Sport and Exercise Psy Exam 2

Nonverbal behaviors that communicate interest and attention include which of the following? A) Maintaining Eye Contact B) Maintaining a Closed Posture C) Standing No Farther Than 6 Feet From The person D) A and B E) A and C

A) Maintaining Eye Contact

Proxemics is the study of how we communicate A) by the way we use space B) by the way we dress C) by the way we use gestures D) by the way we use speech E) by the way we touch

A) by the way we use space

Intrapersonal communication is communication with... A) yourself B) someone else C) signs D) feelings E) expressions

A) yourself

What percentage of communication time is spent listening? A) 20% B) 40% C) 10% D) 70% E) 25%

B) 40%

When subjects were asked to choose the winner of a tennis match by watching the players between points, what was the percentage of accuracy? A) 10% B) 75% C) 35% D) 55% E) 25%

B) 75%

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of communication? A) Evaluation B) Retrospection C) Motivation D) Persuasion E) Problem Solving

B) Retrospection

Supportive listening behaviors A) are empathic B) remain open to new ideas C) focus on future thoughts and feelings D) A and B E) A and C

D) A and B

The "sandwich approach" consists of which of the following elements? A) A positive statement B) future-oriented instructions C) mistake-contingent general encouragement D) A and B E) B and C

D) A and B

Which of the following is a guideline for sending effective messages? A) Messages should be indirect B) Messages should separate fact from fiction C) Verbal and Nonverbal messages should be congruent D) B and C E) A and C

D) B and C

Breakdowns in communication can occur because... A) The sender fails to listen B) the receiver misinterprets the message C) the messages are inconsistent D) b and c E) a and c

D) b and c

Which of the following statements is true? a. Athletes high in internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors b. Athletes high in external locus of control prefer democratic coaching behaviors c. Females high in trait anxiety prefer autocratic coaching behaviors d. b and c e. a and c

a. Athletes high in internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors

What was the main problem that the basketball player (Jim) faced shooting free throws in the case study presented at the beginning of the chapter? a. He had not developed the psychological skill of relaxation b. He did not have good free-throw shooting form c. He received negative feedback from his coach d. He had not developed a routine before shooting free throws e. He lost his concentration because his girlfriend was in the audience

a. He had not developed the psychological skill of relaxation

Which of the following is FALSE concerning psychological skills training? a. PST is only for problem athletes b. PST is for athletes with various abilities c. PST will not provide quick solutions to problems d. PST has developed a knowledge base using elite athletes e. a and b

a. PST is only for problem athletes

After a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need to continue practicing their mental skills? a. as long as they continue to participate in their sports b. 3 months c. 6 months d. 1 year e. 1 month

a. as long as they continue to participate in their sports

Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they a. breathe out during the execution of the skill b. breathe in during the execution of the skill c. hold their breath during execution of the skill d. breathe shallowly during execution of the skill e. take short breaths to conserve oxygen

a. breathe out during the execution of the skill

Relaxation (anxiety reduction) techniques are usually classified as a. cognitive and somatic b. state and trait c. sport specific and general d. cognitive and appraisal e. somatic and visceral

a. cognitive and somatic

Effective breathing begins in the a. diaphragm b. central chest c. upper chest d. throat e. nose

a. diaphragm

Both eligibility requirements and the number of athletes holding scholarships are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? a. environmental factors b. team factors c. organizational factors d. leadership factors e. personal factors

a. environmental factors

According to results obtained in studies using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, successful leaders tend to score. a. high on both consideration and initiating structure b. high on initiating structure and low on consideration c. high on consideration and low on initiating structure d. low on both initiating structure and authoritarianism e. high on both initiating structure and authoritarianism

a. high on both consideration and initiating structure

Which of the following is true? a. imagery is used most often prior to competition b. imagery has both motivational and affective roles in changing behavior c. the most often-used imagery is known as cognitive general imagery d. a and c

a. imagery is used most often prior to competition

The Group Environment Questionnaire was developed to distinguish between a. individual and group concerns b. task and social concerns c. normative and role relations d. a and b e. b and c

a. individual and group concerns

The importance of the mental side of sports a. is greatest for elite athletes b. is greatest for varsity athletes c. is greatest for recreational athletes d. does not differ based on skill level e. is greatest for young athletes

a. is greatest for elite athletes

Internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience which of the following senses? a. kinesthetic b. auditory c. visual d. olfactory e. a and c

a. kinesthetic

A good way to increase awareness of psychological states in sport is to a. monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition b. talk to teammates c. practice relaxation techniques d. practice cognitive restructuring e. practice changing negative to positive self-task

a. monitor and record your psychological states immediately after practice and competition

According to research with elite athletes by Gould and colleagues, athletes a. prepared for unexpected events b. usually overtrained c. placed a great deal of importance on mental training d. a and c e. a and b

a. prepared for unexpected events

A good starting point for increasing awareness of arousal states is to a. visualize your best and worst performance b. visualize only your best performance c. develop relaxation skills d. learn transcendental meditation e. learn autogenic training

a. visualize your best and worst performance

The suggested ration for the time of inhalation to exhalation when using breath control as relaxation device is a. 1:5 b. 1:2 c. 3:1 d. 5:1 e. 1:4

b. 1:2

In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches a. emerge b. are appointed c. are elected by consensus d. are elected by majority vote e. are elected by a two-thirds vote

b. are appointed

Which of the following sports require the highest level of task cohesion? a. golf and archery b. basketball and ice hockey c. swimming and tennis d. baseball and wrestling e. volleyball and bowling

b. basketball and ice hockey

"Great leaders are made, not born." This statement is an example of which approach to leadership a. trait b. behavioral c. situational d. situational- behavioral e. trait-behavioral

b. behavioral

Basic imagery training involves a. controllability and awareness b. controllability and vividness c. vividness and relaxation d. relaxation and awareness e. relaxation and controllability

b. controllability and vividness

Suinn's research showing that electrical activity was present in skiers' legs as they imagined skiing down the slope provided support for a. symbolic learning theory b. psychoneuromuslcular theory c. psychoinnervation theory d. muscular contraction theory e. innervation theory

b. psychoneuromuslcular theory

Mental toughness can be seen as being "caught" or "taught". Which of the following is an example of mental toughness being "caught"? a. teaching relaxation skills b. setting up practices to simulate game situations c. teaching imagery skills d. a and b e. b and c

b. setting up practices to simulate game situations

The questionnaire used most often in the early research on cohesion in sport was called the a. group environment questionnaire b. sport cohesiveness questionnaire c. multidimensional sport cohesion instrument d. unidimensional sport cohesion survey e. group cohesiveness test

b. sport cohesiveness questionnaire

In general, most coaches state that their sport is at least what percentage mental? a. 20% b. 50% c. 80% d. 90% e. 25%

c. 80%

Research using U.S. and Canadian Olympic athletes has shown that approximately what percent of Olympic athletes use imagery? a. 50% b. 75% c. 95% d. 85% e. 60%

c. 95%

The study using interviews of elite gymnastics coaches (Cote, Salmela, and Russell) showed that expert coaches did NOT do which of the following? a. Provide technical instruction regarding gymnastics progressions b. Provide a supportive environment through postive feedback c. Push gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling d. Use stress conditioning to ensure physical readiness e. Provide opportunities for simulating the mental and technical demands of the competition

c. Push gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling

When is it generally best to implement a PST program? a. anytime b. during the off-season or preseason c. after the problem is identified d. before important competitions e. before easy competitions

c. after the problem is identified

What is the best way to get information concerning an athlete's psychological strengths and weaknesses? a. psychological inventories b. an oral interview c. an oral interview and psychological inventories d. projective and objective psychological inventories e. none of these

c. an oral interview and psychological inventories

The two major categories of behavior found with the use of Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire are a. consideration and authoritarianism b. initiating structure and authoritarianism c. consideration and initiating structure d. consideration and relationship e. authoritarianism and relationship

c. consideration and initiating structure

An athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a lack of a. vividness b. coordination c. controllability d. experimental control e. emotionality

c. controllability

According to Carron and Dennis, the most important personal factor regarding the development of social and task cohesion is a. socioeconomic status b. gender c. individual satisfaction d. age e. race

c. individual satisfaction

Which of the following is NOT an antecedent to cohesion according to Carron's model? a. environmental factors b. team factors c. organizational factors d. leadership factors e. personal factors

c. organizational factors

Which of the following is NOT a use of imagery? a. building confidence b. improving concentration c. reducing the amount of physical practice time d. controlling emotional responses e. coping with pain and injury

c. reducing the amount of physical practice time

What theory, supported by the research literature, showed that subjects using imagery performed consistently better on tasks that were cognitive than on those that were motoric in nature? a. psychoneuromuscular theory b. symbolic interaction theory c. symbolic learning theory d. psychodynamic theory e. psychoinnervation

c. symbolic learning theory

The state of mind produced by the relaxation response is similar to that described during a. imagery b. peak performance c. transcendental meditation d. deep sleep e. progressive relaxation

c. transcendental meditation

In their classic study of the coaching (leadership) behaviors of legendary basketball coach John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often-used coaching behavior was a. a statement of displeasure b. praise and encouragement c. verbal instruction on what to do and how to do it d. combination of instruction with punishment e. modeling the correct behavior

c. verbal instruction on what to do and how to do it

Ost has developed an applied relaxation technique using progressive relaxation that can be done at competitions in a. 10-12 minutes b. 5-7 minutes c. 2-4 minutes d. 20-30 minutes e. 1 minute

d. 20-30 minutes

Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners? a. 110% b. 100% c. 75% d. 95%

d. 95%

The leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors? a. social support b. democratic behavior c. administrative behavior d. A and B e. A and C

d. A and B

A sociogram can measure a. friendship choices within the group b. the presence or absence of cliques in groups c. group integration-task d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

According to Martens, which of the following statements is true? a. Team-sport athletes prefer more relationship-orientated leaders than do individual-sport athletes b. as group size increases, an autocratic leadership style becomes more effective c. When little time is available, a relationship-orientated leader is more effective d. a and b

d. a and b

Sport psychology topics that form the basis for PST programs include which of the following? a. confidence building b. imagery c. group cohesion d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

The main reason that exercisers give for using imagery is a. appearance b. energy c. relaxation d. a and b e. a and c

d. a and b

To determine whether using imagery is effective, evidence has been gathered using which of the following methods? a. anecdotal reports b. case studies c. archival research d. a and b e. b and c

d. a and b

Which of the following tips can build team cohesion? a. develop pride within subunits b. avoid excessive turnover c. encourage participation in social cliques d. a and b

d. a and b

Excess anxiety can produce a. inappropriate muscle tension b. inappropriate thoughts c. somatic (physiological) reactions d. all of the these e. a and c

d. all of the these

Research using the Group environment questionnaire had revealed that group cohesion is related to which of the following? a. reduced absenteeism b. increased satisfaction c. attributions for responsibility for performance outcomes d. all of these e. a and b

d. all of these

To help clarify team goal, it is suggested that the process include a. prioritizing team values b. building consensus on top team values c. identifying team goals d. all of these e. a and c

d. all of these

Which of the following is a guideline put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smoll's research a. maintain clear expectations b. reinforce effort as mush as results c. give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake d. all of these e. a and c

d. all of these

Which of the following is characteristic of effective consultants that athletes note in interviews with sport psychologists? a. They only conduct one follow-up session with athletes b. They are accessible and establish rapport with the athletes c. They are flexible in meeting the individual athlete's needs d. b and c e. a and b

d. b and c

Using an electronic monitoring device that can detect and amplify internal responses not ordinarily available to us is known as a. systematic desensitization b. classical conditioning c. biological mapping d. biofeedback e. biological conditioning

d. biofeedback

Which of the following is NOT a coping strategy typically employed by elite athletes? a. social support (from friends, coaches, family) b. time management c. thought control d. superstition e. rational thinking via self-talk

d. superstition

According to recent research on mental toughness, which of the following is a way to increase mental toughness? a. create intense competitive practices that stimulate game situations b. have high expectations of athletes c. create a negative mental environment because athletes react positively to threats of punishment d. a and c e. a and b

e. a and b

Regardless of age, athletes prefer coaches who a. give positive feedback b. give technical instruction c. give negative feedback d. b and c e. a and b

e. a and b

From an athlete perspective, to help build team cohesion you should a. give teammates positive reinforcement b, avoid conflicts to keep issues from escalating c. be responsible for yourself d. a and b e. a and c

e. a and c

Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are a. more likely to attend more classes b. more likely to drop out c. more resistant to group disruption d. a and b e. a and c

e. a and c

Results of a study focusing on successful versus unsuccessful athletes showed that more successful athletes are characterized by a. higher self-confidence b. higher anxiety c. more task-oriented thoughts d. a and b e. a and c

e. a and c

In a study investigating the use of a sport psychology consultant with collegiate teams, the major issue for not hiring these consultants was? a. financial b. insurance c. legal d. alumni e. limited positive influence on performance

e. limited positive influence on performance

Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? a. environmental factors b. team factors c. organizational factors d. leadership factors e. personal factors

e. personal factors