the bag, he or she was admitted.
McDonaldization
Max Weber suggested that as society progressed it would become increasingly guided by rules, regulations, and formal structures
George Ritzer named Max Weber's tendency
McDonaldization
Role-taking
Mead: Role-taking is taking or pretending to take the role of others.
Married couple families
Men and women have different experiences within marriage, with the benefits of marriage generally accruing more to men than women. Among married-couple families, a significant change in recent years has been the increased participation of women in the paid labor force. Women in particular work a "second shift" of unpaid household work even when they also have paid employment.
Gender Segregation
Men and women work in gender segregated occupations. Women - clerical workers, sales clerks, maids, hairdressers, child-care workers What are some examples of male occupations? Women and men are socialized differently and choose to go into different fields. Structural obstacles discourage women from entering male-dominated jobs and from advancing once employed. Contemporary attitudes about gender and work: 16% of women and 20% of men disapprove of women working while they have young children 1/2 of all women and men surveyed said the ideal lifestyle was a marriage in which responsibilities were shared. 47% of men believe it is best for men to hold the provider role, compared with 69% in 1970. 87% of women say that making laws to establish equal pay should be a legislative priority.
According to the Marxist perspective on Mass Media, the mass media preaches that the U.S. is a ___________ when this is not true.
Meritocracy
Meritocracy
Meritocracy A political philosophy which holds that power should be vested in individuals almost exclusively according to merit. Advancement in such a system is based on performance measured through examination and/or demonstrated achievement in the field where it is implemented. In other words, success based on hard work and natural talent.
Role set
Mix of multiple "roles" Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a(n) Teacher may also be mother, wife, author
Monogamy
Monogamy is a sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse. Monogamy is a norm that requires the marriage and partnership of two partners for their lifetime. Most Western societies advocate this kind of marriage. 70% of societies in the world DO NOT adhere to this form of marriage exclusivity.
false
Mores are norms that do not have great moral significance attached to them t/f
What are reciprocal roles?
Most of the roles you perform have reciprocal roles. Reciprocal roles are corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses. For example, one cannot fulfill the role associated with the status of husband without having someone else perform the role that goes along with the status of wife.
true
Most subcultures do not reject all of the values and practices of the larger society t/f
Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)
NOT Pastoral society.
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called
NOT Reciprocal roles. Role expectations
The theory that refers to seeing ourselves as others see us in addition to taking on or pretending to take on the roles of others is known as
NOT The looking-glass self
false
Narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others t/f
How can natural disasters produce social and cultural change?
Natural disasters such as droughts, floods, earthquakes, tornadoes, and tidal waves can also produce social and cultural change. These disasters can destroy whole communities. Afterward, people often take precautions for the future. Dams may be built to lessen the effects of floods and droughts. People may also adopt new construction methods to enable buildings to better withstand earthquakes or tornadoes.
Racism not just in US
Negative attitudes toward Jews and Muslims are increasing across Europe White fans routinely taunt black players in international soccer matches European police stop young black men 7 times more often for identity checks than they do young whites Discrimination against Roma (Gypsies) is rampant in Eastern Europe and more and more in Western Europe Mexicans of Native descent experience discrimination in Mexico by lighter skinned people of Spanish descent
mass media
Newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the information and those receiving it.
secular
Non-religious
incest taboo
Norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives.
Folkways
Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them (m)
financial responsibility
Norms that exist in our society include
Not killing a human being
Norms that exist in our society include (mc)
Mores
Norms that have great moral significance attached to them (m)
Social phenomena
Observable facts or events that involve human society
When women or men are concentrated in a given occupation, or in particular jobs within an occupation or work organization, this is called
Occupational sex typing
role strain
Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status.
master status
One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)
Encouraging the development of aptitudes
One way that heredity shapes personality
true
Organized crime families and the hippie movement of the 1960s are examples of countercultures in the United States t/f
stereotype
Overgeneralized belief that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group Beliefs remain in spite of evidence to the contrary Most African Americans are not on welfare Not all Asians are good at math Few Italians are in the Mafia Stereotypes are learned
racism in language
Panethnic labels: general terms for diverse subgroup White = positive connotations Black = negative connotations Some terms become euphemisms Inner city Others?
Agents of Gender Socialization
Parents Childhood play and games Schools Religion Media Popular Culture
the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification
-Functionalist Perspective -Conflict Perspective -Interactionist Perspective -Feminist Perspective
true
Passengers on a train are an example of an aggregate group t/f
passivity
Passivity works against racial equality. Research Question: Why are some people passive against racism? This study by Trepagnier used a qualitative method called focus groups. What is a focus group? Why did she limit the groups to White women? Defining one's self as "not racist" leads to passivity. How was this shown to be the case in the focus groups? Defining one's self as "not racist" leads to: Apprehension about being seen as racist Confusion about what constitutes racism How do these contribute to passivity?
true
Patriotism and education are traditional American values t/f
Reporting crime
People are more likely to report: serious crime/homicide, motor vehicle theft, and crimes by strangers less likely to report: minor crimes, crimes with no witnesses, rape why don't people report?: -they don't realize a crime was committed (lost item, some sexual assault) -they think the offense is too minor to bother the police about it -they fear self- incrimination -they fear embarrassment - they fear retribution by offender
What is diffusion?
People often borrow ideas, beliefs, and material objects from other societies. This process of spreading culture traits from one society to another
Antonio Gramsci
-The ideological role of the media is to persuade us that it is in our best interest to accept the dominance of this elite. -Popular culture contributes to the manufacturing of consent for bourgeoisie power within capitalist societies. -Gramsci theorized how people are influenced into accepting the dominance of a power elite. -This elite is able to rule because the rest of the population allow it to do so. -Introduced and used the concept of HEGEMONY - (hedge iminy) Political or economic dominance -This elite is able to rule because the rest of the population allow it to do so. -Hegemony can also be applied to the power relations found in gender, sexuality and race.
What is diffusion?
People often borrow ideas, beliefs, and material objects from other societies. This process of spreading culture traits from one society to another is called diffusion.
false
People who employ the interactionist perspective focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change t/f
conflict perspective
People who focus on the forces in society that promote competition and change employ the
leaders
People who influence the attitudes and opinions of others are said to be
functionalist perspective
People who view society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system are said to employ the
What are some of the basic values identified as being central to the American way of life?
Personal achievement, individualism, work, morality and humanitarianism, efficiency and practicality, progress and material comfort, equality and democracy, freedom, nationalism and patriotism, science and rationality, and racial and group superiority
Social Darwinism
Perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection
School
Plays a major role in socializing most young people because it occupies so much of their time and attention
Polyandry
Polyandry is the practice of a woman having more than one husband.
Polygamy
Polygamy is the practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners. Polygamy usually involves polygyny, one man having more than one wife.
Status
Position in a group that is socially defined Defines where individuals hit in society and how they relate to each other
colorism
Prejudice and discrimination that can occur within a particular group based on skin tone For example, the brown bag test to be a member of a group.
prejudice
Prejudice: when stereotypes affect how we feel about others Picture captions from riots or disasters White person "found" bread and water at a store Black person "looted" a grocery store Black cops shot by white cops who thought they were the criminal
contemporary Definition of Family
Primary group of people—usually related by ancestry, marriage, or adoption—who form a cooperative economic unit and care for any young who consider their identity to be attached to the group; and are committed to maintaining the group.
Verstehen
Principle that involves an attempt to understand the meanings individuals attach to their actions
Industrial Societies
Production of food shifts to production of manufactured goods Production moves from human and animal labor to machines Increases food production and population Number and kinds of jobs increase Location of work changes to cities, away from the home Social processes such as education take the place of family
Secondary Groups
-interaction is impersonal and temporary -involve only part of a member's self -casual and limited -importance of person linked to his or her function -members can be replaced
Socialization encompasses the following processes
-learning values and beliefs -learning basic skills -earning behavior patterns of society
Define Purpose
-set goals -assign tasks -makes decisions Control Members' Behaviors
intersectionality
-sexuality -disability -racial identity -nationality -gender
Preindustrial Societies
-societal relationships based on values -strong sense of group solidarity -traditional values are strong
School socialization
School occupies large amounts of time and attention. Between the ages of 5 and 18, young people spend some 30 weeks a year in school. Often 35+ hours per week. The school plays a major role in socializing individuals. Much of this socialization seems to be deliberate. intended socialization in school- Class activities are planned for the deliberate purpose of teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, and other skills. Extracurricular activities such as school dances, clubs, and athletic events, are intended to prepare the student for life in the larger society. Schools also attempt to transmit cultural values, such as patriotism, responsibility, and good citizenship. A large amount of unintentional socialization also occurs within the school. Hidden curriculum refers to the unwritten, unofficial, and often unintended lessons, values, and perspectives that students learn in school.
Self
Self refers to the conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members of society.
serial monogamy
Serial Monogamy permits a person to have multiple spouses or partners over his or her lifetime, but only one at a time.
paradigm
Set of shared concepts, methods, and assumptions that make up the scientific reality at any point in time.
Flaws of Bureaucracy
Severe significant weaknesses no longer fulfill original goals new goal might be self-continuation - encourage beauracratic personality create alienation among employees Result in oligarchy a tendency based on the iron law of oligarchy
__________ is classification based on perceived sex.
Sex category
Prejudice and discrimination against women that can operate both individually and institutionally is known as
Sexism
Social identity
Shapes a person's life Can be positive or negative Illness or disability
Values
Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, wright or wrong, desirable or undesirable (m)
People that include parents, siblings, relatives, and others who have a direct influence on our socialization.
Significant others
Significant others
Significant others are specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, and other relatives, who have a direct influence on our socialization.
industrial society
Society where emphasis shifts from production of food to production of manufactured goods.
role set
Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status
What is a role set?
Sociologists call the different roles attached to a single status a role set. Each of us, because we hold more than one status, must deal with many role sets in our daily lives.
folk ways, mores, and laws
Sociologists distinguish between these three types of norms
social phenomena
Sociologists refer to observable facts or events that involve human society as
subculture
Some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form a
Agents of socialization
Specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization
true
Stability, clear expectations, and creating order are all strengths of bureaucracies t/f
patriarchy
System in which men are dominant over women.
bilingual education
System of education in which non-English-speaking students are taught in their native languages until they are prepared to attend classes taught in English.
social institution
System of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society
A disability is an example of a social identity that shapes a person's life.
T
A minister is an example of someone with an achieved status.
T
As we grow older, significant others become more important.
T
Ascribed statuses are not based on an individual's abilities, efforts, or accomplishments.
T
Cultural environments determine the basic types of personalities that will be found in a society.
T
Individuals acquire an achieved status through their own direct efforts.
T
Role-taking forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us, thus learning to see ourselves through the eyes of others.
T
Socialization is the interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society.
T
Subcultural differences, i.e. the type of neighborhood in which an individual is raised, also affect personality.
T
When identifying and comparing points of view while reading sociology, it is important to determine the nature of the source and read each source carefully.
T
equilibrium theory of social change 1
Talcott Parsons's view of social change in which society is likened to a living organism: change in one part of the social system produces change in all other parts as the system attempts to regain balance, or equilibrium.
What is an example of how technology is capable of changing society?
Technology can change society through what becomes popular, like the cell phones that most people today carry with them, and the fact that they have evolved into phones with computer capabilities. There are also needs that arise as a result of a growing use of technology that influences change, like Carpal Tunnel Syndrome causing changes in the workplace, or a growing need for more technology like floppy discs changing to compact discs and DVD's
What sociologists sometimes refer to as the combination of objects and rules
Technology is (mc)
homogamy
Tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own.
iron law of oligarchy
Tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
Generalized other
Th internalized attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society according to Mead
Explain the "I" and "me" in role-making.
The "I" is the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity. The "me," on the other hand, is the part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society—the socialized self. During childhood, the "I" component is dominant. However, through the process of socialization, the "me" gains power by acting together with the "I," which in turn brings the "I" in line with expectations of society. Therefore, to develop as a well-rounded member of society, a person needs both aspects of the self.
true
The Arapesh and the Mundugumor were two societies in New Guinea that Margaret Mead conducted a study of cultural variation on in the 1930s. t/f
Edward L. Bernays
The Father of Public Relations Unlike Gramsci, did not think media influencing public opinion was a bad thing. Society is irrational and dangerous because of "herd instinct" . Manipulation is necessary. 1923 - Crystallizing Public Opinion 1928 - Propaganda Later renamed Public Relations Drew on the studies of his uncle, Sigmund Freud Worked closely with General Motors, Time, Proctor & Gamble, CBS, and NBC
The theory that refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others is known as
The Looking-glass self.
Margaret Mead
The anthropologist that conducted a now-classic study of cultural variation in the 1930s was (mc)
social darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.
role
The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.
Cultural relativism
The belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture
assimilation
The blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture and identity is called
Anthropology
The comparative study of past and present cultures
true
The concentration of the population in cities is referred to as urbanization. t/f
barter
The exchange of one good for another.
personal racism
The expression of racist attitudes by individual people Overt: open disdain in face-to-face interactions Subtle: almost unwitting differences in how people react to one another
Families and Social policy
The family is often blamed for many social problems the nation experiences. Social policies designed to assist families should recognize the diversity of family forms and needs and the interdependence of the family with other social conditions and social institutions.
false
The features of a culture can be divided into three levels of complexity: traits, folkways, and patterns t/f
social category
The following are all types of groups except
ethnocentrism
The following are examples of certain basic components of all cultures except
books
The following are examples of nonmaterial culture except
Books
The following are examples of nonmaterial culture except (mc)
culture complex
The game of basketball is considered
A culture complex
The game of basketball is considered (mc)
in group
The group that a person belongs to and identifies with is called
false
The in-group represents people that interact with one another regularly on the Internet t/f
Incest taboo
The incest taboo, considered to be universal, is a cultural norm forbidding sexual relations and marriage between certain kin.
Herbert Spencer
The influence of Darwin led him to adopt a biological model of society. His work became known as social Darwinism
Manifest function
The intended and recognized consequence of some element of society
Looking glass self
The interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others
Socialization
The interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs and behavior patterns of society
Socialization
The interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of a society
Generalized other
The internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self.
hunting and gathering societies
The main form of food production in ____ is the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals.
crime data types
The most common sources of crime statistics: --Official data: UCR - Uniform crime reports --victimization data: NCVS - National crime victimization survey --self-report data: National youth survey, Richmond youth survey
False
The most complex level of culture is the culture trait (t/f)
false
The most complex level of culture is the culture trait t/f
false
The most complex level of culture is the culture trait. t or f
Family
The most important agent of socialization in almost every society
social structure
The network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction
Peer vs. Family (in agents of socialization)
The norms and values imparted by the family usually focus on the larger culture. Family- Parents often become alarmed if they come to believe that the norms and values of the peer group are more important to their children than those of society as a whole. In peer groups, the focus is the subculture of the group. Peer-group goals are sometimes at odds with the goals of the larger society.
Nuclear Family
The nuclear family is comprised of one married couple residing together with their children.
Langauge
The organization of written or spoken symbols unto a standardized system (m)
false
The out-group is the web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of a person's interactions with other people t/f
Me
The part of ourselves that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self.
Significant others
The people closest to us that directly influence our socialization
Karl Marx
The people who own the means of production control society, according to ;He believed that society is divided between those who own the means of production and those who own only their labor
Herbert Spencer
The phrase "survival of the fittest," or the belief that the best aspects of society would survive over time, was coined by
material culture
The physical objects that people create and use form a group's
Material culture
The physical objects that people create and use form a group's (mc)
scapegoating
The practice of placing blame for one's troubles on an innocent individual or group is called
Internalization
The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations
Norms
The shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations (m)
Psychology
The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms
psychology
The social science that deals with the behavior and thinking of organisms
psychology
The social science that differs from sociology primarily in that it focuses on individual behavior rather than on group behavior is
sociology
The social science that studies human society and social behavior is
role expectations
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called
false
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role performances. t/f
Social psychology
The study of how the social environment affects an individual's behavior and personality
History
The study of past events
Economics
The study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their needs and wants
Personality
The sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that are characteristic of an individual
Sociobiology
The systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior
iron law of oligarchy
The tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
ethnocentrism
The tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior is called
Ethnocentrism
The tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior is called (mc)
Heredity
The transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to child
Heredity is
The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.
Latent function
The unintended and unrecognized consequence of an element of society
I
The unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of personality and self-identity.
Marriage experience
The values of partners, as well as the roles they play, influence their experience of marriage. Among couples where both partners are employed, only 28% share the housework equally. With the arrival of the first child, women increase their housework and lessen their employment. 2/3 of women say the amount of work they have to get done during the day is a cause of stress. 1/2 say that they feel resentment about how little their mate helps around the house and about their lack of free time.
Functionalist perspective
The view of society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system
functionalist perspective
The view of society as a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system.
Agents of Socialization
The views of Cooley and Mead provide theoretical explanations of the socialization process. Sociologists use the term agents of socialization to describe the specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place. Sometimes "enable" is too soft of a word. In the United States, the primary agents of socialization include the family, the peer group, the school, and the mass media.
exchange theory
Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.
conflict theory of social change
Theory that views social change as the result of conflicts between groups with opposing interests.
Pay Gap in genders
There are several explanations Pay gap is caused by Overt discrimination Pay gap influenced by Human capital Dual labor market theory Gender segregation by occupation -Pay gap is caused by Overt discrimination White men perpetuate their advantage over women and racial minorities, through labor union practices, legislation, harassment, and intimidation. -Pay gap influenced by Human capital System is equal Age, experience, education, marital status and hours worked influence worth in the labor market. What happens when we compare men and women with similar age, experience, education, marital status, and hours worked? -Dual labor market theory Women and men earn different amounts because they work in different segments of the market. Primary market Men Example - management in major corporation Secondary market Women/minorities Example - waiting tables, fast food cook
How can natural disasters produce social and cultural change?
These disasters can destroy whole communities
interactionist perspective.
These sociologists are interested in the ways in which individuals respond to one another in everyday situations. They are also interested in the meanings that individuals attach to their own actions and to the actions of others.
1. A minister is an example of someone with an achieved status.
True
1. Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.
True
Extreme self-centeredness is referred to as narcissism.
True
Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.
True
Self-fulfillment is associated with the development of one's health and leisure habits
True
Socialization processes differ from family to family.
True
Some latent functions of the mass media include teaching children about occupations and other social roles.
True
1. Ascribed statuses are not based on an individual's abilities, efforts, or accomplishments.
True A.
2. Competition occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.
True A.
3. The concentration of the population in cities is referred to as urbanization.
True A.
4. Passengers on a train are an example of an aggregate group.
True A.
5. Stability, clear expectations, and creating order are all strengths of bureaucracies.
True A.
6. The concentration of the population in cities is referred to as urbanization.
True A.
7. A disability is an example of a social identity that shapes a person's life.
True A.
7. A voluntary association is typically a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest.
True A.
A minister is an example of someone with an achieved status.
True. (Something worked towards)
The most frequently used official data is the
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
What country is a postindustrial society
United States
False
Values are the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system (t/f)
false
Values are the organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system t/f
Weber's Bureaucracy
Views bureaucracy in a positive light best way to organize large numbers of people to attain a large group create order by clearly defining tasks provides stability
Explain how wars and conquests affect social change
Wars and conquests are not as common as other sources of social change. However, they probably bring about the greatest change in the least amount of time. War causes the loss of many lives. It brings about the destruction of property and leads to the rise of new cities and towns that must be built to replace those destroyed. In addition, war causes changes in the economy as industry focuses on producing war materials rather than consumer goods. For example, after September 11, 2001, some industries contributed to the war on terrorism by providing military supplies and services. War can also promote advances in technology and medicine that can have civilian applications. War may also result in changes in government as new rulers come to power. These changes may contribute to new economic policies and political rights.
Hegemony
We all live in societies where there are power structures. According to Gramsci's theory of hegemony, these systems of power cannot be maintained by force alone. People have to do things, willingly and happily, in their everyday lives that keep the powerful people on top. -Every day behaviors that keep governments in power... ---People hanging flags from their homes --- People rising and removing their hats when the national anthem is sung ---People celebrating a country's independence day with parades and picnics ---People obeying nonsensical laws. People wearing designer clothing People shopping at chains instead of local stores Schools serving fast food in cafeterias Women displaying huge diamond engagement rings People celebrating days that have been manufactured by Hallmark, like Grandparent's Day Black Friday shopping
Personality
What John Locke believed we were all born without
leisure, physical fitness, and youthfulness
What are new values in the United States that might be grouped under the term self fulfillment, a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential?
Traits, complexes, patterns
What are the three levels of culture (short answer)
Human interaction
What cases such as Anna, Isabelle, Genie and the institutionalized infants show that social and psychological development requires
are the unique cultural practices of various subgroups
What causes variation within societies?
Physical objects; abstract human creations
What is the difference between material culture and no material culture (short answer)
Environment
What most scientists be to be the factors that have the most influence on personality
56%
What percentage of students were noted as having different values from their parents
Cultural environment
What sociological studies of feral children point to as a conclusion that our personalities and humanity come from
survival of the fittest
What was the phrase that was coined by Herbert Spencer to describe only the fittest societies surviving over time, thus upgrading the world as a whole?
counterculture
When a group rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns, the subculture that emerges is called a
aggregate
When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)
exchange
When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place
New Guinea
Where did Margaret Mead live in the 1930s to conduct her study of cultural variation?
basketball player, actor, and musician
Which of the following are examples of achieved statuses
The Navajo of the Southwest
Which of the following are not examples of a subculture
the Peter Principle
Which of the following does the statement, "People are promoted into positions they are not qualified to perform" relate to
basic values
Which of the following forms the foundation of the American culture
narcissism
Which of the following is not a form of social interaction
self-fulfillment
Which of the following is not a traditional American core value
organic solidarity
Which term describes societies where increased job specialization forces members to depend on one another for aspects of their survival?
to determine what general traits are common to all cultures
Why did George Murdock examine hundreds of different cultures in the 1940s?
so that societies can make sure that their basic needs are fulfilled
Why do cultural universals exist?
Feral children
Wild or untamed children
Consequences of Gender expectations
Women are denied access to power, influence, achievement, and independence in the public world. Men are denied access to nurturing, emotional, and other-oriented worlds that women traditionally inhabit tokenism (def): granting a few women high-level positions to indicate that the system operates fairly and without respect to sexual status ex) woman who is a sports-broadcaster on ESPN sexism (def): prejudice and discrimination against women structured inequality between men and women that is supported by norms and beliefs based on the belief that women are somehow inferior to men operates both individually, and institutionally (just like racism)
false
Young Americans do not recognize the connection between hard work and success t/f
Self
Your conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society
social control
____ _____ is the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means (mc)
Cultural relativism
____ help(s) sociologists and anthropologists understand practices that seem strange or different from those of their own culture
ethnocentrism, vested interests, cultural lag
____ is one of the reasons that people resist cultural change (mc)
technology
_____ is the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment (mc)
internalization
_____ is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations (mc)
negative sanction
a ____ ____ is a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity (mc)
role
a behavior - the rights and obligations - expected of someone occupying a particular status
communaism
a belief held among some scientists that all scientific knowledge should be made available to everyone in the scientific community.
cultural relativism
a belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards.
ageism
a belief that one age is by nature superior to another age category.
corporations
a business organization that is owned by stockholders and is treated by law as if it were an individual person.
minority group
a catergory of people who share physical characteristics or cultural practices that result in the group being denied equal treatment.
conformity
a change in a persons behavior or opinions as a result of real or imagined pressure from a person or group of people
public opinion
a collection of differing attitudes that members of a public have about a particular issue.
collectivity
a collection of people who have limited interaction with each other and who do not share clearly defined, conventional norms.
white ethnics
a collective reference to immigrants from the predominately Catholic countries of Ireland, Italy, France, Poland, and Greece.
baby boom generation
a collective term for the approximately 76 million children born in the United States from 1946 through 1964.
democratic socialism
a combination of a democratic government and a socialist economy.
culture patterns
a combination of a number of culture complexes into an interrelated whole.
self fulfillment
a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential is _____ (mc)
Self-fulfillment
a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential.
e-community
a community of people who interact through the Internet or other electronic communication.
voluntary childlessness
a conscious choice to remain childless.
conflict
a deliberate attempt to oppose, harm, control by force, or resist the will of another person or persons.
ideal type
a description of the essential characteristics of some aspect of society.
nuclear family
a family form that consists of one or both parents and their children.
extended family
a family form that consists of three or more generations of a family sharing the same residence.
matriarchy
a family in which the mother holds most of the authority.
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
a fatal disease caused by a virus that attacks an individual's immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to a host of deadly infections.
polyandry
a form of polygamy in which as woman is permitted to marry more than one man at a time.
Aggregate
a gathering of people without lasting organization
medicare
a government-sponsored insurance plan for elderly or disabled persons.
informal group
a group in which there is no official structure established or rules of conduct
public
a group of geographically scattered people who are interested in and divided by some issue.
aggregate
a group of people gathered in the same place at the same time who lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction.
dyad
a group of people who share a common trait or status.
social category
a group of people who share a common trait or status.
counterculture
a group that rejects the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns.
subculture
a group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exists within a larger culture.
Reference Groups
a group with whom an individual identifies and whose attitudes and values are adopted can have both positive and negative effect on behavior
social class
a grouping of people with similar levels of wealth, power, and prestige.
profession
a high-status occupation that requires specialized skills obtained through formal education.
cyclical theory of social change
a historical view of social change in which societies are seen as rising and then falling or as continuously moving back and forth between stages of development.
courting buggy
a horse-drawn carriage received by Amish men during their teenage years.
formal organization
a large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals.
crime syndicate
a large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.
social movement
a long term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change (m)
Social Movement
a long-term conscious effort to promote or prevent social change.
multiple nuclei model
a model of urban structure proposed by Chauncey Harris and Edward Ullman in which the city is said to have a number of specialized centers devoted to different types of land use.
concentric zone model
a model of urban structure proposed by Ernest W. Burgess in which the typical industrial city is said to spread outward from the center in a series of circles within circles.
sector model
a model of urban structure proposed by Homer Hoyt in which the growth of a city is said to occur in wedge-shaped sectors that extend outward from the center to the edge of the city.
false
a negative sanction rewards a particular kind of behavior (tf)
Social Structure
a network of interrelated statuses ad roles that guide human behavior
voluntary association
a nonprofit organization formed to pursue some common interest.
organized skepticism
a norm in scientific research in which no scientific finding or theory is exempt from questioning.
disinterestedness
a norm in scientific research in which scientists should seek truth, not personal gain.
universalism
a norm in scientific research that holds that research should be judged solely on the basis of quality.
unemployment rate
a percentage of the civilian labor force that is unemployed but actively seeking employment.
city
a permanent concentration of relatively large numbers of people who are engaged mainly in nonagricultural pursuits
Social Darwinism
a perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection.
urban sprawl
a phenomenon characterized by poorly planned development on the edge of cities and towns.
cultural pluralism
a policy that allows each group within a society to keep its unique cultural identity.
communism
a political and economic system in which property is communally owned.
self fulfilling prophecy
a prediction that results in behvaior that makes the prediction come true
peer group
a primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and social characteristics
law of supply
a principle that states that producers will supply more products when they can charge higher prices and fewer products when they must charge lower prices.
law of demand
a principle that states that the demand for a product increases as the price of the product decreases and demand decreases as price increases.
plea bargining
a process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.
differential association
a proportion of associations a person has with deviant versus non-deviant individuals.
negative sanction
a punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity (m)
socioeconomic status
a rating that combines social factors such as level of education, occupational prestige, and place of residence with the economic factor of income in order to determine an individual's relative position in the stratification system.
vested interests
a resistance to any change that threatens a person's security or standard of living (m)
identification
a response to social influence brought about by an individual desire to be like the influences
formal sanctions
a reward or punishment that is given by some formal organization
Formal Sanction
a reward or punishment that is given by some formal organization or regulatory body, such as the government, the police, a corporation, or a school.
Negative Sanction
a sanction in the form of a punishment or the threat of punishment
Positive Sanction
a sanction in the form of a reward. Save and Exit
group
a set of two or more people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.
total institution
a setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and subjected to the control of officials of varied ranks.
overurbanization
a situation in which more people live in the city than the city can support in terms of jobs and facilities.
central route
a situation in which ppl elaborate on a persuasive communication listen carefully to ones thinking (facts)
anomie
a situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable.
oligopoly
a situation that exists when a few people control an industry.
unemployment
a situation that occurs when people do not have jobs but are actively seeking employment.
dating
a social behavior that allows individuals to choose their own marriage partners.
courtship
a social interaction similar to dating but with the sole purpose of eventual marriage.
sociology
a social science that studies human society and social behavior.
Status
a socially defined position
status
a socially defined position in a group or in a society
sociology of science
a sociological perspective that examines how scientific knowledge develops.
Robin M. Williams
a sociologist who identified a set of 15 values that are central to the American way of life (m)
informal sanctions
a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group
informal sanction
a spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group (m)
medicaid
a state and federally funded health-insurance program for people with little or no money.
social gerontology
a subfield of gerontology that studies the nonphysical aspects of aging.
patriarchy
a system in which men are dominant over women.
class system
a system in which scarce resources and rewards are determined on the basis of achieved statuses.
caste system
a system in which scarce resources and rewards are distributed on the basis of ascribed statuses.
Ideology
a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies some social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a social group or by a society.
ideology
a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society (m)
ideology
a system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is an _____ (mc)
criminal-justice system
a system of police, courts, and corrections.
religion
a system of roles and norms organized around the sacred realm that binds people together in social groups.
education
a system of roles and norms that ensures the transmission of knowledge, values, and patterns of behavior from one generation to the next.
political institution
a system of roles and norms that governs the distribution and exercise of power in society.
98% of the homes in the United States have _________________.
a television
novice phase
a term proposed by Daniel Levinson and his colleagues for the first three stages of the early adulthood era.
control theory
a theory of deviant behavior in which deviance is seen as natural occurrences and conformity is seen as the result of social control.
strain theory
a theory of deviant behavior that views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.
world-system theory
a theory of modernization by Immanuel Wallerstein, in which the spread of capitalism is seen as producing an international division of labor between more-developed and less-developed nations. According to this view, the more-developed nations control the factors of production and the less-developed nations serve as sources of cheap labor and raw materials.
modernization theory
a theory of modernization that argues that the more-developed nations of the world were the first to modernize because they were the first to industrialize.
labeling theory
a theory that focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.
exchange theory
a theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.
relative deprivation theory
a theory that states that certain people have a lesser portion of social rewards compared to other people or groups.
cultural transmission theory
a theory that views deviance as a learned behavior transmitted through interaction with others.
Arbitration
a third party makes a decision that is binding on both parties (you can't change it)
tria
a three-person group.
sensate culture
a type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change in which people seek knowledge through science.
idealistic culture
a type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change that combines both ideational and sensate characteristics.
authoritarianism
a type of government in which power rests firmly with the state.
constitutional monarchy
a type of government in which the ruler, or monarch, is nothing more than the symbolic head of state. Constitutional monarchies are considered democratic because the ultimate power rests with elected officials.
revolutionary movements
a type of social movement, the goal of which is a total and radical change of the existing social structure.
false
a vested interest is a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential (tf)
evolutionary theory of social change
a view of social change in which change is seen as a process that moves toward increasing complexity.
sociological perspective *
a viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way
social network
a web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individual's interactions with other people.
2. A state of balance between cooperation and conflict is
accommodation. C.
7. Forms include compromise, truce, or mediation.
accomodation
Uniformity
across production lines results in uniform products
role performance
actual behavior of a person perfoming a role
fertility
actual number of births per 1,000 women of childbearing age in a population.
What is the period between normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood called?
adolescence
Specific individuals, groups, and institutions that enable socialization to take place are:
agents of socialization
4. When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)
aggregate. B.
6. When people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction, they form a(n)
aggregate. B.
3. Society where animals are used to help food production.
agricultural society
What is the most widely used illegal drug among high school seniors?
alcohol
1. Which of the following are examples of achieved statuses?
all of the above D.
culture
all the shared products of human groups;These products include both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by a group.
social change
alterations in various aspects of a society over time.
charter schools
alternative schools which are funded by public money but are privately owned.
positive sanction
an action that rewards a particular kind of behavior (m)
urban ecology
an approach that examines the relationship between people and the urban environment.
dictatorship
an authoritarian type of government in which power is in the hands of a single individual.
absolute monarchy
an authoritarian type of government in which the hereditary ruler holds absolute power.
capitalism
an economic model in which the factors of production are owned by individuals and that is regulated by the forces of profit and competition.
socialism
an economic model in which the factors of production are owned by the government, which regulates all economic activity.
homeschooling
an education system in which a child's main education is undertaken by parents at home.
ritual
an established pattern of behavior through which a group of believers experience the sacred.
theory
an explanation of the relationships among particular phenomena
Narcissism
an extreme self-centeredness.
A system of beliefs or ideas that justifies the social, moral, religious, political, or economic interests held by a group or by society is
an ideology.
culture trait
an individual tool, act, or belief that is related to a particular situation or need.
exchange
an individual, group, or societal interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions.
false
an informal sanction is a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency (tf)
competition
an interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain.
cooperation
an interaction that occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people.
socialization
an interactive process through which individuals learn the basic skills, values, beliefs, and behavior patterns of society.
alzheimers disease
an organic condition that results in the progressive destruction of brain cells.
propaganda
an organized and deliberate attempt to shape public opinion.
stereotype
an oversimplified, exaggerated, or unfavorable generalization about a category of people
social inequality
an unequal sharing of social rewards and resources.
prejudice
an unsupported generalization about a category of people
migration rate
annual difference between in-migration and out-migration.
Learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that role in the future:
anticipatory socialization
crime
any act that is labeled as such by those in authority is prohibited by law and is punishable by govt
In-Groups
any group that a person belongs to and identifies with
out group
any group that an individual does not belong to or identify with
Out-Groups
any group that the person does not belong to or identify with
reference group
any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they often adopt
drug
any substance that changes mood, behavior, or consciousness.
symbols
anything that carries meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
symbol
anything that represents something else
symbol
anything that stands for something else and has a shared meaning attached to it. Language, gestures, images, sounds, physical objects, events, and elements of the natural world can serve as symbols as long as people recognize that they convey a particular meaning.
symbol
anything that stands for something else.
generalized other
are Internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society that we use to guide our behavior and reinforce our sense of self.
leaders
are people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others.
Operations
are performed to specific guidelines that maximize efficiency
Sanctions
are rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms
folkways
are the common customs of everyday life;norms that do no have great moral significance attached to them.
norms
are the shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations
Role Expectations
are the socially determined behaviors expected of a person with a particular status
feral children
are wild or untamed children.
3. The exchange of a good or service is
barter. B.
kinship systems (property and descent and place of residence)
Property and descent Kinship systems shape the distribution of property in society by prescribing how lines of descent are determined. In patrilineal kinship systems, family lineage is traced through the family of the father. Inheritance is passed down through father's line. Matrilineal kinship systems are those in which ancestry is traced through the mother. Inheritance is passed down through mother's line. In bilateral kinship systems, descent is traced both through the father and the mother. place of residence: In patrilocal kinship systems, after marriage, a woman is separated from her own kinship group and resides with the husband or his kinship group. In matrilocal kinship systems, a woman continues to live with her family of origin. Neolocal residence is the practice of the new couple establishing their own residence. In the United States, newly married couples are expected to establish independent households.
false
Psychology is the social science that studies human society and social behavior t/f
Role-taking
Referred to by Mead as the internalized attitudes, expectations, and viewpoints of society
Pastoral Societies
Rely on domestic animals Lead on a nomadic life Fewer people produce food Complex division of labor Produce some items for sale
recidivism
Repeated criminal behavior.
opinion leaders
Respected individuals in the community.
true
Robin M. Williams analyzed American values and identified a set of values that are central to the American way of life (tf)
The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.
Role
true
Role conflict occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status t/f
Expected behaviors ex) Police are expected to hold up the law
Role expectations
The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called
Role expectations
Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status.
Role strain
4 million teenagers are infected each year:
STDs
aptitude
is the capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge.
social integration
is the degree of attachment people have to social groups or to society.
Technology
is the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment.
What are new values in the United States that might be grouped under the term self fulfillment, a commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents, and potential?
leisure, physical fitness, and youthfulness
stigma
mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society
7. One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)
master status. C.
deviance
may be applied to: -A behavior -A physical condition -A type of person
A system in which success is based on hard work and natural talent is known as a
meritocracy
social structure
network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction
secondary deviance
nonconformity that results in the individuals who commit acts of primary deviance being labeled as deviant and accepting that label as true.
primary deviance
nonconformity undetected by authority in which the individuals who commit deviant acts do not consider themselves to be deviant, and neither does society.
true
not all culture traits change at the same rate, as is indicated by cultural lag (tf)
mortality
number of deaths in a society.
population
number of people living in an area at a particular time.
doubling time
number of years necessary for a population to double in size, given its current rate of growth.
Role Strain
occurs when a person has difficulty fulfilling the role of one status
Role Conflict
occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status interferes with a second status
role conflict
occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status makes it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status.
Exchange
occurs when people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions can be tangible or intangible
Competition
occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attainn common in Western societies -can lead to psychological stress, a lack of cooperation, and conflict
Cooperation
occurs when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person, a social process that gets things done may be used along with competition to motivate members to work harder for the group
competition
occurs when two or more persons or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
cooperation
occurs when two or more persons or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people
Ethnocentrism is Vested interests are Cultural lag is
one of the reasons that people resist cultural change.
A group can be a
one-time meeting or a lifetime Interaction is not continuous; there are breaks
6. Impersonal relationships are due to job specialization.
organic solidarity
3. Which term describes societies where increased job specialization forces members to depend on one another for aspects of their survival?
organic solidarity A.
resource mobilization
organization and effective use of resources as essential to social movements.
Economic Institution
organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
Advertising influences all of the following except
our individualism
logical v emotional
our opinions are influenced by the experts who are both experts and trustworthy
slavery
ownership of one group of people by another group.
Calling all people from the continent of Asia "Asian" is an example of a
panethnic label
Mediation
calling in a third party who guides the two parties toward an agreement
evidence v example
can be increase if he argues a position apparently opposed to his or her self interest
race
catergory of ppl who share inherited physical characteristics and who are percieved by others as being a distinct group
cultural universals
certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society and are common to all cultures
7. Which of the following is not a form of accommodation?
control B.
Pros of McDonaldization
convinent, familiar
2. What alternatives does Tannen offer to the argument culture?
cooperation and agreement B.
What is a social interaction with the express purpose of eventual marriage?
courtship
source of communication
credibility, increasing trustworthiness, attractiveness
white collar crime
crime committed by an individual or group of high social status in the course of their professional lives
white-collar crime
crime that is committed by an individual or individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives.
feral children point strongly to the conclusion that our personality comes from our:
cultural environment
While race tends to refer to physical characteristics, ethnicity refers to ________.
cultural heritage
Family socialization tends to be focused on teaching ******
cultural values and norms
What is considered the severest sanction?
death
Socialization can be both _____________ and/or ________________.
deliberate; unintended
Role Set
different roles associated with a particular status
When prejudices become unfair treatment it is now
discrimination
institutionalized discrimination
discrimination that is an outgrowth of the structure of society.
legal discrimination
discrimination that is upheld by law.
What is any substance that changes mood, behavior, or consciousness?
drug
4. A place where people interact with one another regularly on the Internet.
e-community
Compromise
each party gives up something they want in order to come to an agreement
Teen pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and less likely to finish high school are all consequences of:
early sexual activity
3. All of the following are types of societies except
economic. B.
genocide
extermination aimed at intentionally destroying an entire targeted population.
genocide
extermination aimed at the intentionallydestroying an entire population
narcissism
extreme self-centerdness (m)
true
extreme self-centerdness is referred to as narcissism (tf)
Peer group socialization is the same as family socialization.
f
Significant others are individuals that are not of any significance to help form our socialization
f
Tabula Rasa theory believes that individuals are born with some personality
f
The family is the least important agent of socialization in almost every society.
f
The looking-glass self refers to the non-active process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.
f
According to our lecture, sex and gender are two words that describe the same thing.
false
Matrilineal kinship systems are those in which ancestry is traced through the father. Inheritance is passed down through father's line.
false
When defining a behavior as deviant, social context does not matter.
false
dual-earner families
families in which both husband and wife have jobs.
The most important agent of socialization in almost every society is the
family
Composition of kinship systems is virtually the same thing as
family composition
Theoretical perspectives on families
feminist theory-Reflect the gender hierarchies in society. symbolic interaction-Emerge so people can meet basic needs and develop relationships. Functionalism-Meet the need to socialize children and reproduce new members of society. Conflict theory-Reinforce and support power relations in society.
Expressive Leaders
find ways to keep the group together and to maintain morale
folkways
focus on common customs of everyday life
interactionist perspective
focuses on everyday social interaction among individuals rather than on large societal structures such as politics and education
lableing theory
focuses on how individuals come to be labeled as deviant.
functionalist perspective
focuses on society as a set of interelated parts that work together to produce a stable social system. assumes society is held together through consensus
In a preindustrial society what is the main economic activity
food production
true
for most Americans, individual effort is the key to personal achievement (tf)
polygyny
form of polygamy in which the man is permitted to marry more than one woman at time.
5. Large secondary group formed to achieve specific goals.
formal organization
Groups
foundation of social life. Thy differ in terms of size, life, organization, and purpose.
comte
founder of sociology. social order and change
Socially constructed expectations for men and women are
gender roles
The process through which gender roles are learned is known as
gender socialization
4. A set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who possess some degree of common identity.
group
secondary group
group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature
society
group of people sharing a common culture and unity.
Formal Group
has clearly defined structure, goals, and activities
Informal Group
has no official structure or rules of conduct
Electronic Communities
have arisen with arrival of internet some reflect with primary-group dynamics
mores
have great moral significance attached to them; violation of ___endangers the well-being and stability of society.
Preindustrial Societies
held together by mechanical solidarity
Industrial Societies
held together by organic solidarity
Instrumental Leader
help find specific means that will help the group reach its goals
personality and social behavior can be determined by:
heredity, instinct, and nature
A spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or a group.
informal sanction
_____________ can be defined as established laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these practices have racist intentions.
institutional racism
spencer
interdependent parts
The process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations.
internalization
Rationality
involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control (Industrialization has increased the degree of rationalism in our society)
5. The tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people.
iron law of oligarchy
Bureaucracy
is a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures (They existed in ancient Egypt and China, but rose to prominence during the Industrial Revolution)
bureaucracy
is a ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.
Social Institution
is a system of statuses and roles organized to satisfy one or more of society's basic needs
Achieved Status
is acquired through a person's direct efforts, such as education
Ascribed Status
is assigned according to qualities beyond a person's controls, such as age
positivist perspective ( one of two major sociological perspectives on deviance)
is deviance real: Yes Positivists study "actual" deviance Accept common definitions What distinguishes deviants from non-deviants? Biological, psychological, & sociological factors Positivist perspective: statistical absolutist normative/relative
Role Performance
is the actual behaviors of a person with a particular status. They may or may not be the expected behaviors
3. Society that lives a nomadic life and relies on domesticated animals.
pastoral society
young-old
people aged 65 to 74.
middle-old
people aged 75 to 84.
old-old
people aged 85 and older.
Social Categories
people with a shared trait or status who do not interact with each other
Traditional American values
personal achievement, equality & democracy,freedom,work,morality, progress & material comfort, efficiency & practicality, self fulfillment
most Social Scientists assume
personality and social behavior resulting from a blending of hereditary and social environmental influences.
material culture
physical objects that people create to form a groups _____culture
4. A small group of people who interact over a relatively long period of time on a direct and personal basis.
primary group
state
primary political authority in society.
modernization
process by which a society's social institutions become increasingly complex as the society moves toward industrialization.
Religion
provides a shared, collective explanation of the meaning of life (what life means to you)
negative sanctions
punishments suchs as jail times, tickets
the principle of Verstehen
putting yourself in the place of others and trying to see situations through their eyes
_______________ is subtle uneasiness, discomfort, or fear around other groups.
quiet racism
___________ is the privilege of "having no color" or of being the "default race".
racial transparency
What did we define as "The belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups so different in their social behavior and mental and physical capacities that they can be ranked as superior or inferior"?
racism
laws
range from simple folkways to very strict mores;a written rule of conduct that is enacted and enforced by the government
5. Features of human behavior subjected to control and measurement.
rationality
6. An example of a weakness in bureaucracies.
red tape
7. A complaint about bureaucracies is the ________ often involved in dealing with them.
red tape C.
spiral of silence
refers to a belief that as more people accept common opinions the people who disagree are less likely to voice their views.
egalitarian
refers to a family in which the mother and father share power.
society
refers to a group of mutually interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and have a feeling of unity.
polygamy
refers to a marriage with multiple partners.
me
refers to a part of the identity that is aware of the expectations and attitudes of society; the socialized self.
zero tolerance
refers to a set of policies created to prevent school violence.
Cultural Lag
refers to a situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture.
Sociological perspective
refers to a viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way.
nonmaterial culture
refers to abstract human creations, such as language, ideas, beliefs, rules, skills, family patterns, work practices, and political and economic systems.
labor force
refers to all individuals 16 and older who are employed in paid positions or who are seeking paid employment.
Verstehen
refers to an empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions.
Manifest function
refers to an intended and recognized consequence of some element of society.
instinct
refers to an unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern.
crime
refers to any act that is labeled as such by those in authority, is prohibited by law, and is punishable by the government.
profane
refers to anything considered to be part of the ordinary world and thus commonplace and familiar.
sacred
refers to anything that is considered to be part of the supernatural world and that inspires awe, respect, and reverence.
mechanical solidarity
refers to close-knit social relationships common in pre-industrial societies that result when a small group of people share the same values and perform the same tasks.
organic solidarity
refers to impersonal social relationships, common in industrial societies, that arise with increased job specialization.
schooling
refers to instruction by specially trained teachers who follow officially recognized policies.
mass media
refers to newspapers, magazines, books, television, radio, films, and other forms of communication that reach large audiences without personal contact between the individuals sending the information and those receiving it.
material culture
refers to physical objects created by human groups. Sociologists and anthropologists use the term artifacts to refer to the physical objects of material culture.
culture
refers to shared products of human groups, including both physical objects and the beliefs, values, and behaviors shared by the group.
social capital
refers to social networks and the reciprocal norms associated with these networks that encourage people to do things for each other.
division of labor
refers to specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities.
gender
refers to the behavioral and psychological traits considered appropriate for men and women.
self
refers to the conscious awareness of possessing a distinct identity that separates us from other members of society.
looking-glass self
refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others.
glass ceiling
refers to the invisible barrier that prevents women from gaining upper-level positions in business.
wage gap
refers to the level of women's income relative to that of men.
Dysfunctional
refers to the negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system.
second shift
refers to the phenomenon of individuals having to complete household duties after working away from home.
segregation
refers to the physical separation of a minority group from the dominant group.
matthew effect
refers to the tendency for honors and recognition to go to those scientists who have already achieved recognition. On the other hand, they tend to be withheld from scientists who have not yet made their mark.
social sciences
related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior
social sciences
related disciplines that study various aspects of human social behavior.
collective behavior
relatively spontaneous social behavior that occurs when people try to develop common solutions to unclear situations.
Cons of McDonaldization
removal of human aspect, no room for innovation, reduction of face-to face interactions
recidivism
repeated criminal behavior
Bourgeoisie
represent the wealthy that use the workers
Proletariat
represent workers
factors of production
resources that can be used to produce and distribute goods and services
prestige
respect, honor, recognition, or courtesy an individual receives from other members of society.
sanctions
rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms
positive sanctions
rewards,things like smiles, financial rewards, and praise.
1. The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.
role
6. The behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status.
role
1. The socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called
role expectations. D.
1. Occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status.
role strain
scientific method
s an objective, logical, and systematic way of collecting empirical data and arriving at conclusions.
corrections
sanctions - such as imprisonment, parole, and probation - used to punish criminals.
demography
scientific study of populations.
7. A group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature.
secondary group
control theory
see deviance as a natural occurrence and conformity as the result of social control
Major data sources for investigating crime trends can be classified as
self-report, official, and victimization data
ethnicity
set of cultural characterisitcs that distinguish one group from another
_______ refers to biological identity while _______ refers to learned behaviors associated with sex.
sex; gender
values
shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.
values
shared beliefs about what is good/bad, right/wrong, desirable/undesirable.
norms
shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.
norms
shared rules of conduct;expectations
cultural lag
situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture (m)
role strain
situation that occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the expectations of a single role
In 2012, 90% of U.S. media was controlled by
six media conglomerates
primary group
small group of ppl who interact over a relativity long period of time ona direct and personal basis
6. A ____ is simply a means of classifying people according to a shared trait or a common status.
social category B.
narcissism
social historian Christopher Lasch described an emphasis on personal fulfillment as a personality disorder. He termed this extreme self-centerdness ____ (mc)
7. Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)
social institution. B.
reactionary movements
social movement with a goal to reverse current social trends.
revisionary movements
social movements that try to improve or revise some part of society through social change.
conservative movements
social movements that try to protect from change what they see as society's prevailing values.
6. Group without clear boundaries or common identity.
social network
d
social order
learning basic skills, behavior patterns of society, and values and beliefs are 3 processes of:
socialization
Families reproduce society biologically, but families also reproduce society ____________ through the socialization of children.
socially
role expectations
socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role are called role
James M. Henslin
sociologist that suggested that values such as education might be considered core values (m)
sanctions
some people are motivated by ____, rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms (mc)
vested interest
someone is said to have a ____ _____ is they resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living (mc)
mentor
someone who fosters an individual's development by believing in the person, sharing the person's dreams, and helping the person achieve those dreams.
Competition
sometimes considered basis of capitalism and democracy
gender roles
specific behaviors and attitudes that a society establishes for men and women.
agents of socialization
specific individuals, groups, and institutions that provide the situations in which socialization can occur.
significant others
specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, and other relatives, who have a direct influence on our socialization.
5. In a bureaucracy, what is employment typically based on?
specific qualifications D.
knowledge-gap hypothesis
states that as new information enters society, wealthy and better-educated members acquire it at a faster rate than poor and less-educated people.
resource-mobilization theory
states that even the most ill-treated group with the most just cause will not be able to bring about change without resources.
Which definition of deviance states that anything that is too far from normal is deviant regardless of whether it is negative evaluated by society?
statistical definiton
1. A socially defined position in a group or in society.
status
6. A socially defined position in a group or in society.
status
ascribed status
status that is assigned according to standards that are beyond a person's control is called a
achieved status
status that is obtained by an individual on the basis of some special skill, knowledge, or ability is called a
master status
status that plays the greatest role in shaping a persons life and determining his or her social identity
Overgeneralized beliefs that a certain trait, behavior, or attitude characterizes all members of some identifiable group are known as
stereotypes
urban legends
stories that are untrue but that seem realistic and teach a lesson.
mores
strong moral significance
Deborah Tannen, a professor of linguistics
studied whether one form of interaction dominates American culture. suggested that Americans live in an argument culture.
criminologist
study of crime
Sociologist categorize societies according to
subsistence strategies, or the ways societies use technology to meet the needs of their members
6. A ____ is the way society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.
subsistence strategy D.
cultural pluralism
switzerland because it recongnizes for four languages
true
symbolic interaction is where interactionists focus on how people use symbols when interacting
theory
systematic explanation of the relationship among phenomena
In the United States, the primary agents of socialization include the family, the peer group, the school, and the mass media
t
Resocialization is directed toward changing an individual's personality and social behavior
t
Total institutions are primarily concerned with resocializing their members to help them learn new values and norms
t
this theory that insists that each of us is born without a personality and we acquire our personality as a result of social experiences is known as:
tabula rasa
role-taking
taking or pretending to take the role of others.
Alcohol and drug use, age and gender, and family relations are some of the factors that affect:
teenage suicide
Truce
temporarily brings a halt to the competition or conflict until a compromise can be reached
Competition and Conflict
tend to lead to encourage social change
Exchange, Cooperation ,and Accommodation
tend to stabilize the social structure
ethnocentrism
tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups.
The theory that refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others is known as
the Looking-glass self.
The most frequently used type of victimization data is
the NCVS
5. Which of the following does the statement, "People are promoted into positions they are not qualified to perform" relate to ?
the Peter Principle B.
6. Which of the following does the statement, "People are promoted into positions they are not qualified to perform" relate to ?
the Peter Principle B.
power
the ability to control the behavior of others, with or without their consent.
Sociological imagination
the ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives.
external debt
the amount owed to foreign individuals, organizations, companies, and governments
agenda setting
the argument that the media sets the boundaries of public debate by deciding which issues will receive coverage and which will not.
tracking
the assignment of students to different types of educational programs
gender identity
the awareness of being masculine or feminine as those traits are defined by culture.
role
the behavior expected of someone occupying a particular status
Role
the behavior, or the rights and obligations attached to a status
attitude of cultural relativism
the belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture
sexism
the belief that one sex is by nature superior to the other.
racism
the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethnic
racism
the belief that one's own race or ethnic group is naturally superior to other races or ethnic groups.
assimilation
the blending of culturally distinct groups into a single group with a common culture or identity.
social psychology
the branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole
resocialization
the breaking with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms
life structure
the combination of statuses, roles, activities, goals, values, beliefs, and life circumstances that characterize an individual.
anthropology
the comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures Group behavior in advanced societies. Studying cultural traits of neighborhoods in large cities
Anthropology
the comparative study of various aspects of past and present cultures.
urbanization
the concentration of the population in cities.
3. Urbanization is
the concentration of the population in cities. D.
function
the consequence that an element of society produces for the maintenance of its social system
Conflict
the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person has few rules of accepted conduct can reinforce group boundaries and loyalty
conflict
the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person.
2. Conflict is
the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person. A.
6. Conflict is
the deliberate attempt to control a person by force, to oppose someone, or to harm another person. A.
conflict
the deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, harm, or resist the will of another person or persons
discrimination
the denial of equal treatment to individuals based on their group membership.
5. The specialization by individuals or groups in the performance of specific economic activities is
the division of labor. A.
political science
the examination of the organization and operation of governments voting patterns and political groups
police discretion
the fact that police can choose when and when not to give tickets and punishment based on their own judgement
The most important agents of socialization in the Unites States are:
the family, peer group, school, and mass media
early adulthood
the first era of adulthood, spanning ages 17 through 39.
digital divide
the gap between those with access to new technologies and those without.
Reciprocity
the idea that if you do something for someone then that person owes you something in return.
7. Reciprocity is
the idea that if you do something for someone then that person owes you something in return. B.
Reciprocity
the idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return, basis of exchange interactions
reciprocity
the idea that if you do something for someone, they owe you something in return.
media convergence
the idea that mass media are merging and are no longer separate entities.
Exchange Theory
the idea that people are motivated by self-interest in their interactions with other people, the idea that rewarded behavior is repeated
religiosity
the importance of religion in a person's life.
symbolic interaction
the interaction between people that takes place through the use of symbols.
technology
the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment (m)
true
the knowledge and tools that people use to manipulate their environment are called technology (tf)
anticipatory socialization
the learning of rights, obligations, and expectations of a role in preparation for assuming that role at a future date.
true
the long history of immigration has influenced American culture (tf)
the theory that refers to the interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others is known as:
the looking-glass self
subjugation
the maintaining of control over a group through force.
monogamy
the marriage of one man to one woman.
gatekeepers
the media executives, editors, or reporters who can open or close the "gate" on a particular news story.
totalitarianism
the most extreme form of authoritarian government, in which government leaders accept few limits on their authority.
The Family
the most universal social institution, takes responsibility for raising the young and teaching them accepted norms and value
social structure
the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guides human interaction
dependency ratio
the number of workers for each person receiving Social Security benefits.
Master Status
the one that plays the greatest role in a person's life, it can be ascribed or achieved
adolescence
the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of adulthood.
graying of america
the phenomenon of the growing percentage of elderly Americans as part of the total U.S. population.
puberty
the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction.
segregation
the physical separation of a minority group from the dominant group.
Function
the positive consequence an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system.
police discretion
the power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested.
racial profiling
the practice of assuming non white americans are more likely to comming crimes than white Americans
barter
the practice of exchanging one good for another.
racial profiling
the practice of focusing criminal investigations on a person or group of people based on their race.
Exogamy
the practice of selecting mates from outside one's group.
Internalization
the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thereby conditioning the individual to conform to society's expectations. Save and Exit
internalization
the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality, thus conditioning that individual to conform to society's expectations (m)
reformulation
the process of adapting borrowed cultural traits (m)
Reformulation
the process of adapting borrowed cultural traits.
plea bargaining
the process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence
diffusion
the process of spreading culture traits from one society to another (m)
rationality
the process of subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control.
Role Exit
the process people go through to detach from a role that was previously central to their social identity
science
the pursuit of knowledge through systematic methods.
social stratification
the ranking of individuals or categories of people on the basis of unequal access to scarce resources and social rewards.
emotional contagion
the rapid transmission of emotions or behaviors through a crowd
manifest function
the recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern,
suffrage
the right to vote.
the theory that refers to seeing ourselves as others see us in addition to taking on or pretending to take on the roles of others is known as:
the role-taking theory
According to Marx, in every era, the most influential ideas are the ideas of ____________.
the ruling class
corrections
the sanctions that are used to punish criminals
Psychology
the science that deals with the behavior and thinking of individuals.
sociology
the science that studies human society and social behavior
gerontology
the scientific study of the processes and phenomena of aging.
middle adulthood
the second era of adulthood, spanning the ages of 40 through 59.
cultural lag
the situation called in which some aspects of a culture change less rapidly than other aspects of the same culture
Informal Sanction
the spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or individuals.
Diffusion
the spread of cultural traits - ideas, acts, beliefs, and material objects - from one society to another.
diffusion
the spreading of culture traits from one society to another
Accommodation
the state of balance between cooperation and conflict
accommodation
the state of balance between cooperation and conflict.
Social psychology
the study of how an individual's behavior and personality are affected by the social environment.
social psychology
the study of how the social environment affects an individual's behavior and personality
Political science
the study of organization and operation of governments.
History
the study of past events.
Economics
the study of the choices people make in an effort to satisfy their wants and needs.
personality
the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.
Political Institution
the system of norms that governs the exercise and distribution of power in society
criminal justice system
the system of police, courts, and corrections
sociobiology
the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior
heterogamy
the tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics different from their own.
homogamy
the tendency for individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own.
ethnocentrism
the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others (m)
elaboration likelihood model
the theory that there are two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change
late adulthood
the third and last era of adulthood, spanning ages 65 and over.
hidden curriculum
the transmission by schools of cultural goals that are not openly acknowledged.
heredity
the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children
heredity
the transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children.
alternative medicine
the treating of illnesses with unconventional methods such as acupuncture, biofeedback, massage, meditation, yoga, herbal remedies, and relaxation techniques.
false
the two basic means through which norms are enforced are values and beliefs (tf)
Latent function
the unintended and unrecognized consequence of some element of society.
i
the unsocialized, spontaneous, self-interested component of the personality and self-identity.
managed care
the use of health-insurance plans to help control health care costs.
terrorism
the use of threatened or actual violence in the pursuit of political goals.
protectionism
the use of trade barriers to protect domestic manufacturers from foreign competition.
Social Networks
the web of relationships across groups that occurs because of the many groups people belong to no clear boundaries
strain theory
theory of deviant behavior that views of deviance as the natural growth of the values, norms, and structure of society
cultural transmission theory
theory views deviance as a learned behavior
Someone is said to have a vested interest if
they resist any change that threatens their security or standard of living
Triad
three people
As children grow older and into adolescence, peer groups become increasingly influential agents of socialization.
true
As we grow older, significant others become more important.
true
Gender is not the same as biological sex.
true
In patrilineal kinship systems, family lineage is traced through the family of the father. Inheritance is passed down through father's line.
true
Role-taking forms the basis of the socialization process by allowing us to anticipate what others expect of us, thus learning to see ourselves through the eyes of others.
true
Self-fulfillment is associated with the development of one's health and leisure habits
true
Sociology treats race as a social construct.
true
When defining a behavior as deviant, the situation matters.
true
When defining a behavior as deviant, who you are matters.
true
Dyad
two people
ideational culture
type of culture in Pitirim Sorokin's cyclical theory of social change in which people seek truth and knowledge through faith or religion.
monarchy
type of government in which one person rules. In a monarchy, the ruler comes to power through inheritance.
democracy
type of government in which power is exercised through the people.
hunting and gathering societies
types of societies characterized by the daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals as the main form of subsistence.
instinct
unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern that is most often applied to animal behavior.
latent function
unintended and unrecognized consequencess of some element of society
The "hidden curriculum" or the "unwritten curriculum" are terms that represent the unwritten, unofficial, values and perspectives that students learn in school as a form of
unintended socialization
terrorism
use of threatened or actual violence in the pursuit of political goals
Define Boundaries
use of uniforms, gestures, handshakes, or language
What are six factors that stimulate social change?
values and beliefs, technology, population, diffusion, the physical environment, and wars and conquests
Having a(n) _____ in the status quo can cause a person to become resistant to change
vested interest
subsistence strategies
ways in which a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members.
techniques of neutralization
ways of suspending moral beliefs to commit deviant acts.
5. Is dominance by small groups seen as a strength or weakness of a bureaucracy?
weakness B.
technology
what sociologists sometimes refer to as the combination of objects and rules
laws
written laws of conduct enforced by government
language
written or spoken symbols organized into a communication system.
What are 5 characteristics of adolescence?
• Biological growth and development • Undefined status • Increased decision making • Increased pressure • The search for self
What are 3 important functions of dating?
• Form of entertainment • Being a mechanism for socialization • Meeting basic psychological needs
in the United States, three primary agents of socialization include:
• family and peer groups • school • mass media
what are 4 principal factors that social scientists see influencing personality and behavior?
• heredity • birth order • parents • cultural environment
List 5 different types of drugs:
• medicine • alcohol • cigarettes • marijuana • heroin
Early sexual activity is influenced by 3 factors:
• social and economic factors • subcultural factors • religious participation
zero population growth
point at which nearly equal birthrates and death rates produce a growth rate of zero.
false
political science is the study of past events t/f
_______________ is the practice of a woman having more than one husband.
polyandry
______________ is the practice of men or women having multiple marriage partners.
polygamy
Polygamy usually involves _____________, one man having more than one wife.
polygyny
function
positive consequence, an element of society has for the maintanence of the social system
An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior.
positive sanction
What are the different types of sanctions?
positive sanctions, negative sanctions, formal sanctions, and informal sanctions
3. Society that places emphasis on the roles of science and education.
postindustrial society
3. All of the following are examples of preindustrial societies except
postindustrial. D.
What are the 3 broad categories... which are
preindustrial, industrial, and postindustrial
agricultural society
Society where animals are used to help food production.
Achieved status
- Acquired through one's efforts or special skills - Athlete, parent, high school graduate, nurse
Personality may be influenced by:
- Birth order - Characteristics of parents
Ascribed status
- Not based on abilities or accomplishments - Teenager, daughter, one's heritage - Assigned according to quantities beyond one's control
Master status
- Strongly connected to one's social identity - Can be achieved or ascribed - Sports figure, doctor, professor
Kinship Categorization
-Composition -Marriage Patterns -Residence -Descent -Authority
crime
Crime is a type of deviant behavior, but not all deviant behavior would be called crime. Deviance becomes crime when it is designated by the institutions of society as violating such a law or laws. Criminology is the study of crime from a scientific perspective. Personal crimes - murder, aggravated assault, rape, robbery Property crimes - burglary, larceny, auto theft, arson Victimless crimes - gambling, illegal drug use, prostitution Hate crimes - assaults and other malicious acts motivated by bias white collar or elite crime: Examples: embezzlement, insider trading, tax evasion In terms of dollars, white-collar crime is much more consequential for society than street crimes. organized crime: Crime committed by organized groups, typically involving the provision of illegal goods and services to others. Organized crime syndicates include any group that exercises control over large illegal enterprises, such as the drug trade, illegal gambling, prostitution or weapons smuggling. These industries are organized in the same kind of hierarchy as legitimate businesses.
True
Criminologist Edwin Sutherland developed the idea of subcultures in the 1920s (t/f)
Certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs of society are common to all cultures
Cultural universals are (mc)
Culture patterns
Culture complexes combine to form larger levels called (mc)
True
Culture consists of all the shared products of human groups (t/f)
true
Culture consists of all the shared products of human groups t/f
Reciprocal roles
Defines the patterns of interaction between related statuses Doctor-patient, Athlete-coach
Deliberate and unintended socialization
Deliberate socialization: Intended socialization activities. Ex., father teaching children about the importance of telling the truth. Unintended socialization: Can have an even greater effect on children than deliberate attempts at socialization. Ex., father lies sometimes when it is more convenient than telling the truth. Keeley: Socialization Kerry, Keeley's mom, is getting ready for work. She stands in front of the mirror and spends a long time putting on makeup. Keeley is sitting near her on the floor playing, but she mostly watches her mom's makeup routine. Then Kerry fixes her hair, pushing it over her ears a certain way and checking her reflection in the mirror frequently. "It's your turn," she says to Keeley and she begins to brush Keeley's hair. "I want a French braid," Keeley says to her mom in a demanding tone. "Is that the way you ask for things?" her mom asks. Keeley gets quiet and says, "Mom, would you fix my hair in a French braid, please?" Her mom smiles and responds lovingly, and immediately starts forming the braid. Excerpt from Early Childhood Education: Birth - 8: The World of Children, Families, and Educators, by A. Driscoll, N.G. Nagel, 2008 edition, p. 175-176. What is the deliberate socialization (teaching)? What is the unintended socialization?
institutional racism (affirmative action)
Established laws, customs, and practices that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society, whether or not the individuals maintaining these practices have racist intentions Apartheid in South Africa, Jim Crow laws in the United States, internment of Japanese Americans in the United States "Red lining" in real estate and bank loans, real estate "steering," refusing to make deliveries in some neighborhoods Institutional racism becomes a vicious cycle—can't get a loan, can't start a business, can't prove capability, no change in credit score, can't get a loan, etc. affirmative action: remedy fot institutional racism: Designed to make sure that people who historically were excluded get a fair chance to participate NOT a quota system Not designed to allow unqualified people to get spots Designed to force employers and schools to look beyond the vestiges of legal racism (institutional racism) to find qualified candidates Legacies: affirmative action for wealthy (white) kids
The tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others
Ethnocentrism
True
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior (t/f)
racism
Experiences of racism: Native Americans Perceived as "savages" by European settlers, driven off of land Not until 1940 were Native Americans born in United States considered citizens Latino/as Diverse experiences, many different groups First Cuban immigrants welcomed (wealthy, most white) Mexicans in SW pushed off land and lost control of mining, ranching, and farming in many cases African Americans Direct and indirect influences of slavery Overt racism decreasing, but average quality of life still below whites Asian Americans Very diverse experiences by group Japanese and Chinese Americans perceived as "model minority": higher average earnings than U.S. population Often resented Muslim Americans Smaller ethnoracial group, yet still quite diverse in origin Southeast Asia North Africa Unfavorably viewed by many Anti-Islamic imagery common in the media Racism: The belief that humans are subdivided into distinct groups so different in their social behavior and mental and physical capacities that they can be ranked as superior or inferior (Marger, 1994) Can occur at Personal level Cultural level Institutional level
Extended Family
Extended families are the whole network of parents, children, and other relatives who form a family unit. Extended families are common among the urban poor because they develop a cooperative system of social and economic support.
A negative sanction rewards a particular kind of behavior. T F
F
An informal sanction is a reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency. T F
F
Charles Horton Cooley devised the Tabula Rasa theory.
F
Lack of interaction with social and cultural environments transforms people into members of society.
F
Not everyone internalizes all of society's norms, and some people must be motivated by self-fulfillment. T F
F
Our personalities are not influenced by whether or not we have brothers, sisters, both, or neither.
F
Tabula Rasa theory believes that individuals are born with some personality.
F
The two basic means through which norms are enforced are values and beliefs. T F
F
true
Society consists of people, and culture consists of the material and nonmaterial products that people create t/f
Feminist perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)
Feminist Perspective Gender stratification occurs when gender differences give men greater privilege and power over women, transgender and gender-non-conforming people. Feminist theory uses the conflict approach to examine the reinforcement of gender roles and inequalities, highlighting the role of patriarchy in maintaining the oppression of women. Feminism focuses on the theory of patriarchy as a system of power that organizes society into a complex of relationships based on the assertion of male supremacy. Feminist Perspective Intersectionality suggests that various forms of oppression-- such as racism, classism, and sexism-- are interrelated to form a system of oppression in which various forms of discrimination intersect. Intersectionality suggests that various biological, social, and cultural categories-- including gender, race, class, and ethnicity-- interact and contribute towards systematic social inequality. Therefore, various forms of oppression do not act independently but are interrelated. Patricia Hill Collins - "Matrix of Domination", cumulative disadvantage, and oppression
Exchange, Competition, Cooperation, Conflict, Accommodation
Five types of interaction that take place in societies throughout the world are
true
Folkways are norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them t/f
murder
Folkways include all of the following except
Murder
Folkways include all of the following except (mc)
accommodation
Forms include compromise, truce, or mediation
John Lofland
From the following list, who did NOT influence the field of sociology during its early years
Role conflict
Fulfillment of one role expectation conflicts with the expectation of another role Conflict between being a parent and a teacher
false
Gemeinschaft (community) and Gesellschaft (association) are the same type of society, according to Ferdinand Tonnies. t/f
true
Generation 2001's findings suggest that young Americans, like their parents, support the core values of American culture
Role-taking was developed by
George Herbert Mead
Role-taking was developed by
George Herbert Mead.
false
Groups have a common identity but not shared expectations. t/f
Peer groups
Groups patricuarly influential during pre teenage and early teen years; group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics
Horticultural Societies
Grow fruits and vegetables in garden plots Use slab-and-burn techniques Move to new plot when old becomes barren Build semipermanent or permanent villages Village size depends on amount of land for farming Division of labor creates specialized roles Economic and political Systems more developed because of the settled life
Family (in terms of agents of socialization)
Have you ever heard this? "You are just like your mother." "You are just like your father." "You are just like your sister." "You are just like your brother. The most important agent of socialization in almost every society. A family serves to reproduce society biologically, through procreation, and socially, through the socialization of children. Children first interact with other humans and learn the values, norms, and beliefs of society through their families. Socialization in a family setting can be both deliberate and unintended. The socialization process differs from family to family. Families come in all shapes and sizes (family size, family make-up [single parent], race, ethnicity, religion, geographic region). All these differences affect the way a family socializes its children. How so?
Emile Durkheim
He believed that sociologists should study only those aspects of society that are directly observable; He saw shared beliefs and values as the glue that holds society together
Max weber
He was interested more in groups within society than in the social whole
Charles Darwin
Herbert Spencer was strongly influenced by the views of ____, an evolutionist from the 1800s
Principal factors that social scientist see influencing personality and behavior are:
Heredity, birth order, parents, and the cultural environment
organic solidarity
Impersonal relationships are due to job specialization
specific qualifications
In a bureaucracy, what is employment typically based on
Mass Media
Influential agent of socialization that involves no face-to-face interaction. Mass Media: Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the information and those receiving it. Major forms of mass media are books, films, the Internet, magazines, newspapers, radio, and television. Television probably has the most influence on the socialization of children. 98 percent of homes in the United States have television sets, with an average of more than two sets per home. Most children watch an average of about 28 hours each week. Children learn through watching television. Some of the things they learn are beneficial; others are not. about the world and the ways of society occupations, for example, getting an idea about what a nurse does, what a doctor does, and how the two relate to each other. institutions of the society—what goes on in court, for example. language to go with these roles and settings Children also learn about current themes and issues, both from newscasts and dramas kidnapping, the homeless, diseases Children learn more than facts from television; they also get a good daily dose of stereotypes and a lot of misleading information about their world. Most of all, they get a big helping of violence and another of commercial advertising.
exchange
Interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward or a return for actions
Interactionist perspective (the Sociological perspectives on gender stratification)
Interactionist Perspective Scholars of interactionism study how individuals act within society and believe that meaning is produced through interactions. Gender is produced and reinforced through daily interactions and the use of symbols Gender stratification exists because people act toward each other on the basis of the meanings they have for each other, and that these meanings are derived from social interaction. According to Cooley's concept of the "looking-glass self," an individual's understanding of their gender role is based on how society perceives them. Thus, if society views a man as powerful, he will also perceive himself to be powerful. "Doing gender" is the notion that masculinity and feminity are performed gender identities. Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are.
Resocialization
Involved a break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms
constructionist perspective ( one of two major sociological perspectives on deviance)
Is deviance real: no labeling: The major interest of the social constructionist. This type of sociologist wants to know why some types of people are more prone to label certain other types of people as deviant and what are the consequences of that label. Constructionists study the labeling process and its effects on behavior They are interesting in why society labels some behaviors deviant but not others Why is marijuana illegal but not alcohol? Perspective: reactivist
false
Margaret Mead, in the 1940s, compiled a list of more than 65 cultural universals after examining hundreds of different cultures t/f
False
Margaret Mead, in the 1940s, complied a list of more than 65 cultural universals after examining hundreds of different cultures (t/f)
Marriage and Family
Marriage and Family are major institutions in any society. What is marriage?/What is family? These two institutions are closely related and are major parts of what Anthropologists call "kinship systems". Marriage is a legally recognized social contract between two people, traditionally based on a sexual relationship and implying a permanence of the union. In practicing cultural relativism, we should also consider variations Whether a legal union is required (think of "common law" marriage and its equivalents) Whether more than two people can be involved (consider polygamy). Whether spouses are of opposite sexes or the same sex Whether it is an expectation of marriage to produce/raise children
Marriage Patterns
Marriage systems can be categorized by: Number of Partners Who marries whom? Property and decent Place of residence Who has power?
Who holds power in marriage
Marriage systems vary according to who holds power in the marriage. A patriarchy is a society or group where men have power over women. In a matriarchy women hold power. In egalitarian societies men and women share power equally, are equally valued by all societal members, have equal access to resources, and share decision making.
Instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact between those sending the information and those receiving it is known as
Mass Media
One status tends to take rank above all others. This status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity is called a(n)
Master status
morality and humanitarianism
Match the value with the correct description. Belief in justice and equality
work
Match the value with the correct description. Disciplined effort
efficiency and practicality
Match the value with the correct description. Every problem has a solution
personal achievement
Match the value with the correct description. Working toward a specific goal
race vs ethnicity
Race is not distinguishable biologically from a single "race" gene—no universal genetic racial categories Race is socially constructed Race vs. ethnicity Race/biology: "The outward signs on which most definitions of race are based—such as skin color and hair texture—are dictated by a handful of genes. But the other genes of two people of the same "race" can be very different. Conversely, two people of different "races" can share more genetic similarity than two individuals of the same race (Page 80)." Race is socially constructed: Brazilians have three primary races (branco, preto, pardo) South Africa has four races (black, white, colored, Indian) Ghanaians refer to African Americans as "obruni" (white foreigner) Irish used to refer to anyone who isn't white as black Irish immigrants in the United States were once considered black Race vs ethnicity: Race tends to refer to physical characteristics that we apply socially to identify people Ethnicity has more to do with cultural associations For example, Hispanic or Latino people can be of any race
Having no color privilege (optional ethnicity and racial transparency )
Racial transparency: the privilege of having no color This can be hard to understand for members of the racial majority. Think people of color are obsessed with race. Whiteness is so obvious and normative that it is th default category. No energy need be spent on race relations to negotiate through everyday situations. Optional ethnicity Can be Irish only for St. Patrick's Day Can be Italian on spaghetti night
True
Society consisits of people, culture consists of the material and nonmaterial products that people create (t/f)
Silent Racism
Silent Racism: Passivity in Well-Meaning White People Some background: The perspective from which this author writes contends that sentiments against non-whites is pervasive in our society, and that no one is immune. Through socialization, all individuals are taught the that whites are more valuable, and our society operates under these assumptions. As such, every area of our society is based on racism and unless you are actively fighting against the status quo, you are taking part in the "broad white-racist worldview" (Feagin). "Silent Racism: Passivity in Well-Meaning White People" by Barbara Trepagnier (2010) Silent Racism: Unspoken negative thoughts, emotions, and assumptions about Black Americans that dwell in the minds of White Americans, including well-meaning Whites that care about racial equality, some of which are called "new abolitionists." Silent racism is not the same as "everyday racism" Everyday racism: Routine actions that go unquestioned by members of the dominant group, which in some way discriminate against members of a racial or ethnic category. Silent racism precedes everyday racism.
Singles
Single people today are 28% of the population. Men and women are marrying at a later age. Being single no longer holds the same stigma it once did, especially for women. Single women were once labeled "old maids". Now they have the image of being carefree, sexually active, unencumbered and free-thinking.
Cultural lag
Situation in which some aspects of the culture change less rapidly, or lag behind, other aspects of the same culture
true
Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon is a popular trivia game to see how people are connected to the famous actor. t/f
The network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction.
Social Structure
Enforcement of norms or shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations.
Social control
Following rules of behavior to help maintain order is part of
Social control
What is social control?
Social control is the enforcing of norms through either internal or external means.
Explain narcissism
Social historian Christopher Lasch considered the emphasis on personal fulfillment a personality disorder. He termed this disorder narcissism, which means extreme self-centeredness.
Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)
Social institution
System of statuses, roles, values, and norms that is organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society
Social institution
___________ promotes the recognition of ideologies.
Social movement
false
Social networks have clear boundaries t/f
cultural relativism
Social scientists who attempt to keep an open mind toward cultural variation adopt an attitude of cultural
Network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction. The basis for social interaction
Social structure
_________ provides society with lasting traits
Social structure
false
Social structure provides a society with temporary traits t/f
Traditional definition of family
Social unit of people related through marriage, birth, or adoption who reside together in sanctioned relationships, engage in economic cooperation, socially approved sexual relations, and reproduction and child rearing.
What is reformulation?
Societies often adapt the culture traits they borrow to suit their own particular needs
What is reformulation?
Societies often adapt the culture traits they borrow to suit their own particular needs. For example, many of the societies in Africa, Asia, and South America that have adopted Christianity have blended Christian beliefs with elements of their traditional religions. Sociologists refer to this process of adapting borrowed cultural traits as reformulation.
definitions of deviance
Statistical definition: Anything that varies too far from the average Assumes that what most people do is the correct way. Absolutist definition: Violation of values constitutes deviance. Assumes that everyone agrees on obvious, basic rules of society. It assumes that everyone knows how to act according to universally held values. Sometimes this absolutist view comes from the idea that deviance is something that does not allow someone to develop their innate potential, or fulfill the highest human values. functionalism: Functionalists believes that the label "deviant" should be applied to any behavior that they regard as bad for society, regardless of the frequency of its occurrence, or whether people disapprove of the act. alternative uses of absolutists: medical doctors: you either do or don't have a disease -Some suggest that the absolute values/norms come from the elite (powerful) in society according to their preferences and interests. (Conflict Theorists) -People who rely upon absolutist definitions sometimes refer to a higher power (maybe God) -People who don't believe or act like I do.. Reactivist: The deviant is someone who is so labeled by others. ... To whom the label has been successfully applied (Becker). -Reactivists reject the notion that deviance results from some innate quality of an act - they claim that this judgment depends exclusively on the reactions of the act's social audience. -In other words, sociologists who advocate this type of definition believe that it is impossible to define deviance using some type of objective criteria. Instead, they are interested in understanding the processes by which society and its members subjectively determine that certain people and behaviors are abnormal. Why is not deviant under reactivist definition? Someone who breaks a law, social norm, etc. and doesn't get caught. Normative / Relative Definition: A person or behavior is deviant if: 1) different and, 2) evaluated negatively or would likely be evaluated negatively if detected #2 is the important difference between a statistical and a normative definition Codified Norms - Norms become laws after the action of influential "moral entrepreneurs," who generate broad-based popular support for their positions. Problems with normative definition: "positive" deviance is "impossible" People may belong to multiple social groups at the same time. Some groups may evaluate certain behavior positively, while another group may evaluate the same behavior negatively. ...on the other hand, for some behaviors there is considerable consensus across groups on what should be considered deviant ex mob violence and mardi gras
A socially defined position in a group or in society.
Status
social institution
Statuses and their related roles determine the structure of the various groups in society. When these statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more of the basic needs of society, the group is called a(n)
Political science
Study of the organization and operation of governments
Quiet racism
Subtle uneasiness, discomfort, fear around other groups (people usually don't feel like they are racist at all) Twice as many blacks as whites think racism is a big problem Twice as many whites as blacks think blacks have achieved racial equality 72% of whites believe that blacks overestimate the amount of discrimination against them 82% of blacks believe whites underestimate the amount of discrimination blacks suffer Almost half of whites oppose programs that make special efforts to help minorities get ahead
Marx- Mass Media
The Marxist Perspective Media control Refresher: Marxism is the notion that capitalism is unfair, exploitative, etc. Workers lack access to the means of production and must sell their labor to capitalists. The workers add surplus value to products and receive an unfair wage. Marxists believe the mass media supports this system though broadcasting of ideologies; and does little to introduce alternative ideas. "In every epoch, the ruling ideas are the ideas of the ruling class." (Marx, 1846) Mass media is a means for the ruling class to maintain their dominance. Media ensures the populace absorbs and accepts capitalist ideology. Supports ideas of working hard for a wage and consuming capitalist products. Preaches meritocracy The ROLE of the media is to shape how people think about the world. Rarely are people told about why some people live in luxury and others in poverty. Alternative viewpoints are rarely heard; and often presented as troublemaking or anti-nationalistic. The owners of mass media have a vested interest in maintaining the status quo. Government controls the media less now than in earlier eras. Instead, media conglomerates are granted freedom in exchange for supporting the government. Gramsci was an Italian Marxist
Family Violence
The National Violence Against Women Office estimates: 25% of women will be raped, physically assaulted, or stalked by an intimate partner in their lifetime. 22% experience physical assault 7-10% are raped by intimates 5% will be stalked by an intimate partner. Reasons victim stays in relationship: --belief that batterer will change --financial constraints --mandatory arrest laws
Gender Socialization (labeling)
The Process of Gender Socialization: Infancy (even before a baby's birth): colors decorations comments body language & treatment birth announcements, etc -School- Playground: Who plays with whom? What kinds of games are they encouraged to participate in? Boys taught to play sports and run around? Girls taught to play with other girls? Treatment by Teachers: okay for boys to interrupt, be more aggressive, to voice strong opinions "boys will be boys" How often do you hear: "girls will be girls"? Educational Tracking (labeling): research shows that people are often "tracked" into certain classes or types of classes based on teachers' or counselors' perceptions of them boys: Math and Science girls: Reading and English -Occupation- the higher the prestige ranking of an occupation, the fewer the women in it, and the lower the percentage of women of color occupational sex typing (def): when women or men are concentrated in a given occupation, or in particular jobs within an occupation or work organization males: leadership--> $ ex) bosses, presidents, doctors females: nurturing --> $ ex) nurses, teachers, secretaries
This theory that insists that each of us is born without a personality and we acquire our personality as a result of social experiences is known as
The Tabula Rasa.
Divorce
The United States leads the world in the number of people who divorce. More than sixteen million people have divorced but not remarried in the population today. Since 1960, the rate of divorce has more than doubled, although it has declined recently since its all-time high in 1980. The marriage rate is 6.8 marriages per 1000 people and the divorce rate, 3.6 per 1000 people. As of 11/13/15 Factors in divorce; In earlier eras, people died younger, and the average length of marriages was shorter. The cultural orientation toward individualism may predispose people to terminate a marriage in which they are unhappy. To people in unhappy marriages, divorce, though painful and financially risky, can be a positive option. The belief that couples should stay together for their children is giving way to a belief that a marriage with prolonged conflict is more detrimental than divorce.
Describe how equality and democracy represent traditional American values
The United States was founded on the principle of human equality. The Declaration of Independence proclaims, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal." Many Americans believe that to have human equality, there must be an equality of opportunity and an equal chance at success.
sociological imagination
The ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives is what C. Wright Mills termed the
Sociological imagination
The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life
sociological imagination
The ability to see the connection between the larger world and your personal life is what sociologist C. Wright Mills called
Margaret Mead
The anthropologist that conducted a now-classic study of cultural variation in the 1930s was
UCR
becoming a UCR crime statistic: step 1: citizens notice crime step 2: citizen reports crime to police Police then must decide.. step 3: whether a crime as occurred step 4: what kind of crime is it step 5: the police must accurately report crime to the UCR or FBI
social interaction
behavior between two or more people that is given meaning by them
deviance
behavior that violates significant social norms.
exchagne theory
belief that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people
compliance
best describes the behavior of a person who is motivated by a desire to gain reward or avoid punishment
fecundity
biological potential for reproduction
6. A ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures.
bureaucracy
5 types of social interaction
exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accommodation
culture complexes
clusters of interrelated culture traits.
In class, we talked about the brown bag test as a form of _____________
colorism
technology
combination of objects and rules
cultural universals
common features that are found in all human cultures.
2. Legal disputes are an example of this.
conflict
marx
conflict between classes
racial inequality in economics health care and education
economically: Workers of color concentrated in lower-paying jobs Low wage jobs more susceptible to economic downturns Mass incarceration has a major impact on young men of color. Health care: People of color have less access to health care Leads to disparities in treatment (organ transplants) Leads to worse overall health People of color often live in less safe areas Past mistreatment of African Americans in experiments Tuskegee syphilis study education: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Schools still very segregated African American and Latino/a students are actually more isolated from white students today than they were 30 years ago Teachers are mostly white Schools in poor districts have fewer resources Majority-white schools are rarely in poor districts The average black and Latino/a student attends a school in which at least 70% of the students are not white. In Southern California, two-fifths of Latino/a students and one-third of black students attend schools where 90-100% of the students are not white (Orfield, Siegel-Hawley, & Kucsera, 2011). In contrast, the average white student attends a school in which almost 80% of the students are white (Orfield & Lee, 2007).
Believing that every problem has a solution is part of which set of values?
efficiency and practicality
Four aspects to McDonalidzation
efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control
peripheral route
emotions--- a situation to be persuade
Verstehen
empathetic understanding of the meanings others attach to their actions
___________ is the practice of selecting mates from within one's group.
endogamy
false
enforcing norms through either internal or external means is called internalization (tf)
Education
ensures the transmission of values, patterns of behavior, and certain skills and knowledge
2. Interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward or a return for actions.
exchange
2. When people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions, a(n) ____ has taken place.
exchange A.
2. Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.
exchange theory
6. Theory that holds that people are motivated by self-interests in their interactions with other people.
exchange theory
What is the tendency of individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own?
homagamy
bourgeoisie and proletariat
how karl marx divided people into classes
weber
how society impacts the individual
credibility
if the source of communication is both expert and trustworthy she or he is likely to have an impact on the beliefs of the audience
formal group
include a variety of groupings such as schools, businesses, and governmental agencies.
3. Society where emphasis shifts from production of food to production of manufactured goods.
industrial society
Leaders
influence the attitude and opinions of others
Endogamy
is the practice of selecting mates from within one's group. -The group may be based on religion, territory, racial identity, and so forth. Endogamy reflects societies traditional distaste for relationships that cross identified social boundaries. In some societies, these are formalized or codified as laws. In the U.S., we practice informal rules of endogamy related to: Religion Race/Ethnicity Social Class Educational background Age
internalization
is the process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual's personality
personality
is the sum total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristic of an individual.
Weaknesses of official data include
it emphasizes street crime
Weaknesses of self-report data include
it relies on the memory of the offender
Formal Organizations
large, complex secondary groups that have been established to achieve specific goals (Examples: schools, businesses, religious organizations, and labor unions)
Fifteen
largest number that works well with a group
instrumental leaders
leaders who are task-oriented.
4. People who influence the attitudes and opinions of others are said to be
leaders. B.
___________ is the practice of the new couple establishing their own residence.
neolocal residence
___________________ is a sexually exclusive marriage with one spouse or partner.
monogamy
wealth
most obvious dimension of social stratification because it is made up of the value of everything the person owns and money earned through salaries and wages.
migration
movement of people from one specified area to another.
2. Which of the following is not a form of social interaction?
narcissism C.
false
narcissism is the tendency to view one's own culture or group as superior to others (tf)
dysfunctional
negative consequence an element has for the stability of the social system
A punishment or the threat of punishment used to enforce conformity.
negative sanctio