Taylor Quizzes Ch. 1-27
Although important for grounding occupational therapy applied science studies, theory has minimal direct applications for educational, technical, scientific, or interdisciplinary purposes.
false
An attitude of skepticism in the scientific community is viewed as counter-productive, as it indicates a resistance toward research and knowledge production.
false
Correlational research seeks to find usual or average values for specific variables, thus serving as a basis to evaluate and compare an individual against a similar group.
false
Data collection forms should always include the participant's name as well as the participant identifier on each page.
false
Ethnography is concerned with sampling a population with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria.
false
In order to ensure ethical research, a panel of individuals external to the institution in which a study is taking place must conduct the ethical review in order to ensure independence.
false
In single-subject designs, dependent variables do not have to be operationally defined due to individuals serving as their own controls.
false
In descriptive research, the incidence is the number of new cases of a disease or disability in a population during a specified time period.
true
In descriptive research, the prevalence is the percentage of people who have a particular health-related condition.
true
In occupational therapy, an activity that is not informed by a theory or theoretical concept is not likely to be therapeutic.
true
In an experimental design study, researchers might have more than one experimental condition group.
true
One of the most important and effective ways to reduce the measurement error of an assessment is to standardize it.
true
Participatory action research involves the participants in shaping the research questions, methods, and outcomes.
true
Survey studies may be quantitative, qualitative, or mixed with their methodology.
true
The extent of rater bias is assessed through investigation of inter-rater reliability
true
Which of the following would not be a method of replication that would help to ensure that findings are generalizable?
Replicate the study using alternative means (interventions)
Which of the following is not a cause of response bias?
The respondent choosing not to respond
Which of the following would not be a common data collection means?
Biological measures
A proximity connection used in tagging and retrieval may be defined as a:
Search feature that analyzes the spatial relationship between coded segments
Boolean connections used in tagging and retrieval may be defined as a:
Search feature that uses logical operators to connect search terms
The World Wide Web is a resource that may be used to retrieve evidence-based information. Which of the following statements regarding the Web is false?
The Web is the optimal source of information (when compared with online public access catalogs [OPACs] or bibliographic citation databases) for individuals with minimal knowledge on a topic
Which of the following would not be identified as an advantage of computer-assisted qualitative data analysis?
Allows for automatic computerized data coding based on intuitive-logic models
The types of validity to consider when evaluating or developing an assessment are:
Face, content, criteria, and construct
Which of the following is not a role of the data management plan and project timeline in a study?
To ensure the standards for the anticipated journal of publication are met
Data collection methods must be both replicable and reliable in order to maintain validity.
true
All of the following describe single-subject research except:
It is a design most commonly employed for experimental trials
In experimental design, subjects are assigned to one of two or more condition groups based on multiple criteria as selected by the investigator (e.g., subject demographics).
false
While computerized technologies are a typical means for analyzing survey data, currently there are no software options for computerized survey distribution.
false
Statistics in occupational therapy are the means by which data are collected, organized, and analyzed as well as presented to serve objectives in a research study.
true
Survey research is a method of inquiry characterized by collecting data using structured questions to elicit self-reported information from a sample of people.
true
There are a wide variety of approaches to data collection that may be utilized in occupational therapy (OT), including observations, interviews, self-reported measures, standardized tests and performance measures.
true
Specific aims and hypotheses should be derived from research questions that are framed by a research problem.
True
After translating participant responses to numerical values and entering the data, missing or out-of-range values may indicate a data entry error. Potential errors can be checked against raw data and corrected if necessary.
true
Application of knowledge gained through experience is a skill that contributes to practitioners being able to implement evidence-based practice.
true
Because sampling error represents the degree to which the sample is representative of the population, the larger the sample error, the less representative the sample is to the population and the lower the external validity.
true
Contemporary methods recognize that it is not possible to undertake research without some underlying theory and first principles, even if they are not made explicit.
true
Content analysis is the process of reviewing raw materials, including any form of communication or text, although written forms are most common.
true
Data are the pieces of information that are collected from research participants to address a study's questions.
true
Explanations offered by a practice theory are always tentative, and must be refined through research.
true
For subject querying of bibliographic citation databases, concept expansion and concept contraction are often combined in tandem into an iterative process.
true
Historically, the most common method of collecting survey data was through mailed questionnaires.
true
If a study includes quantitative data, the data management plan should have specific policies regarding data checking and data cleaning.
true
If subject burden is unduly high in a study, it will likely lead to low participation rates and high dropout rates.
true
In addition to the degree of nonparticipation, nonresponse bias depends on the extent to which nonrespondents differ systematically from respondents in terms of their characteristics on key variables under study.
true
In both the Tuskegee Experiments and Nazi Doctors Trials, examples of ethical misconduct included the following: informed consent was not being obtained, known harm was inflicted to subjects without regard to pain and suffering, and the potential benefits did not outweigh the associated risks of the studies.
true
In preparing for data collection, the researcher (interviewer) should be trained on technical skills in interviewing, appropriate behaviors to gain access to a population, as well as interpersonal skills and behaviors.
true
In qualitative research designs, the subject's/informant's experiences, actions, interactions, and social contexts are more important than those of the researcher.
true
Inferential statistics are used to test hypotheses (i.e., make inferences) about an entire population based on findings from a single sample thought to adequately represent that population.
true
Key considerations for sampling in qualitative research are appropriateness and adequacy
true
Mixed-methods research represents a blend of philosophical perspectives, including primarily those of logical positivism, critical modernism, and postmodernism.
true
Occupational therapists have both an ethical and a professional responsibility to be aware of research and engage with it to help enhance the quality of their clinical decisions.
true
Once the research is initiated, the institutional review board (IRB) is responsible for a substantive re-review of the research no less often than once every 365 days.
true
Operationalizing a construct refers to assigning a concrete means of defining an abstract idea, such as a measurement.
true
Peer debriefing is very valuable in qualitative inquiry because it provides a means by which areas of disagreement and controversy are highlighted, leading to additional data collection as the need to clarify conflicting data as conflicting views becomes apparent.
true
Piloting and revising the questionnaire or interview schedule is a step that must be included when building a new measure.
true
Post-qualification is typically done during the final steps of the information search process, and is done to focus the items within a retrieval set.
true
Presented research will typically be structured in the same way as a peer-reviewed journal article, including all of the general sections as a written paper.
true
Professional and ethical considerations ensure safe and humane treatment of research participants
true
Professional practice guidelines in which clinical reasoning is founded on experience that is reinforced through expert opinion and anecdotal evidence is defined as experience-based practice.
true
Qualitative research is an iterative process, wherein some data are collected, interim analysis is performed, and research instruments are modified before further data are collected and analyzed.
true
Qualitative studies, such as exploratory studies, may include an exploratory hypothesis or no hypothesis at all.
true
Quality assurance measures specific to inter-rater reliability involve either separate and redundant coding of data with pre- and post-reconciliation statistics or coding reconciliation.
true
Research should be grounded in theory, which in turn may generate outcomes that require the theory to be modified to adapt how it describes a phenomenon.
true
Some examples of different types of performance sites in occupational therapy research include university laboratory facilities, inpatient units, outpatient rehabilitation centers, skilled nursing facilities, and community-based organizations.
true
Specific to the profession of occupational therapy, "OT SEARCH" is a bibliographic database that includes monographs, proceedings, reports, doctoral dissertations, master's theses, and most international OT journals.
true
The impetus for contemporary ethical standards for the protection of human research subjects is grounded in previous abuses of humans under the guise of research, such as the Nazi Doctors Trials and the Tuskegee Experiments.
true
The method section of a research paper describes the approach of the study and is typically divided into a number of subsections that describe the ethical approvals, design, participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis approach.
true
The presentation of findings within the results section of an article is typically limited to the direct results of the analyses undertaken and does not include an interpretation of or reflection on any of those findings.
true
There are multiple types of research articles that may be included in a peer-reviewed journal; some of which include literature reviews, experimental reports, case reports, and opinion papers.
true
There exists a dynamic relationship between research and practice. Professional research should be used to inform practice theory and interventions; equally, practice should influence and guide the direction of future research.
true
Utilizing an existing validated measure for data collection (versus developing your own measure) allows increased generalizability and provides an existing conceptual foundation.
true
When implementing evidence-based practice, the presence of deadlines helps to initiate and stimulate activity levels, as well as provides direction and focus for participants.
true
When researchers receiving federal funding are investigated and judged to have engaged in research misconduct, there is the potential for significant penalties and consequences, including imprisonment.
true
While experienced practitioners do identify multiple barriers to implementing evidence-based practice, there is evidence that training programs for these professionals are effective at reducing the impact of these barriers.
true
With social validity in mind, it is possible for an intervention to result in desirable changes in the dependent variable, but still be identified by research participants as being unacceptable.
true
Which of the following is not a method for increasing survey response rates?
utilizing systematic random selection when sampling
All of the following should be included within a strong data management system except for:
existing literature on the topic
Which of the following is not a quantifier commonly used during post-qualification?
profession of journal
Occupational therapy (OT) has multiple barriers that inhibit it from being recognized as an evidence-based profession from an international perspective. Which of the following is not a recognized barrier for OT?
the status of much of the evidence does not apply to contemporary practice
A disadvantage of standardized tests and performance measures is that they are not all cross-cultural in nature and may not be relevant to all sociodemographic and sociocultural groups.
true
A multiple-baseline research design across behaviors investigates an individual treatment variable applied sequentially to separate behaviors in a single participant.
true
A two-group posttest-only randomized experiment relies on groups being probabilistically equivalent
true
Some studies may contain more than one hypothesis.
true
During the active reading process, investigators make conceptual labels within the data. A conceptual label is:
A "tag" for segments of text, categorically describing information the segments contained
Which of the following is not an accurate description of the p-value in inferential statistics?
A measure of the strength of an association
Phenomenology is:
A method of investigation in which an individual's significant subjective experience is described through first-person narrative, without reference to theory or knowledge from other discipline perspectives
Data management in a research study:
Are the logistical, reflective, and behind the scenes processes and infrastructure that allow a researcher to produce high-quality information
Which of the following would be something a researcher would do when using observation to collect qualitative data?
Attempt to become an active part of the group being studied
There are several types of biases that can negatively impact qualitative studies. Which of the following would not be considered a bias relevant to qualitative data collection?
Biases related to having limited (or no) randomization with the selection of participants
Critically appraised topics and critically appraised papers are two methods with which occupational therapy is promoting evidence-based practice techniques. Which of the following statements is true regarding these two articles?
Both are less rigorous versions of systematic reviews
Consistent communication in the context of a data management system should include all of the following except for:
Casual remarks made by participants
Which of the following would not likely be included within a qualitative codebook?
Derived and calculated values
Which of the following is not a method for enhancing quality control during the coding process?
Each coder should develop an independent coding system
Which of the following would not be an aim of data collection when employing a qualitative observation approach?
Ensure the observer has integrated into the group
Which of the following is not an example of the strengths that a data management plan lends to a research study?
Ensures a consensus on the theoretical frame of reference guiding the research question
Which of the following would not be a correct consideration in data analysis when using graphs for single-subject studies?
Equal-interval graphs should be avoided due to their complexity and difficulty being understood
The following sentence is correct with regard to use of APA format for citing references in text: Despite the recognition of participation as an important outcome of stroke rehabilitation (Baum 2011), few interventions are designed to address restricted participation for people after stroke.
False
There are many different formats that may be employed when conducting an in-depth interview. Which of the following is not considered a typical method for collecting data?
Focused interview
Which of the following is not a key dimension of survey research?
Identifying an appropriate pre- and post-measure
The Office of Research Integrity defines misconduct for purposes of research. Which of the following characteristics is not part of their description?
Misconduct includes honestly made errors, if these could have been foreseen or prevented.
The deliberate selection of individuals by the researcher based on certain predetermined criteria (usually stated as inclusion and exclusion criteria)
Purposive sampling
The recruitment of specific individuals to ensure appropriate representation in the sample
Quota sampling
An experiment where an important health outcome is the dependent variable, a clinical intervention is part of the independent variable, and research participants are recruited and randomly assigned over time as they become available
Randomized controlled trial
A profession that has lacked a consistent history and infrastructure to support individuals who conduct research is defined as a/an:
Research-emergent profession
Which of the following is not an advantage of mailed questionnaires?
Response rates tend to be higher
A random sample, but the selection is from identified subgroups within the population
Stratified sampling
An equivalent to random sampling, where subjects are identified from a population list according to a numeric pattern
Systematic sampling
During qualitative data collection, the point of saturation occurs when:
The researcher is gaining little or no new information
Which of the following is not a step of a basic experiment?
assigning participants into cohorts according to defined characteristics
The classical test theory is a set of psychometric approaches that aim to define the true score of an assessment by isolating the error of measurement from the achieved score.
false
The procedures used in implementing a survey study do not have a large impact on the rigor of the investigation.
false
The methodological rigor of data collection depends on whether there is evidence in the literature that a quantitative instrument is valid and reliable or that a qualitative strategy is trustworthy.
true
A design utilized to find out if some specific variable from the past discriminates between people who have a disease (or disability) and people who do not
Case control design
Which of the following is not one of the steps typically taken by researchers to plan and implement data collection?
Choosing a population of interest
When selecting personnel for data collection, which of the following would not likely be a primary consideration?
Choosing data collectors who share similarities in personality and temperament with the primary investigator to promote consistent communications
In qualitative research, researchers should use theoretically defined statistical methods of sampling as required for making inferences about the population of interest.
False
Participatory research involves inclusion of recipients of services (or consumers) in the data collection and dissemination process only after a specific research hypothesis have been established by an investigator.
False
The selection of a research design weighs heavily on multiple forms of validity, except for internal validity, which is a factor independent of design considerations.
False
Which of the following study characteristics would require the use of nonparametric statistics?
Heterogeneity of variance
Which of the following would not be something a researcher does when collecting data through an in-depth interview?
Negotiating and establishing a social identity in the setting
A method in which initially identified subjects provide names of others who may meet the study criteria
Network sampling
A correlational study that is purely descriptive or observational, in which variables that are thought to be associated with one another are analyzed statistically, best describes:
Nonexperimental designs
A scale that uses numbers to classify ranked categories; they do not represent amount. Rather, they are categorical labels that indicate ranking within a distribution of categories.
Ordinal scale
All quantitative studies should have a research hypothesis.
false
Which of the following is not a key factor that influences study rigor?
The process used to define a population
What is a research question?
The specific knowledge that is being sought through a study
Which of the following is not one of the Principles of Belmont?
Veracity
Occupational therapy literature describes the theory-practice gap that exists within the profession. Which of the following statements is correct in its description of the theory-practice gap?
a discrepancy that exists between researchers' theories that ground the ideas of the profession and clinicians' practice that is actually implemented
Occupational therapists offer a unique perspective towards identifying and addressing deficits with clients' occupational participation. The area of research that examines how occupational therapists identify problems and make treatment decisions is:
clinical reasoning research
According to the basic rules of measurement, numbers may be used to do all of the following except:
define a characteristic
In descriptive research, a developmental study is conducted to:
describe patterns of growth or change over time within selected segments of a population
The purpose of needs assessment research is to identify the gap between a client's or population's present status and that individual's or group's:
desired status
When selecting a research methodology, an investigator will determine many of the characteristics of the study. Which of the following is not part of the research methodology?
ethical approvals
A scale that uses numbers to classify equal distances between the units of measurement.
interval scale
Which of the following is not an advantage of telephone interviews?
interviewer bias is not a factor
Scholarship of practice is a theoretical perspective for knowledge generation in occupational therapy. Which of the following statements is not an accurate description of the scholarship of practice?
it is exclusive to participatory research, where researchers and practitioners both develop theory through service delivery
A study investigating the subjective perspectives of individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities living in a group home would be an example of a:
qualitative, phenomenological study
Mixed-methods study designs should be evaluated in accordance with what appraisal model?
techniques from both level-of-evidence and multidimensional perspectives
Which of the following would be an instance when a researcher would not ground research in a theoretical model?
when developing a new theoretical model for a new population of interest
Which best describes a no-treatment control group?
A control condition group in which a group of individuals have independently withdrawn from or have been deliberately withdrawn from treatment for purposes of the study
An effort dedicated to improvement of randomized controlled trial (RCT) design and RCT reporting, providing a checklist of essential items that should be included in a RCT and a diagram for documenting
Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials
A design in which groups of different types of persons, in terms of some immediate measurable dependent variable (e.g., age, presence of disability), are compared in response to exposure to an independent variable
Cross sectional design
Blinding enhances the validity of an experiment's design.
true
Qualitative research is performed to enable discovery when there is insufficient prior understanding of a topic, or when preconceived concepts and predefined tools have inadequately captured the phenomena of interest.
true
Which research role typically involves advanced training, which may be acquired through doctoral or postdoctoral degrees?
research producers
There are multiple strategies that therapists may utilize to overcome barriers to evidence-based practice. Which of the following guidelines for therapists is not an evidence based recommendation?
self-appraising reliance on clinical expertise
The Cochrane levels-of-evidence model utilizes multiple criteria in its appraisal methodology. Which of the following criteria is not used by this model?
significance of statistical findings
There are many activities that a qualitative researcher employs while using participation as a method to gather information. Which of the following would not be something a researcher does through participation?
Actively assimilates into the group to address the underlying research problem
A semantic connection used in tagging and retrieval may be defined as a:
Relationship indicator that specifies a hierarchical (or other type of) relationship between codes
There are multiple routes to access online published information. Which of the following statements regarding the primary sources for these searches is correct?
Bibliographic citation databases have standardized indexing, allowing for efficiency with information retrieval.
Which of the following would not likely be included within a quantitative codebook?
Information regarding conceptual labels
Regarding the training of key personnel as required by typical institutional review board (IRB) guidelines, which of the following statements is correct?
Key personnel must have adequate training and knowledge about the protection of human subjects and have annual continuing education.
The process whereby investigators check out their assumptions and emerging interpretations of the data with the original stakeholders who provided the information is defined as:
Member checks
There are several factors that may define a well-stated research problem. Which of the following would not be an ideal quality?
Narrow in impact
A scale that uses numbers that have no meaning other than identifying the category or characteristic to which a person belongs; each category must be exclusive of the other categories.
Nominal scale
A scale that uses numbers to classify equal distances between units of measurements, and that also has an absolute zero point; they indicate absolute amounts of the characteristics measured.
Ratio scale
Which of the following perspectives best aligns with a critical theorist's approach?
Reality and knowledge are considered as relative to particular people and times
Which of the following would be considered a threat to internal validity?
Selection bias
In comparison to an experimental design, quasi-experimental designs have an additional threat to validity through introducing the risk of producing:
Selection biases
The basic goal of data management is to:
Support the production of findings that are trustworthy and useful to others
The selection of instruments and procedures for data collection should include all of the following considerations except for:
The ease with which data may be collected, allowing for obtaining the most data in the least amount of time
How a subject pool is selected depends on several issues. Which of the following factors would not be included among those that define the sample?
The impact of the research proposal
Descriptive quantitative research depicts naturally occurring events or characteristics of research participants to generate new insights through an inductive process.
true
Construct validity includes the degree to which a construct is operationalized in psychometric research.
True
In a standard normal distribution, the deviations from zero occur symmetrically in units of standard deviation at both the positive and negative ends of the possible range of choices.
True
Research design refers to the guidelines and procedures outlined for conducting a study and thereby addressing a research question
True
The World Medical Association adopted the principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki regarding the ethical conduct of human research.
True
With respect to social forces, an individual evaluating an assessment should consider all the following questions except:
Will this assessment be effective at conveying my (investigator's) voice and values?
When submitting a research proposal application to an institutional review board (IRB), the application will typically address some major topics. Which of the following would not likely be included among these?
a discussion of the philosophical argument of the nature of knowledge to be gained
Which of the following sections would not be included in the findings of a study?
a statement of replicability, to promote the rigor of a study
Which of the following statements is false regarding theory?
a theory identifies postulates that describe phenomena, and conceptualizations that specify relationships between postulates
It is important for role expectations to be clearly defined when conducting a research study. Individuals, other than the primary investigator (i.e., research producer), who contribute to the design, interpretation, and writing of the study might be considered:
co-authors
In order to establish the psychometrics of a new instrument developed to measure symptoms of depression in a post-stroke population, a study is conducted that examines how well the assessment captures all behaviors, symptoms, and somatic presentations of depression. This form of psychometric testing would be examining the instrument's:
construct validity
There are multiple methodological designs that may be employed while conducting qualitative research studies. Which of the following is not a qualitative method?
controlled trial
There are multiple organizational conditions that support implementation of evidence-based practice. Which of the following is not a condition that, if present, supports evidence-based practice?
employees self-pacing their own implementation
Prior to the mid-1990s, practice techniques for occupational therapy would be best described as:
experience-based
Perceived barriers to implementation of evidence-based practice techniques are reported in multiple studies examining both new and experienced practitioners. Which of the following statements is true regarding the findings of these studies?
experienced practitioners reported difficulty critically appraising research studies and their statistics, whereas new practitioners did not
Researchers must ensure that participants are clear in their understanding of the limits of the researcher's role and the availability of their care; therefore, researchers should avoid establishing rapport with participants or responding empathically during interactions.
false
The biggest danger to scientific development is to report a relationship that does not exist. This is considered a type II error.
false
The point of hypothesis testing is to be able to reject the alternative hypothesis, in which the alternative hypothesis states that an observed difference or outcome is due to chance.
false
The search interfaces for all bibliographic citation databases use standardized syntax and formatting rules specifying operations on search terms and queries.
false
There is a linear sequence of activities that investigators follow when planning and implementing a study; these tasks build on one another and do not allow for reengagement with previous steps.
false
Tomlin and Borgetto identify only three major types of research, outcomes, experimental,and descriptive, in their Research Pyramid.
false
Transparency refers to a deliberate and systematic process of self-examination where an investigator addresses an individual's thoughts, feelings, and reactions to people and events in light of the course of data collection.
false
When conducting research investigating a concept derived from theory, that concept should be operationalized in the absence of the theory to promote validity of the study design.
false
Which of the following would not be included among the job descriptions of people involved in a study?
identification of the specific cultural and social background of the work
The scientific parable of Newton devising his theory of gravity based on observations of the natural world (i.e., an apple falling on his head) is an example of what type of logic?
inductive
According to classic test theory, the reliability of an assessment is empirically assessed using all of the following methods except for:
inter-rater reliability
A Boolean logic nested statement is used to perform a set search. The search-query logic statement of "((children OR adolescents) AND autism) AND recreation" would return items related to:
items regarding recreation and children and/or adolescents and autism
Of international studies that examine perceived barriers for occupational therapists to implement evidence-based practices, the most commonly identified barrier is:
lack of time
Which of the following choices correctly matches the research study designs with the corresponding Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) level of evidence?
meta-analysis (level I), randomized trial (level II), nonrandomized controlled cohort study (level III)
In order to ensure that there is no effect of bias in the collection of information from high- and low-status informants, researchers should make an effort to represent participants and their experiences accurately. This rigor is applicable to the domain of:
methodological congruence
A researcher's preference toward adhering to a particular research approach for knowledge development is defined as his or her:
philosophical orientation
There are three major ways in which to define and classify research. Which of the following is not one of the primary classifications?
philosophical rigor
The suitability of a research assessment used to quantify the effect of an intervention, as well as its appropriateness for the given population and problem of study is referred to as the:
relevance of the evidence
Browsing and querying are two methods for retrieving information to inform practice. Which of the following statements is true regarding these processes?
querying involves seeking matches to a particular text phrase, whereas browsing uses a search engine to progress through an inductive series approach
Blinding is a technique utilized often to enhance the methodology of a study. Which of the following research designs is most likely to include blinding?
randomized trial
There are vast and numerous reasons why investigators are required to obtain information about a given subject. The two approaches typically taken are ready-reference and subject searching. Which of the following statements is true regarding these two processes?
ready-reference searching is typically a closed-ended search process, whereas subject searching is an iterative and ongoing information-seeking process
Occupational therapy has a professional obligation to maintain a systematic and shared body of knowledge. Which of the following does not serve toward the development of evidence for this requirement?
the collective clinical expertise of an outpatient occupational therapy department
The Cochrane levels-of-evidence model is used widely in research to evaluate:
the efficacy of an intervention or treatment approach
Classicism may be attributed with developing some of the original principles of the scientific method. The principal problem with classicism was that:
the inductive stage required intuitive leaps, thus creating an inherently flawed foundation for subsequent deductive examination
Critical appraisal methods for qualitative and quantitative studies vary in their approach. Which of the following statements is true regarding these two appraisal approaches?
the level of evidence is one of multiple factors considered when evaluating quantitative studies
Formative research best seeks to identify what characteristic of an intervention of study?
the mechanism of change for the intervention
E-mail, text messaging, online discussions and forums, voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) technologies, and various types of social networking platforms have all been used in the service of qualitative research.
true
All of the following statements are true regarding type I errors except:
they represent a failure to find and report a relationship among variables in a study, when a relationship actually exists
Applied science is used frequently within occupational therapy practice. Which of the following examples does not depict an applied science purpose?
to describe the mechanism of action that underlies a common intervention technique
Research has many applications toward professional practice decisions, and professionals have a responsibility to engage in it through various roles. Which of the following reasons would not be a reason to participate with a research role?
to eliminate the need to use autonomous clinical expertise and instead rely solely on evidence from research
Ethical review is a process utilized for all studies involving human or animal experiments. It has multiple objectives. Which of the following is not one of them?
to ensure that experimental control studies do not withhold treatment if it is hypothesized to be a benefit to the subjects
Which of the following does not serve as a description of the aims of qualitative research?
to propose a primarily deductive means for explaining experiences through existing theoretical models
A client's values should influence and be considered when providing evidence-based occupational therapy services.
true
A multiple-baseline research design across participants investigates one behavior treated sequentially across matched participants.
true
The principal investigator is ultimately responsible for ensuring that human subject protections are followed, reporting any unanticipated problems involving risks to subjects or others, and for abiding by the institutional review board (IRB) approved protocol and consent document/process.
true
The process of formulating a research question involves going from a broad research problem to a specific question that is addressable in a single study.
true
There are two basic rules of data backups: do them regularly and do them frequently.
true
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding APA guidelines?
APA guidelines are specific to occupational therapy literature and other professions use different guidelines
Which of the following is not a type or application of inferential statistics?
Descriptive statistics
There are several procedures that are performed when conducting qualitative data analysis. The typical first step involves investigators:
Actively reading data
Consumers of evidence-based practice include not only a client, but also insurance companies, hospital administrators, policy makers, granting agencies, and OT managers who are concerned about intervention options and choices.
True
An audit trail is a systematically maintained set of documentation. Which of the following would not be included in a qualitative study's audit trail?
Details regarding the blinding of participants/investigators
Psychometric research may be used to evaluate an assessment according to multiple criteria. Which domain is not a measure of psychometric research?
formative utility
When calculating a sample size, which of the following statements is incorrect regarding the relationship among variables?
if variation in outcome increases, the sample size needs to decrease.
The commitment to become an evidence-based profession involves identification and collaboration on overcoming barriers toward implementation, a priority that is recognized at which highest professional level?
international
A common form of research in health care and in occupational therapy is participatory research. Which of the following is not a characteristic of participatory research?
it is most commonly carried out in a controlled laboratory setting
Which of the following would be considered a threat to statistical conclusion validity?
limits to the reliability of interventions performed
Which of the following would not be included as a threat to construct validity?
maturation
Researchers must exercise good judgment when choosing a theory to ground a research study. Which of the following would not be a consideration when choosing a theory?
methodology
Which of the following statistical measures is not a quantification of effect size?
p-value
Which of the following would not be included as a measure of statistical conclusion validity?
proposition significance
The philosophical foundations of research may be seen by their influence on contemporary research methods. Which of the following statements is true regarding this influence?
quantitative approaches are consistent with the tradition of logical positivism
Following multiple instances of unethical research practices, regulations were put into place to protect subjects and ensure ethical research practices. Which of the following is not an example of a regulatory code put into place toward this effort?
the Treaty of Versailles
Using this abstract, select the response which is true: OBJECTIVE. We examined the effect of the Cognitive-Functional (Cog-Fun) occupational therapy intervention on executive functions and participation among children with attention deficit hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD). METHOD. We used a randomized, controlled study with a crossover design. One hundred and sevenchildren age 7-10 yr diagnosed with ADHD were allocated to treatment or wait-list control group. Thecontrol group received treatment after a 3-mo wait. Outcome measures included the Behavior RatingInventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). RESULTS. Significant improvements were found on both the BRIEF and COPM after intervention with largetreatment effects. Before crossover, significant Time · Group interactions were found on the BRIEF. CONCLUSION. This study supports the effectiveness of the Cog-Fun intervention in improving executivefunctions and participation among children with ADHD.
the outcomes measures were the BRIEF and COPM
There are many benefits from grounding a study in a specific theoretical model. Which of the following would not be an outcome of a researcher using a theory for a research study?
the risk of bias would be reduced through the application of the theory
What is the definition of communality with regard to conducting research?
a context wherein research takes place within a community of scientists who critique and evaluate a study's findings in light of the existing body of literature
A Pearson correlation test is the most commonly used measure of association in statistics; it involves using an r-value to represent the strength of association between two variables.
true
A cohort design is implemented to follow a group over time utilizing repeated measures at certain intervals.
true
According to research conducted on the topic of evidence-based practice utilization, both new and experienced practitioners identify the same primary barrier to implementation.
true
Which of the following is not a characteristic of descriptive statistics?
May be used to demonstrate an effect size of an intervention
A qualitative investigator's interpretation of a study's findings can be a highly creative process in which the researcher's theoretical background and knowledge of the subjects and their life contexts comes into play.
true
A systematic error is best defined as:
A consistent or predictable error, occurring when an assessment misestimates the true score by a consistent amount and in the same direction
What is the role of the institutional review board (IRB) in protecting human subjects?
An IRB exists within a university, medical center, or other institution to review research proposals and ensure that the study is safe and ethical for all participants.
Which of the following does not serve as a definition of epistemology as it relates to qualitative research?
An empirical approach to defining true knowledge
For quantitative studies, hypotheses are typically stated when:
Analysis involves inferential statistics
Within an institutional review board (IRB), committee members must be
Comprised of individuals who are diverse, representing different research experiences, professional statuses, and demographics
Which quality assurance measures are specific to qualitative data analysis that go beyond those implemented for data collection?
Consistent/systematic coding, and inter-rater reliability
A design where the independent variables are administered to all randomly determined groups in a sequential order
Crossover design
Several features characterize all qualitative research. Which of the following is not something it seeks to discover?
Data used to reinforce the observer's objectives/theories
The steps involved in sampling include these five critical steps:
Define the population of interest, unit of analysis, performance site, and sampling approach, as well as implement the sampling procedures.
The four steps involved in building a survey questionnaire include all of the following except:
Defining a research question and proposed hypothesis
"The main objective of this research is to..." is an example of:
Describing the specific aim of a study
Which of the following statements is true in its description of gray literature?
Gray literature is information that is not published in usual formats such as journals
Theoretical frameworks often serve as the basis for developing research questions, specific aims, and hypotheses. Which of the following would not be an outcome of explicitly stating the theoretical basis for a study?
It would ground the statistical precision of a study's methods.
Bibliographic citation databases often take advantage of search syntax within their interfaces to assist with information retrieval. Which of the following is not a general search syntax function?
Keyword
Which of the following is not one of the aspects of human experience that are explored through phenomenological study?
Lived objectivity (rationality)
Which best describes a two-group pretest-posttest design?
Participants are assigned to either a treatment group or a no-treatment control group, with measures being taken for both groups before and after the intervention is administered to determine if they differ on the desired outcome.
Which of the following would not be a key consideration for limiting potential threats to external validity?
Statistical approach of the study
Which of the following would not be a reason for employing team meetings within a research study?
To promote a culture of inclusion and free thought, free from agenda or taking of minutes
Through the process of developing a theory-grounded research study, an investigator is deciding which assessment would be the best to collect data. Which of the following choices would be the best option?
an established assessment within the theoretical model of the research study
The primary difference between an experimental and quasi-experimental study design is:
an experimental design includes subjects being randomly assigned to a condition group, whereas a quasi-experimental design does not
Occupational science generates knowledge regarding explanations of humans performing daily functions and behaving within occupational contexts. In doing this, its research purpose serves as a:
basic science
When communicating the results of evidence to consumers, practitioners should be sure to do all of the following EXCEPT:
be comprehensive, covering all details of the evidence thoroughly
A systematic review and a meta-analysis are two forms of research inquiry. Which of the following statements regarding these two designs is true?
both a systematic review and a meta-analysis may be classified as level 1 studies
Research studies are disseminated to the public for expanding knowledge; two characteristics related to this are their verifiability and replicability. Which of the following statements is false regarding these two measures?
both are specific only to quantitative studies
Which of the following statements regarding the contemporary process for conducting research is false?
empirical research methods produce evidence that is inherently value-free and benign
A risk when conducting observational studies includes the Hawthorne effect, which occurs when subjects change their behavior because they know they are being observed.
true
Inclusion of a placebo group reduces the biasing effects of:
expectancy
A core tenet of evidence-based practice for occupational therapy is that interventions utilized should be those that are validated through the best available clinical evidence without consideration of an individual therapist's clinical expertise.
false
A data set's mean, median, and mode are all measures of its variability.
false
A key distinction of quantitative designs is that when securing a sample, it is acceptable that the researcher's sampling plans change during the study (including the number, type, and description of the subjects to be studied).
false
A multiple-baseline research design across settings is a design where individual behaviors are studied in multiple participants within a specified setting of interest.
false
A unit of analysis refers to the scale of measurement utilized when analyzing the demographics of a sample.
false
An r-value of .15 would indicate a very strong relationship between variables.
false
Because of the linear nature of qualitative data analysis, audit trails are typically not required.
false
Evidence-based medicine (EBM) and its established prescriptive guidelines closely reflect the philosophical beliefs and nature of occupational therapy (OT). Therefore, its principles are directly replicated with evidence-based OT practice.
false
In experimental research, investigators manipulate a dependent variable in order to observe and measure the effect on any independent variables of interest.
false
Medical records can be used to extract a wide range of information that might be important to a researcher when using a historical preexisting documents review approach. Typically, this does not require any informed consent or institutional review board (IRB) approval.
false
Most medical journals have complete open access availability of their full-text articles within a bibliographic citation database, eliminating the need for information "berry picking."
false
Most researchers prefer to use nonparametric tests because they allow researchers to be more confident about their conclusions, as well as allow them a wider range of available choices of tests.
false
Most scientific approaches towards knowledge development in occupational therapy derive from the historical periods of classicism and postmodernism.
false
Ownership rights of data collected during a study belong to the principal investigator, regardless of who collected the data or funded the study.
false
Participatory research is the most common form of applied science research conducted in occupational therapy.
false
Professional authority and expertise is still considered sufficient for purposes of medical justification or reimbursement.
false
Quantitative studies require a descriptive hypothesis.
false
Rather than working among an interdisciplinary team, being an independent investigator allows a researcher to produce a higher standard of research.
false
Research policies required by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) only pertain to studies where public or private insurance (or other reimbursement sources) are billed for experimental services.
false
Technical rationality is the basis of the scholarship of practice, where practical activity is derived seamlessly from basic knowledge.
false
The introduction of a research article provides a concise overview of the approach and findings of a given research study, and may be the only part read when performing a literature review first-level screening
false
The modernist perspective is that research is often tied to particular ideologies and further is used to reinforce power structures and to disenfranchise or oppress groups.
false
While perspectives toward the creation of knowledge have varied throughout the various philosophical foundations of science, one common shared belief was that true knowledge was paramount and infallible once supported by evidence.
false
While response bias should be specifically reported, nonresponse bias is an implicit value that cannot be measured; therefore, it does not need to be included among the final study report.
false
the possibility of failure to find and report a relationship among variables in a study when the relationship actually exists is a type I error.
false
