Study Guide Psych Chapter 13

Despite her mother's pleas to use a more ergonomic backpack, Antonia insists on trying to carry all of her books to high school in an oversized purse the way her fashionable friends all seem to do. Antonia is affected by what type of social influence?

Normative social influence

What are peripheral rout persuasion and central route persuasion? Provide examples of each.

Peripheral rout occurs when people are influences by incidental cues, such as speakers attractiveness. Central Rout occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

What is the scapegoat theory? Provide an example.

Scapegoat Theory: that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.( Arab Americans following 9/11)

What situations have researchers found to be most likely to encourage obedience in participants?

The Migram studies showed that people were more likely to follow orders when the experimenter was nearby and was a legitimate authority figure, the victim was not nearby, and there were no models for defiance.

What is group polarization?

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations thought discussion with in the group.

University students charged the field after the game in response to their team's loss. They vandalized the opposing team's field and the police had to be called in. This behavior is best understood in terms of: a. The bystander effect b. Social facilitation c. Deindividuation d. The mere exposure effect

c. Deindividuation

Studies have revealed diminished activity in the (blank) of violent criminals. a. Amygdala b. Hypothalamus c. Frontal lobes d. Sensory cortex

c. Frontal lobes

When Bonnie is at her health club, she pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates: a. The bystander effect b. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon c. Social facilitation d. Group polarization

c. Social facilitation

You are the expert on psychometrics and assessment; however, three of the clinicians disagree on your choice of scales. You decide to change your opinion for the good of the group this best illustrates: a. Group polarization b. The bystander effect c. Social facilitation d. Groupthink

c. Social facilitation

What are social scripts?

culturally provided mental files for how to act in certain situations

James is a Republican, and Shawn is a Democrat. Both believe that the members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of any other party. This belief best illustrates: a. The social responsibility norm b. The just-world phenomenon c. Deindividuation d. Ingroup bias

d. Ingroup bias

In Milgram's experiments, the rate of compliance was highest when a. The "learner" was at a distance from the "teacher" b. The "learner" was close at hand c. Other "teachers" refused to go along with the experiment d. The "teacher" disliked the "learner"

d. The "teacher" disliked the "learner

Shortly after learning that he did not make it onto his high school basketball team, Brad vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of: a. Group polarization b. The mere exposure effect c. Social loafing d. The frustration-aggression principle

d. The frustration-aggression principle

What groups are prone to prejudice?

race, ethnicity, gender, LGBTQ

What is deindividuation? Provide an example.

the loss of self- awareness and self- restraint occurring in group situations that foster arrousla and anonymity. Example: NYU women depressed in KKK style hoods delivered twice as much electric shock to a victim

What is mood contagion? Provide an example.

the phenomenon of having one persons emotions and related behavior directly trigger similar emotions and behaviors in other people

What do social psychologists study?

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

What is the just-world phenomenon? Provide an example.

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get. Good is rewarded. Evil is punished.

At a meeting in your office, three of your colleagues agree that the plan is correct as is; you feel the pressure to get the plan out today so you agree. Your behavior illustrates: a. Normative social influence b. Informational social influence c. Mirror-image perceptions d. The mere exposure effect

A. Normative social influence

The (blank) indicates that although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings we can influence our feelings by changing our behavior. a. Confirmation bias b. Attitudes-follow-behavior principle c. Perceptual adaptation theory d. Bystander effect

B. Attitudes follow behavior principle

You are trying to convince your parents to send you to Europe. First, you ask them for a small favor (a bus ticket to a local city), hoping that later they will be more willing to send you on the longer trip. This technique is known as: a. The fundamental attribution error b. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon c. Motivated forgetting d. The cognitive dissonance theory

B. The foot- in the door phenomenon

How did the Bay of Pigs demonstrate groupthink?

Bay of Pigs (1961) JFK invaded Cuba with 1400 CIA- trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro. (failed). JFK was enthusiastic about the idea and no one spoke up against him.

What biological, psychological, and social-cultural influences interact to produce aggressive behaviors?

Biological- genetic influences, testosterone, alcohol. Psychological- frustration, aggressive, role models. Social- cultural- environmental factors, minimal father involvement.

You have very strong opinions about the tuition increase. However, once you become the student representative for the College Board, you develop a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains this? a. Two-factor theory b. Social exchange theory c. Cognitive dissonance theory d. Equity theory

C. Cognitive dissonance theory

What is conformity? How did Solomon Asch demonstrate this?

Conformity: adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard. When someone In the group conforms to fit in to what the rest is saying.

Your boss wants to meet with you this afternoon. You are sure it is about the customers who complained about you yesterday. Your best-case scenario would be for your boss to decide that your behavior was the result of: a. Your personality traits b. A dispositional attribution c. A situational attribution d. A fundamental attribution error

D. A fundamental attribution error

What is social facilitation? Provide an example.

Improved performance on simple or well learned tasks in presence of other. Examples: expert pool player who made 71% of shots alone, made 80% when four people watched.

What is the difference between explicit and implicit prejudice?

Explicit- we are aware of. Implicit is unthinking knee- kerk responses; unaware of how attritudes are influencing behavior.

What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon? How did the Chinese communist war camps during the Korean War demonstrate this phenomenon?

Foot in the door phenomenon the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request later agreed to a larger one. US prisoners in Korean war help in camps run by Chinese communist, they performed various activities instead of brutality.

What are the genetic, neural, and biochemical influences on aggression?

Genetic- animals bred for aggression. Neural- Frontal lobe activity diminished. Biochemical- testosterone- castrated bull becomes gentler.

What is normative social influence? Provide an example.

Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval. The price for being different can be severe.

What is the ingroup? Outgroup? What is ingroup bias?

Ingroup- "us"- people with whom we share a common identify. (our sports team) Outgroup- them- different not part of the group. Ingroup bias- favoring of our own group- Red sox vs yankees

How did the Stanford prison experiment demonstrate how role playing can affect attitudes and behaviors?

It showed how people can become the role their playing. The guards became mean and acted as a power figure.

How might suggestibility and mimicry be a bad thing?

Lead to falsehoods or bullying

What is social loafing? Why might this occur?

The tendency for people in a group to exert less efforts when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. Example: slack off if they share equally in benefits, regardless of how much they contribute.

What is cognitive dissonance theory? How did Leon Festinger demonstrate this?

We act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts(cognitions) are inconsistent. Students did boring test. One paid $20 felt comfortable lying where as the person who was only paid $1 had to convivence them selves to lie to the person.

What is fundamental attribution error? Provide an example.

We overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations. Examples: In class, jack might be as quiet as Juliette, but at party she is more talkative.

We explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition. Example: Juliette never talks in class so we assume she's always verbose

What is attribution theory? Provide an example.

Discrimination is a negative (Blank), whereas prejudice is a negative (blank) a. Attitude; behavior b. Behavior; attitude c. Belief; action d. Behavior; action

a. Attitude; behavior

The jury deliberated on the rape case for over 8 hours. Some of the jurors commented that the rape victim had a history of going out to various bars and that she had been dressed too provocatively. Looking like that, they thought, she was asking to be assaulted. The behavior of this jury is best explained in terms of the: a. Just-world phenomenon b. Mere exposure effect c. Scapegoat theory d. Frustration-aggression principle

a. Just-world phenomenon

By providing extremists with chat rooms for interfacing online with others who share their attitudes, the Internet most likely serves as a medium for: a. Social facilitation b. The bystander effect c. Group polarization d. Cognitive dissonance

a. Social facilitation

You have stopped at a diner for a cup of coffee, and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. You are convinced that she should find another line of work -one in which her angry personality will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to: a. The fundamental attribution error b. The confirmation bias c. The gender-typing bias d. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon

a. The fundamental attribution error

Tina uses spanking to discipline her children. She may be teaching aggression through the process of: a. Social facilitation b. Deindividuation c. Modeling d. Cognitive dissonance

b. Deindividuation

After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any Middle-Easter person they saw. This behavior is best explained in terms of: a. Group polarization b. The mere exposure effect c. The scapegoat theory d. The frustration-aggression principle

b. The mere exposure effect

What is the chameleon effect? Provide an example.

exhibiting a behavior because those around you have done the same. Example: students work in a room alongside a confederate. Confederate rubs face, shakes foot. Student tend to do the same.

What is the frustration-aggression principle?

frustrate creates anger. which can spark aggression

What is informational social influence? Provide an example.

influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality. Accept others opinions when reading online review