SPED QUESTIONS

The federal government estimates that ___% of all students may have emotional or behavioral disorders, accompanied by academic problems sever enough to require intervention less than 1% 2-3% 7-8% 10%

2-3%

What percentage of children receiving special education services in the United States are classified as having learning disabilities? 20% 50% 90% 5%

50%

The term ¨developmental delay¨ may be used as classification when The parents refuse to accept the classification of mental retardation A child 0-9 requires intervention for significant delays in one or more functional areas The retardation is from biological cause The retardation is in the mild range

A child 0-9 requires intervention for significant delays in one or more functional areas

Kirk proposed that learning disabilities can be divided into two groups: Academic and developmental Reading and mathematics Academic and social Psychological and language-related

Academic and developmental

Important considerations in designing appropriate classroom assessments include all of the following EXCEPT The test must correspond to the instruction the students have received The test is designed to assess the knowledge and skills, and not the area of disability The test must yield accurate information about what a learner knows and can do All students should take the test under the same conditions so that results can be compared

All students should take the test under the same conditions so that results can be compared

IDEA 1997/2004 requires the participation in state and district-wide testing programs by Those students who are placed in general education classes for part or all of a day All students with disabilities unless no part of the general education curriculum is deemed appropriate Students who are receiving instruction in mathematics and language arts, regardless of the setting Those students who require testing modifications to succeed

All students with disabilities unless no part of the general education curriculum is deemed appropriate

The causes of emotional or behavioral disorders Are traceable to biological factors intrinsic to the individual Are believed to be a result of complex interaction among various environmental factors Derive primarily from problems within the family and from actions of parents Relate to the problematic images commonly available in the media, with particular concerns about the levels of violence and sexuality

Are believed to be a result of complex interaction among various environmental factors

Which of the following is not NOT an example of a Universal Design for Learning action? Selecting a textbook that all students in the class can read Using only audiovisual media to present content so that non-readers are not disadvantaged Requiring all students to do a multiplication facts test each day until everyone in the class has demonstrated mastery Assessing the learning in the social studies class by allowing students to design a way to demonstrate what they learned

Assessing the learning in the social studies class by allowing students to design a way to demonstrate what they learned

The development of intelligence testing in France and the United States in the early 1900's lead to Widespread creation of special education classes Attempts to identify and isolate those with diminished mental abilities A resurgence in research into cures for mental retardation No effect due to the cost of such testing

Attempts to identify and isolate those with diminished mental abilities

High incidence disabilities include all of the following EXCEPT Mental Retardation Speech Impairments Autism LDs

Autism

Physical characteristics among individuals with mental retardation are characterized as Resulting in smaller stature Being extremely variable Displaying significant motoric immaturity Presenting serious health risks

Being extremely variable

Although it cannot currently be readily assessed, most definitions of learning disabilities presume that the disorder is related to Underachievement Language disorders Central nervous system dysfunction Low levels of intellectual functioning

Central nervous system dysfunction

In Honig vs Doe, the courts ruled that when students with emotional disturbances are involved: Decisions about suspension/expulsion actions must be reviewed by the multidisciplinary team to determine the relationship (if any) to the disability and to evaluate plan Schools may not use suspension as a disciplinary tool Schools may not enforce the conduct code that applies to all other students Students may not be removed from school settings, even when they present a danger to themselves or others

Decisions about suspension/expulsion actions must be reviewed by the multidisciplinary team to determine the relationship (if any) to the disability and to evaluate plan

Jeffrey, in the opening vignette in your text, was found not to be eligible for special education services despite the fact that he was having significant difficulty in school. The best explanation for such occurrences is that the test used were not sensitive to Jeffrey's particular problems. The system fails to correctly identify many students Disability definitions create arbitrary cut-off points on one or two characteristics His teacher was not a good judge of the range of normal performance

Disability definitions create arbitrary cut-off points on one or two characteristics

According to federal child count data,the prevalence of students with emotional disturbance is highest in which age group During the preschool years In the elementary grades During adolescence The prevalence is equality distributed across all ages

During adolescence

Low incidence disabilities include all of the following except Emotional disturbance Hearing impairments Visual impairments Traumatic brain injury

Emotional disturbance

According to IDEA 2004, which of the following is NOT required to determine if a child has a learning disability? Assessing the child's ability to learn Evaluating academic functioning in a variety of academic areas Determining is child has had the opportunity to learn Evaluating the discrepancy between the ability and achievement measures

Evaluating the discrepancy between the ability and achievement measures

Which of the following criteria is included in the IDEA definitions of learning disabilities? Exclusion and underachievement Severe deficits in mathematics and reading Evidence of brain injury Underachievement and low levels of intelligence

Exclusion and underachievement

The definition of emotional behavioral disorders proposed by the Mental Health and Special Education Coalition includes all of the following EXCEPT Exclusion of conditions resulting from social maladjustment Evaluating of behaviors in the context of age and ethnic norms Possibility that emotional disorders may co-exist with other disabilities The requirement that the problem behaviors are exhibited in at least two settings

Exclusion of conditions resulting from social maladjustment

Critics of the current IDEA definition of emotional disturbance have criticized it because of its Overly precise terminology Exclusion of social maladjustment Exact assessment requirements Attention to cultural differences

Exclusion of social maladjustment

A disability is a disability, whether the person lived in the 1600's, the 1800's, or today True False

False

Changeability is a more important issue that heritability in considering causes of retardation. True False

False

Criterion- referenced tests yield scores that allow educators to compare one individual to another True False

False

Curriculum and individualized Education Programs (IEP) are terms that are frequently used interchangeably and have the same meaning when working with students with disabilities True False

False

Determination of eligibility for services as a student with an emotional disturbance has been shown to be uniformly implemented regardless of where a student lives True False

False

Determining that a child has a learning disability provides clear guidance for designing remedial interventions True False

False

Development disability is an alternative term appropriate for use in cases of borderline or mild mental retardation True False

False

Educators and psychologists are in agreement on what constitutes a learning disability True False

False

High incidence disabilities are the same as mild disabilities True False

False

IDEA 1997/2004 requires that all students, including those with disabilities, take the statewide and district-mandated tests taken by students in general education classes True False

False

IDEA 2004 now specifies how schools should determine if a student has a severe discrepancy between ability and achievement, thereby meeting one of the criteria for identification as a child with a learning disability True False

False

If a problem behavior occurring in school is determined to be related to the students disability, the student must be allowed to remain in his/her current placement True False

False

Inclusion reinforces our dual system of education True False

False

Most cases of mental retardation have an organic or biological cause True False

False

Most students with mental retardation have distinctive physical signs of their condition True False

False

Nicholas Hobbs felt that the correct classification of students was critical to providing effective interventions True False

False

Norm-reference tests are used to determine if students have achieved mastery of specific skills in the curriculum True False

False

Norm-referenced tests are useful in providing information for use in program planning True False

False

Once classified as a student with an emotional/behavioral disorder, best practice suggests that the student should be placed in a structured, self-contained program using behavior modification contracts True False

False

Students with behavioral disorders and those with learning disabilities have completely different educational needs and should be served in separate programs. True False

False

The classification of a student with a specific disability (e.g., mental retardation, learning disability) guides the design of the students IEP True False

False

The definition for emotional disorders proposed by Eli Bower contained the exclusion of children whose behavior problems resulted from social maladjustment True False

False

The number of students identified with emotional disturbance has risen significantly in the last 10 years True False

False

Using the term ¨the disabled" is preferable to using the term ¨the handicapped" True False

False

Diana vs. State Board of Education established the right to due process in special education placements true false

False Mexican-American students in SPED 1970 based on IQ tests were actually racially biased

Brown vs Board of Education asserted that children with disabilities could not be educated separately True False

False- 1954 education is the right of every child

According to Board of Education vs. Rowley, schools must design IEPs to maximize the potential of all children, including those with disabilities. True False

False- 1982 districts are responsible for due process

Honig vs. Doe held that schools cannot discipline students with disabilities True False

False- suspension or expulsion cannot be deemed if results of a disability

Ms. Berger gives Thomas a subtraction test based on the skills he has been earning this week. She is seeking information about the effectiveness of the instructional approach she is using and to determine which skills might need more focus. She is engaging in.. Formative Evaluation Summative Evaluation Norm-Referenced assessment Classification

Formative Evaluation (student power)

Students who are viewed as being at risk for school failure: Generally receive special education services Always present behavior problems in the classroom Frequently have needs that are similar to learners with disabilities Are not eligible for special education services

Frequently have needs that are similar to learners with disabilities

The educational environment in which more students with disabilities served today is the Resource room Special classroom General education classroom Special school

General education classroom

The largest percentage of cases of mental retardation is identified During infancy Evenly across the age periods during the development period (0-18) In the preschool years In the elementary school years

In the elementary school years

According to IDEA, each student with a disability must be provided with a program of individualized instruction. In this context, individualized instruction refers to Private tutoring Instruction by a special education teacher Instructional experiences selected to meet the student's needs Instruction that differs in significant ways from that which is generally provided and which involves the use of specialized materials

Instructional experiences selected to meet the student's needs

Students with mental retardation experience considerable failure in school, frequently resulting in all of the following EXCEPT Expectancy of failure Reliance on external sources of control Lessened sense of personal responsibility and competence Learned competence

Learned competence

The definition of mental retardation from 1959-1973 differed from definitions before 1959 or after 1973 because it.. Included an adaptive behavior deficit criterion Focused on the etiology of the condition Raised the IQ criterion to one standard deviation below the mean Lowered the IQ criterion to two standard deviations below the mean

Lowered the IQ criterion to two standard deviations below the mean

The text discusses the issues surrounding culturally normative behaviors and concludes that students from diverse cultural backgrounds Have emotional disturbances since they display variant behaviors Do not have emotional disturbances because their behaviors are related to their culture Should not receive special education services for emotional disturbance May or may not have an emotional disturbance but may need assisstance

May or may not have an emotional disturbance but may need assisstance

The form of assessment that is LEAST apt to be related to a child's school curriculum/program Curriculum-based assessment Performance assessment Norm-referenced testing Portfolio assessment

Norm-referenced testing

A student with an IQ below 70 who nevertheless exhibits age appropriate skills and behaviors in everyday environments should Be placed in a special class Be classified as having mental retardation based on the IQ score Not be classified as having mental retardation at this time Be classified as having mental retardation, but placed in a general education classroom

Not be classified as having mental retardation at this time

Students with mild disabilities Often develop behavior problems and learned helplessness in response to failure Display very specific problems in a specific area, like learning or behavior Are generally served in special education classrooms for most of their day Only need short-term special education services to remove the disability

Often develop behavior problems and learned helplessness in response to failure

Which of the following laws made provisions for preschool children to receive special education services? P.L. 94-142 P.L. 99-457 1986 Education of the Handicapped Act ADA(1990) Section 504

P.L. 99-457 1986 Education of the Handicapped Act

Eli Bower's definition of emotional handicaps included which of the following elements? Behavior that is the result of social maladjustment is excluded The problem behavior must be shown to be affecting educational performance Problem behavior must be exhibited to a marked degree and for a prolonged period of time Bower's definition addressed severe emotional handicaps only

Problem behavior must be exhibited to a marked degree and for a prolonged period of time

The work of Mercer and Edgerton focused on the ____ perspective on mental retardation Sociological Psychological Ecological Academic

Psychological

Research concerning individuals we now identify as having learning disabilities was initially conducted by: Psychologists Physicians Educators Parents

Psychologists

An example of primary prevention is Creating transition plans for adolescents with disabilities Conduction lead screening in high-risk neighborhoods Testing all newborns for phenylketonuria (PKU) Requiring all children to be immunized against rubella

Requiring all children to be immunized against rubella

Which of the following criteria was added by IDEA 2004 to procedures that may be used to identify learning disabilities? Ability-achievement Neurological functioning procedures Response too intervention Perceptual assessment

Response too intervention

Idea 1997/2004 requires schools to do all of the following except .. Consider all the information, including that which is provided by parents Assess a child in the students native language Assess the student with respect to the general education curriculum Retest the child every three years to determine if services are still needed

Retest the child every three years to determine if services are still needed

Which of the following sentences illustrates the preferred way to refer to children with disabilities Mr. Smith's class has two LD kids and one MR kid this year Sally has an attention deficit disorder The mentally retarded students go to Mrs. Smith's resource room Mrs. Jones's handicapped students spend most of their time in her room

Sally has an attention deficit disorder

Honig v. Doe and IDEA 2004 hold that.. Students with disabilities may not be disciplined for their problem behaviors Students with dangerous behaviors may not be removed from school Schools may respond to serious behavior problems by reconvening the IEP team and redesigning the interventions an placement provided for the student Schools must wait for the team meeting before removing a dangerous student from the school grounds

Schools may respond to serious behavior problems by reconvening the IEP team and redesigning the interventions an placement provided for the student

The first legislation to convey specific rights to children with disabilities was Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1973 (equal access to all programs/services funded by federal funds) Development Disabilities Act P.L. 94-142 Americans with Disabilities Act

Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act 1973 (equal access to all programs/services funded by federal funds)

The IDEA definition of learning disabilities does not currently include disabilities in Language functioning Mathematics Reading Social skills

Social skills

A student with a learning disability may also have which of the following disabilities? Mental retardation Emotional disturbance Speech impairment Hearing impairment

Speech impairment

The most important indication that norm-reference testing programs may not be accurately determining which students actually have disabilities is that Students who receive failing grades in school may not be identified Students from culturally diverse backgrounds are identified as having disabilities at a higher expected rate Students can get the correct answer by guessing The number of identified students varies significantly from place to place

Students from culturally diverse backgrounds are identified as having disabilities at a higher expected rate

The multidisciplinary team is reviewing the referral and testing information on Alice. They are seeking to decide if she is eligible for special education services. This process is called Norm-referenced assessment Summative evaluation Formative evaluation Performance assessment

Summative evaluation

All of the following are arguments given in support of using disability labels in schools programs, EXCEPT Teachers need to know the label or category in order to provide appropriate services IDEA funding is related to categories; money is sent to school based on the numbers in each category Labeling is required by IDEA for students to be eligible for an IEP A disability label helps explain the student's difficulty to parents, teachers, and the child.

Teachers need to know the label or category in order to provide appropriate services

In about 75% of all cases of mental retardation There is an identifiable biological condition associated with the retardation Down syndrome is present The cause appears to be related to a complex interaction of various environmental factors The condition is severe in its impact of the individual's ability to function, and the outlook for independence is not favorable

The cause appears to be related to a complex interaction of various environmental factors

Most students with learning disabilities are identified during The period when they learn to talk The elementary grades Secondary school Identification evenly spread over the various age periods

The elementary grades

Test modifications should not affect the validity of the test as long as The modifications are to the test administration, not the content. It is noted on the student's records that the test was taken with modifications The modification only relates to time needed to take the test The teacher supervises the testing environment carefully

The modifications are to the test administration, not the content.

In discussing current debates about inclusion, Zigler, Hodapp, and Edison suggest that... The only relevant concern in educational planning should be the characteristics and needs of the individual student ¨Place" is a critical contextual variable, determining the quality of major outcomes with students Simply placing an individual in a normalized environment insures more adaptive outcomes Research indicates that inclusive settings confer clear benefit to most children

The only relevant concern in educational planning should be the characteristics and needs of the individual student

A non-categorical service model places primary emphasis on The numbers of students to be served The strengths and deficits of each student The special skills of the staff in the school The number of students who move out of special education

The strengths and deficits of each student

All of the following statements about special education classes in public schools before the 1950s are true EXCEPT There were no public school special education classes before 1950 Special education classes were largely found in urban areas Classes were not available for all disabilities Classes were generally only for those with moderate disabilities

There were no public school special education classes before 1950

Instruction in cognitive learning strategies is particularly useful to learners with disabilities because They make the content to be learned explicit and clear They assist students in becoming independent learners They convey content area learning more effectively They help the teacher structure the content learning for easier learning

They assist students in becoming independent learners

The most defensible justification for using behavior rating scales such as the Walker Problem Behavior Checklist includes which of the following They provide an objective determination of the nature of a child's problem behavior They yield a norm-referenced score that is required to determine that the behavior of a particular child is significantly different from the norm They provide information about the informant's perceptions of the behavior problems IDEA requires the use of such instruments in the diagnostic and classification process

They provide information about the informant's perceptions of the behavior problems

Alternative curricula are appropriate when no portion of the general education curriculum is applicable to a particular student's needs True False

True

Children whose behavior problems are related to their cultural background do not need services and should not be identified True False

True

Curriculum-based assessment and criterion-referenced testing are frequently used interchangeably and assess what a student has learned and can do. True Flase

True

Documented brain injury is one criterion for identifying a child as having a learning disability True False

True

Emotional behavioral disorders vary in severity along a continuum, ranging from mild to severe True False

True

IDEA 1997 requires that the general education curriculum must be used as the basis for planning an instructional program for students with disabilities True False

True

IDEA 2004 allows schools to use Response to Intervention in determining if a student is eligible for special education services True False

True

It appears that learners from diverse cultural groups are often misclassified as having emotional disturbance True False

True

Larry P. vs. Riles resulted in limits on the use of intelligence test as the sole indicator of mental retardation True False

True

Learning disabilities are now presumed to persist throughout life, although effective remediation can improve the ability to function True False

True

Learning disabilities may lead to the student having problems with social adjustment and demonstration of social skills True False

True

Mild disabilities can significantly affect a students functioning in school True False

True

Mills v.D.C. Board of Education ruled that shortages in funding could not be used to exclude one group of children from school True False

True

Norm- reference testing allows teachers to compare the performance of one child to typical children of the same age or grade. True False

True

One can expect that a person with moderate mental retardation will have significant functional deficits in all adaptive skill domains. True False

True

PARC v. Pennsylvania laid the foundation for the rights established in 1975 as part of P.L. 94-142 right to public ed for all P.A. children with intellectual disabilities True False

True

Prematurity presents risks for developing mental retardation True False

True

Prevalence estimates for mental retardation assume that 2-3% of the population is likely to have deficits in intellectual functioning coupled with adaptive behavior True False

True

Response to intervention can severe as a diagnostic indicator True False

True

Students viewed as "at risk" of school failure frequently have similar needs to students with mild disabilities True False

True

Students with learning disabilities are heterogeneous True False

True

Students with learning disabilities can be identified by the fact that they reverse letters, numbers, and words True False

True

The ARC and other groups were largely responsible for initiating the legal fight for the right to an education for all children with disabilities True False

True

The effects of genetic conditions are permanent True False

True

The general education initiative suggests that the general education classroom is generally the best learning environment for all children, and that any required special education services should be delivered there. True False

True

The hidden curriculum results from the interaction of the formal written curriculum with the pedagogical practices and philosophies of the teacher True False

True

The identification of students with emotional disturbance under IDEA criteria is restricted with those with serious levels of impairment True False

True

The most critical issue in determining if a particular behavioral pattern is problematic in the context in which the behavior occurs True False

True

The source of a learning disability is presumed to lie in the way the brain processes information True False

True

The use of ¨negative school labels¨ with some children tends to suggest that all others learn in the same way. True False

True

The usefulness of norm- and criterion-referenced tests is directly related to the alignment of test items with the instructional activities engaged in by the students True False

True

Throughout the 1990s, there has been a steady trend to place more students with disabilities in general education classrooms instead of in resource programs. True False

True

The rapid and significant changes in services between 1950-1975 were largely the result of .. the efforts of professional special educators rulings by court advocacy efforts by parents groups laws passed by Congress and state legislators

advocacy efforts by parents groups

In general, civil rights for people with disabilities have been achieved by the following sequence of activities legislation, litigation, advocacy advocacy, legislation, litigation litigation, advocacy, legislation advocacy, litigation, legislation

advocacy, litigation, legislation

task analysis is associated primarily with norm-reference test and is used for assessing desired outcome competencies true false

false

Henry Goddard believed that .... mental retardation could be influenced by the environment with training, people with mental retardation could become effective members of society people with mental retardation are best served in community settings mental retardation was a hereditary condition

mental retardation was a hereditary condition

Segregated services for those with disabilities were prevalent in the 1900s primarily as a way to provide relief to families from care-giving demands prevent individuals with disabilities from disrupting activities in normalized environments control reproduction by those with serious disabilities provide quality services to individuals with disabilities

prevent individuals with disabilities from disrupting activities in normalized environments

Asylums came into use in the 1700's and 1800's largely in order to: educate people with disabilities prepare people with disabilities to live productively in society provide vocal training for individuals with disabilities protect society from those with disabilities

protect society from those with disabilities

An important new trend by the end of the 1800s was that of providing treatment to people with mental disabilities returning people with disabilities to their home community providing vocal training in sheltered workshops teaching individuals with mental disabilities to read and write

providing treatment to people with mental disabilities

In classical Greek and Roman civilizations, individuals with visible disabilities were likely to experience: pity protection rejection education

rejection

The curriculum in the first day schools for those with disabilities include training in the manual arts largely because: research indicated that manual arts training was the most effective curriculum teachers of those classes began their careers in institutions where manual arts formed the curriculum it had been shown that children with disabilities were not capable of achieving literacy sale of products created by the students in their craft classes helped pay for the program costs

teachers of those classes began their careers in institutions where manual arts formed the curriculum

Norm-referenced tests are based on the premise that a generalized body of knowledge and skills exists, and that most children, regardless of where they live, will have been taught these concepts and skills true false

true

The largest number of students with disabilities have learning disabilities true false

true

Examples of handicapism include all of the following except ¨John is afflicted with cerebral palsy, but doesn't let that stop him.¨ The waitress asks John's wife what he wants to order John is denied admission to college because of his physical disability ¨John uses a wheelchair for mobility¨

¨John uses a wheelchair for mobility¨