test 1 study guide

Explain why it is important to study public speaking

`public speaking can empower you and help you secure employment or advance your career

develop a sentence that captures the central idea of a speech

a central idea states the essence of your speech in a one sentence summary

state a central idea for a speech

a central idea summarizes the topic of your speech with direct, specific language in a complete declarative sentence

explain the functions of a speech introduciton

a good introduction captures the audiences attention, gives the audience a reason to listen, introduces your subjec, establishes youro credibility, and previews your main ideas.

use criteria to effectively and appropriately evaluate speeches

a good speech is understandable to the audience and achieves its intended effect. when offering feedback to yourself or others, be descriptive, specific, positive, constructive, sensitive, and realistic

develop a preperation outline for your speech

a preperation outline includes your carefully organized main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material; it may also include your specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, internal previews, and summareis, transitions, and conclusion. write each of these elements in complete sentences and standard outline form. use the preperation outline to begin rehearsing your speech and to help you revise it, if necessary

choose appropriate attire for making a speech

analyze your audience and speaking situation to determine what to wear when you deliver your speech

select and narrow an appropriate topic for a speech

answers to there questions can help you select and narrow your speech topic: who is the audience? what are my interests talents and experiences? and what is the occasion

use criteria to choose presentation aids to include in a speech

consider the audience, your topic and purpose, your own skills, and the location of your speech when choosing presentation aids

summarize the advantages and disadvantages of memorizing a speech

giving a speech from memory allows maximum eye contact with the audience, but you risk sounding stiff, forgetting part of the speech, and being unable to adapt the speech to the audience

discuss audience attitudes that can affect your speech

learn whether listeners attend your speech voluntarily or as a captive audience. know their level of interest and support of your topic or position, you must also consider their opinions about your credibility

describe the value of using opinions in a speech

expert and lay testimony and literary quotations can help you use the opinons of others to support your own message

describe how personal knowledge and experience can serve as a source of supporting material for a speech

personal experiences and knowledge can provide some of your source material and can raise your credibility with the audience

explain how to use a microphone when spekaing in public

try to rehearse with your microphone before your speech to determine how much you can move , avoid making sounds, but use your normal speaking volume

summarize how to give definitions in a speech

use easily understandable dictionary and operational definitions to help audiences understand unfamiliar terms

discuss how to adapt your language style to diverse listeners

use language your listeners can understand. use respectful language to avoid offending your audience. use unbiased language to communicate in a sensitive way

describe how to use analogies in a speech

use literal analogies to compare two similar thangs and imaginative figurative analogies to help listeners understand things that share fewer similar characteristics

move purposefully in ways that enhance your message while speaking

use movement to emphasize your verbal messages, to make your audience feel closer to you, and to help listeners understand the transitions and organization of your speech

use gesures effectively while speaking

use natural, definite, and varied gestures that fit your personality and help you communicate your message to your particular audience

identify methods of assessing audience reactions after your speech

use nonverbal, verbal, survey, and behavioral responses to assess your effectiveness. `

recap effectice ways to present statistics in a speech

use statists from reliable sources, interpret them accurately, and make them understandable to listeners by dramatizing, compacting, exploding, comparing, or showing visuals of them

explain why it is important to be audience centered during each step of the speech making process

your audience influences your topic selection and every aspect of presenting a speech

identify and implement strategies for becoming a better listener

"listen" to nonverbal messages with your eyes. understand your listening style. listen mindfully, monitoring your emotional reactions to messages, and avoid jumping to conclusions. listen for major ideas. re sort, restate, or repeat key messages. be an ethical listener

locate and evaluate internet resources for a speech

vertical search engines can narrow results of an internet search use the domain to help you evaluate the accountability, accuracy, objectivity, timeliness, usability, and diversity of internet materials

identify three strategies for generating the main ideas for a speech

virtually any speech can be organized by answering the following three questions. does the central idea have logical divisions? are there several reasons the central idea is true? can you support the central idea with a series of steps?

explain how to effectively deliver a manuscript speech

when precise wording is important, you may need to read a speech from a prepared text. make your voice and gestures as natural as possible, and make eye contact with your audience, especially at the ends of sentences

describer several adaptations you can make to respond to listeners nonverbal cues

when you receive clues that listeners are bored, dont understand, or disagree with you, change what you are dong. you can try many strategies to communicate more effectively

explain how to read nonverbal cues to understand listeners reactions to your speech

while speaking, pay attention to your listeners eye contact with you, their facial expressions and amount of movement, and their verbal and nonverbal responses to you

develop an audience centered informative speech

you can apply principles of informative speaking at every step of the audience centered method of speaking

explain how to intergrate supporting material into a speech

you can organize the supporting material for each main idea according to one of the fice common patterns: primacy, recency, specificity, complexity, or soft to hard evidence

write an audience centered specific purpose statement for a speech

a specific purpose statement begins "at the end of my speech, the audience will..." and describes a single measurable action the audience should take. it should guide you during all speech preparation activities

list several ways you can customize your message to your audience

adapt to your specific audience by using audience members names or mentioning the group they belong to, relating your speech to the location where you are speaking or to a historical or recent event and relating statistics to your specific audience

discuss strategies for adapting to diverse groups of listeners

adapt you speech to your listeners cultural orientations toward individualism or collectivism, time, power, need for certainty, and attention to context. consider directing your message toward a target audience

list important demographic characteristics of audince members

adapt your speech to your listeners ages, genders, sexual orientations, cultures and ethnicity, group memberships, and socioeconomic status

describe the steps to follow when rehearsing your speech

allow at least two days after finishing your speech outline to practice your speech delivery and develop your speaking notes. as much as possible, recreate the speech environment when you rehearse. record your rehearsal or recruit a listener to provide feedback on your performance

explain how free speech has been both challenged and defended throughout U.S. history

although the U.S. Congress and courts have occasionally limited the constitutional right to free speech , more often they have protected and broadened its application. social media offers a new context for 21st century challenges to free speech

list and explain five criteria for public speaking

an ethical public speaker should have a clear, responsible goal. use sound evidence and reasoning, be sensitive to and tolerant of differences, be honest, and take appropriate steps to avoid plagiarism. Avoid plagiarizing by doing your own work and acknowledging-orally , in writing ,or both - the sources for any quotations, ideas, statistics, or visual materials you use in a speech

describe how to deliver an effective impromptu speech

an unrehearsed speech allows informality and eye contact. consider the audience, and organize your remarks accordingly. keep your talk brief, use your own knowledge, and share information cautiously

identify guidelines for effectively using presentation aids

as you present your speech remember to look at your audience, not at your presentation aid; talk about your visual, dont just show it; avoid passing objects among your audience; use handouts to reinforce the main points in your speech; time your visuals carefully; and be sure to have backup supplies and a contingency plan

list and describe five barriers to effective listening

barriers to listening include information overload, personal concerns, outside distractions, prejudice, and differences in speech rate and listening rate

explain the benefits of delivering a speech extemporaneously

because it seems spontaneous and is customized to the audience, the extemporaneous method is the most desirable in most situations. speak from an outline without memorizing the exact words

explain how to use online databases to find supporting material for a speech

books, stored in the library stacks and reference, stored in the reference room, can provide information unavailable online. be sure to allow plenty of time for library research

select and narrow a topic for a speech

brainstorm, read, and listen to find topic ideas, effective speech topics are appropriate for your audience, yourself, and your occasion

list and discuss methods for concluding a speech

conclusions may take any one of the forms used for introductions. in addition, you can refer to the introduction or make inspirational appeals or challenges in your conclusion

prepare to answer questions after delivering a speech

consider your audience and plan for questions they might ask. listen politely to questions and repeat or rephrase them, especially hostile questions. keep answers brief, organized, and to the point

list and explain three types of memorable word structures

create arresting images through such figures of speech as metaphors, similes, and personification. create drama by using short sentences for important ideas, strategically omitting words, and structuring sentences with key words at the end to create suspense. use repetition, alliteration, parallelism, antithesis, and onomatopoeia to create memorable rhythm or cadence

apply three ways of generating main ideas from a central idea

divide your central idea into main ideas by asking yourself if the central idea has logical divisions, if there are several reasons the central idea is true, and if the central idea can be supported with a series of steps

list and discuss methods for introducing a speech

effective introduction methods include illustrations, startling facts or statistics, quotations, humor, questions, references to historical events, references to recent events, personal references, references to the occasion, or references to preceding speeches, used alone or in combination

follow three guidelines for developing effective presentation aids

effective presentations are easy to see, simple, and safe to use

list and explain three ways to use words effectively

effective speakers use specific, concrete words to evoke clear mental images in their listeners. they also choose simple ,respectful, unbiased words. as a speaker, be sure to use words correctly and to keep in mind the connotations of words, as well as their dictionary definitions. and finally elliminate unnecessary words and phrases

analyze key aspects of the speaking situation

ethically adapt your speech depending on the time and location for it, the size of the audience and the occasion

identify and implement strategies for improving your critical listening and critical thinking skills

evaluate the speakers use of facts, examples, opinions, and statistics as evidence

List and descrive five patterns for arganizing the main ideas of a speech

for north american audiences, the five most common patterns of organization include topical, chronological, spatial, cause and effect, and problem solution. these patterns are sometimes combines. other organizational patterns may be favored in different cultures

Describe informal and formal methods of gathering information about your audience

gather information through informally observing listeners and questioning people who know them. use open ended and close ended questions to formally survey listeners

explain the reasons for and processes involved in nervousness about public speaking

genetic traits, as well as several specific reasons, can cause anxiety. physical symptoms such as a racing heart are signs your body is trying to support you. speakers can also experience different types of anxiety

effectively and appropriately use four strategies to enhance audience recall of information in an informative speech

help your listeners remember what you tell them by being redundant, keeping your ideas short and simple, pacing the flow of information, and reinforcing important points

explain the importance and best practices for using illustrations in a speech

illustrations catch listeners interest. brief, extended, personal, and hypothetical illustrations can also help your audience understand your message

describe the relationships among ethics, free speech , and credibility

in the united states, citizens have the right to speak freely, but that right comes with the responsibility to speak ethically. speaking ethically allows your audience to trust you. being trustworthy is an important part of being credible or believable

describe three goals and five different types of informative speeches

informative speakers must enhance listeners understanding, maintain their interest, and be remembered. they can make speeches about objects, procedures, people, events, and ideas

explain how to analyze and use information to adapt to your audience

look for similarities and differences among listeners and common ground between you and the audience. use information to ethically adapt your topic, content, and delivery to help the audience understand and to achieve your goal

describe three differences between oral and written language styles

oral language is more personal and less formal than written language. speakers must also provide their audiences with more reptition than writers need to use

display an appropriate posture while delivering a speech

posture communicates the intensity of your emotions and your interest in your audience and speech. avoid slouching and drooping

summarize how to conduct an effective interview

prepare carefully for an interview by researching and creating a list of questions. treat interviewees time with respect, and listen carefully to their responses to questions in order to follow up with clarification questions

discuss five ways in which presentation aids help communicate ideas to an audience

presentation aids help you gain and maintain the audiences attention and communicate the organization of your ideas. they can improve listeners understanding and recollection of those ideas

sketch and explain a model that illustrates the components and the process of communication

public speaking is an example of the communication process, by which a source transmits a message through a channel to a receiver within a particular context, senders and receivers simultaneously exchange messages and feedback to build a shared meaning. public speaking is more formal and planned, with clearly defined roles, than conversation

use facial expressions to enhance verbal messages

rehearse using universally recognized facial expressions that match the emotions of your verbal messages

identify successful strategies for rehearsing a speech

rehearse your speech several times in a way that recreates the actual speech presentation experience

take steps to prepare for a successful speech delivery

rest well before a speech. take steps to boost your confidence. arrive early, and visualize your successful speech

use verbal and nonverbal signposts to organize a speech for the ears of others

signposts inclued verbal and nonverbal transistions, previews, and summaries. they are used to help you communicate your organization to your audience

discuss in brief the history of public spekaing

speakers today use many technologies to deliver speeches but rely on guidelines formulated more than 2000 years ago in ancient Greece and Rome

prepare speaking notes for a speech

speaking notes are less detailed than a preparation outline and usually include supporting material, signposts, and delivery cues

describe several types of supporting material that can be used to support speech ideas

supporting material consists of facts, examples, definitions and quotations from others that illustrate, amplify, clarify, provide evidence, or tell a story. you can find supporting material through the internet, library resources, other people, or your daily life

select the best supporting material for a speech

the best supporting materials are those with the most magnitude, relevance to the audience, concreteness, variety, and suitability to the audience, some humor is usually welcome

describe the essential elements of effective speech delivery

the essential aspects of effective delivery include good eye contact with you listeners, a voice that can be heard by all, and appropriate gestures and posture that seem natural

explain the functions of a speech conclusion

the two main purposes of the conlusion are to summarize your speech in a memorable way and to provide closure

describe six types of presentation aids and how to use them effectively

there are six types of presentation aids: images, text, video, audio, objects, and people. the most common presentation aids are two dimensional images such as drawings, photographs, maps, graphs, and charts. many speakers also use text, which could be just a word or two, or a very brief outline of the key points. video and audio can also be used to help communicate ideas to listeners. using objects and models as well as people can also enhance audience interest

use effective vocal delivery when giving a speech

to be effective, speak to be understood, with enough volume, clear articulation, and correct pronunciation, modifying your dialect only if necessary . maintain your listeners interest by speaking with vocal variety, including proper pitch and inflection, an appropriate rate, and effective use of pauses.

make effective eye contact during a speech

to communicate effectively with north american audiences, make eye contact with the entire audience before and during your speech

explain five strategies for a methodical research process

to conduct an efficient search, you need to develop a preliminary bibliography, locate resources, evaluate the usefulness of resources, take notes, and identify possible presentation aids

describe how computers may be used to generate high quality presentation aids

to design effective computer generated presentation aids keep sights and sounds simple, repeat elements to unify your presentation, use clip art to give your visuals a professional touch, choose a type face with care, avoid mixing too many different fonts, make informed decisions about using color, and finish preparing your presentation aids early

effectively and appropriately use three strategies to enhance audience understanding

to enhance your listeners understanding of a message: define ideas clearly, use principles and techniques of adult learning, and clarify unfamiliar ideas or complex processes

effectively and appropriately use three strategies to maintain audience interest

to gain and maintain listeners interest you must motivate your audience to listen to you. tell a story, present information that relates to listeners, or use the unexpected

differentiate how descriptions and explanations are used in speeches

use vivid descriptions to help listeners visualize people , place, things, or events, use specific concrete explanations to show how something works or the reasons why something occurs or exists

differentiate betweeen a general speech purpose and a specific speech purpose

your general purpose is the overarching goal of your speech (to inform, persuade, entertain) your specific purpose is a concise statement of what you want your listeners to be able to do when you finish your speech

develop a speech with three main organizational parts - an introduction, a body, and a conclusion

your introduction provides an overview of your main points, the body of your speech presents the key points and the conclusion summarizes what you have said