SPTE 110: Final Exam

Reducing Violence

- Changes in the NHL treatment of fighting - NFL studies of brain trauma - Mentors in Violence Prevention program - Suspensions for players accused of violent behavior?

Influence of Youth Sport

- Coach's role-to teach young athletes the rules - Citizenship through sports alliance

Concussions and the NFL

- Long-term effects can include dementia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease. - NFL legal settlement involves 18,000 retired players.

Violence:

- Perception that athletes are more violent than other people - Perception fed by media exposure and occasional leniency given to accused athlete offenders - Sport as mirror of society in violent acts and acceptance of violent acts

Rule Breaking in Sport:

- Rules are learned. - Rule breaking results in consequences, such as penalties and suspensions

concussions and sports

- children and teens are more likely than adults to be concussed and recover more slowly - concussions doubled in the last 10 years

Examples of Rule Breaking:

-Illegally modifying equipment -Committing a foul -Faking injury to cause a time-out -Participating in a brawl -Taking other disallowed actions for strategic advantage

How Sport Can Contribute to Peace Building:

-Security -Rebuilding of economies and traumatized populations -Political structure and open communication -Reconciliation in torn societies -Second International Forum of 2011

Consequences of On-Field Violent behavior

-Shortened career (and reduced earnings) -Pressure to return from injury -Concussions: recent change in perspective -Negative publicity for teams, leagues, organizations -Poor behavior modeling

Rational Rule Breaking

-To help the team (or individual) win -Because "everyone is doing it" -As acceptable behavior when a rule is considered bad

Title IX

A United States law enacted on June 23, 1972 that states: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance."

Reasons for Use:

Accepted Medical Uses: burn patients (builds tissue), people who do not produce hormones naturally To enhance athletic performance To improve appearance: want to look better

IOC initiatives to achieves this goal:

Bringing sport to rural and underdeveloped communities Aiding local economic development Rehabilitating war victims Helping prevent HIV/AIDS Bringing hope and joy to refugee camps

Sport and Change:

Champion athletes have a platform -- if they choose to use it Notable examples include Muhammad Ali and Billie Jean King Not all athletes who use the platform are successful or liked (Curt Flood)

Benefits and Challenges of Sport at Different Ages:

Children: fast development of skills, social interaction, rule following, self-concept (who are we?) This is the stage where we see the most rapid development Youth: transitions, critical time for dropouts-- from sport (1st-highschool) Adults: close relationships, self-challenge, less priority on physical activity (college-50) Older Adults: social and health reasons for participation

Government Use of Sport to Promote Unity and Identity:

Cities try to attract pro sport in order to increase their attractiveness Sport can unify strangers and provide topics of conversation Sport can promote collective identity through apparel Cities and countries hold special sporting events

Groups of Users:

College Athletes Olympic Athletes Weightlifters Professional Athletes Adolescent Age School Children: most alarming because it stops producing hormones naturally, will not mature and develop correctly

Gambling on Sport: College Students

College Athletes have a higher rate of problem gambling than nonathletes In 2008, 30% of male athletes and 7% o female athletes admitted betting on sport events Students with gambling problem tend to have other issues Males are more likely to gamble over females Nonathletes are more likely to bet at casinos Typically gambling debts range rom $100 to $5,000 or even more Internet has made it easier to gamble Student Athletes are viewed as easy marks The NCAA prohibits athletes and athletic department personnel from any type of sport wagering

Aggression:

Definition: behavior directed toward another person and intended t dominate or master

On-Field Violence in Sport:

Demands of collision and contact sports • Enforcer roles • Societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality

Types of Deviant Behavior

Deviant behavior: behavior that is beyond "normal behavior"; can be good or bad Not conforming to the group's rules and norms Over conforming to the group's expectations

Female athlete Triad:

Disordered eating: not eating, starving, purging, compulsive exercise Amenorrhea: loss of or abnormal menstrual cycles Osteoporosis: bones become brittle

Scandals:

East Germans Chinese Swimmers Cyclists Ben Johnson Major League Baseball Players

Technology:

Equipment and facility improvements will result in better performances Training methods will be improved People will develop new drugs and performance enhancers The process of recovering from injury will be improved

Gambling in Sport:

Fans: 48 of 50 U.S. states allow some type of gambling. Internet makes gambling much easier. Illegal wagers result in up to $380 billion annually. Involvement of organized crime is concern. Online betting is increasing, not yet illegal. College students who gamble also more likely to engage in other risky behaviors.

Benefits of Sport and Physical Activity:

Fun Better Health Social Integration Moral Development Personal Development Cognitive Development

U.S. Social Trends That Will Affect U.S. Sport:

Global trends (terrorism, global economy): if we don't have discressionary income, we wont have money to attend events, equipment or membership Increase in number of older athletes Protection of citizens' rights Protection of Sport Investments Expansion of sport management Record breaking due to scientific advances Changing attitudes toward gambling Increase in coaching competence

Sport as Opiate of the Masses:

Governments use sport to distract citizens from societal inequities Sport is used to rally citizens for a united cause in both developed and developing countries

Hazing in Sport:

Hazing is any action that inflicts mental or physical harm or anxiety or demeans or degrades -- regardless of intent or consent Hazing is seen by some as a rite of passage About 75% of college athletes report having been hazed All athletes are at risk

Participation Sport: (four types of development)

Health struggles will continue to increase Development programs will use sport as a vehicle to achieve social goals The connection will become clearer between physical activity and health and quality of life Growth will continue in community programs, extreme sports, and college sport clubs Funding challenges will persist, including competition with performance sport programs for money and facilities Activities, such as electronic entertainment, will continue to compete for people's time Commitment will be needed to attract sport dropouts and increase physical activity among young people

Four Perspectives of Politics and Sport 1:

How government uses sport to improve citizens' quality of life

Four Perspectives of Politics and Sport 3:

How nations sponsor international teams to promote patriotic pride

Four Perspectives of Politics and Sport 2:

How sport can reinforce the status quo

Anabolic Steroids:

Increased muscle size, speed, and power BALCO scandal: (Bay Areas Laboratory Collaborative O) Barry Bonds; put groups together to service MLB players Increased drug testing

Role of Government in Sport

Intervenes to address scandals or social issues in sport (MLB steroid use and drug testing) Helps regulate event security Protects citizens' rights Promotes equal opportunity Protects the public's financial interest

Off-field Violence

It is unclear whether on-field violence leads to off-field violence. Alcohol increases the incidence of violence; athletes are more prone to binge drinking. Some sports may not cause violent off-field behavior but attract more-violent people. Challenges to manhood can arise off the field.

U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Links research on physical activity and quality of life, Sets recommendations for physical activity

Potential Issues with Drug Use:

Long-term health risks (e.g., female infertility) Bad example for youth athletes Rejection of sport by fans, parents, kids Marginalization of non-using athletes Withdrawal of corporate financial support Futile if bar is raised by genetic engineering

Developmental Possibilities for Sport:

Not development in traditional sense (athlete development, economic development) Growing area that recognizes sport as social capital has opportunities to improve lives for social and personal developmental for all populations, especially disenfranchised Body of research, programming growing

Methods of Administrations:

Orally Sublingually; under the tongue, gets into body faster By Injection (intramuscularly) Topically

Americans with Disabilities Act

Passed by Congress in 1991, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings. Who passed? Bush

Nationalism and Sport:

Patriotic symbols and colors at international competitions National anthem played before games Army-Navy college football game Historic Olympic boycotts

Spectatorship:

Pay-per-view and internet viewing will continue to revolutionize fan experiences Growing spectatorship will increase participation unless undercut by boom in electronic spectatorship Some will try legalize sport gambling Competition will increase for fans' time and commitment

Steve Courson:

Played at USC and Pittsburg Steelers, Used performance enhancers and needed a heart transplant, Testified before congress.

Sport and Politics:

Politicians congratulate successful athletes Championship teams visit the White House Some athletes become politicians (Bill Bradley) National sport boards and the NCAA operate as political organizations

Types of Drugs used by Modern Athletes:

Prescription and OTC: promote healing, mask pain, carry long-term risks Stimulants: increases arousal and energy; have been in use for decades Anabolic Steroids: increase muscle size, speed, strength, and ability to train soon after exhaustion Others: Include HGH, doping, amino acids

Violence Against women

Rape culture at universities -One in five women is raped -Rape is committed by a rising proportion of athletes and men at military academies Title IX and sexual violence cases Domestic abuse and athletes Sense of entitlement?

Effects of Steroid Use:

Short term v Long term effects Physical and Physiological v.s. Psychological Long-term effects not very well documents Many short-term effects are reversible when use ceases

Performance Sport: International

Soccer participation and spectatorship will increase around the globe (including United States). Olympics will become more professional. Female sport will continue to grow. Drug-testing programs will expand.

Performance Enhancers:

Some athletes use steroids or other drugs Increased use and scandals (Alex Rodriguez, Ryan Braun) Random drug testing in the Olympics and some professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings) Usage is not a new phenomenon but does get more media exposure now

Electronic Media:

Sport action will be viewed on demand Fantasy teams and leagues will be interactive Online sport wagering will grow Athletes will be more accessible to fans through social media Giants (ESPN) will continue to grow

Sport and Society:

Sport distracts from difficult times (distraction = passivity) Sport helps maintain status quo (male dominance, traditional values) Sport can also change society (Jesse Owens, Arthur Ashe) Sport can promote politicians (photo ops, athletes-turned-politicians)

Sport and Development:

Sport in this context includes physical activities such as the following: Strength training Running and walking Swimming Pilates Yoga

Development Programs for Children and Youth:

Stand-alone sport an physical activity programs (skill-focused, foundational): strictly to get better within sport At-risk prevention program (ex: YMCA, Boys & Girls Club, Up2Us): sport is incorporated into programs, youth who are "at risk" Academic enrichment and sport programs (safe haven combining school and sport) Academic development and sport (sport as a vehicle to develop academic skills)

Emotion and Sport: Athletes

Stress of competition Being consumed by emotion Optimal levels of arousal and intensity Role of anger

Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids:

Testosterone - Primary Natural Male Hormone Also present in females in lesser amounts Anabolic: Tissue-Building Effects Increase in muscle cell size Increase in strength Androgenic: Masculinizing Effects Growth of Facial Hair Growth of Body Hair Deepening of the Voice

The Social Changes:

The Civil Rights Movement increased diversity in sport, but minority opportunities still lag Female participation has increased, but education and athletic leaders need to embrace Title IX Women must be recruited and nurtured in sport leadership roles Latina and Hispanic girls and women need to be integrated into lifelong physical activity As women age, they look to extend their participation in physical activity and sport Age-group competition opportunities will continue to grow for older adults LGBT individuals need to be welcomed into sport and leadership positions People who have a disability need continuing opportunities in sport and physical activity

Peace Initiatives Through Sport:

The Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group works with governments to develop sport systems Strong societies depend on tolerance and friendship among disparate groups Sport provides a safe place to face conflict in a structured environment

International Outreach Through Sport:

The WHO emphasizes conditions and diseases that can be addressed through physical activity More than 60% of adults worldwide do not engage in sufficient physical activity

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Four Perspectives of Politics and Sport 4:

The politics of sport institutions

Eating Disorders In Sport:

Tupes are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, disordered eating, and compulsive exercise Up to 33% of female athletes report having an eating disorder (more than non athletes) The percentage for males athletes is 10% Athletes discipline and determination can lead to eating disorders if taken too far Eating disorders have increased since Title IX was enacted (more female participants) These disorders can be encouraged inadvertently by coaches and parents

Use of Sport to Promote Social Values:

U.S. view of sport as teaching mainstream values Capitalism: competition, hard work, winners Socialism: teamwork, fitness, friendship Potential to integrate people from diverse backgrounds in areas of conflict

What agencies in the US government are involved in sport Olympic and health?

USOC

Performance Sport: United States

Youth participation will increase among those who can afford it. Schools will invest more in college athletic programs but still face financial struggles. Professional sports will continue to dominate; more may develop true world championships.

High School and Collegiate Sport:

as competition increases, rules may become looser, and coaches and players may try to win at all costs

Three core values of the Olympic movement are...

excellence, friendship, and respect

emotion and sport: fans

increases excitement and arousal with tailgating and alcohol use Hooliganism

politics

the art and science of governing, influencing policy, or controlling a government

What is deviance?

the recognized violation of cultural norms