Test 2 GEN PSYCH 2301 (Chapters 5-8)

Which of the following is an example of observational learning?

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement?

Edward C. Tolman

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

acquisition

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.

can see

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

classical conditioning

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness.

congenital

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion; memory

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

Natural concepts are mental groupings created naturally through our ________.

experiences

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed interval

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

________-frequency sound waves are perceived as high-pitched sounds, while ________-frequency sound waves are perceived as low-pitched sounds.

high; low

The ________is also known as the anvil.

incus

Jake is sympathetic and considerate of his friends' moods. He really identifies with their feelings and readily understands their point of view. He is well-known around campus, and he has great relationships with his classmates and professors. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

interpersonal

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

What is semantic memory?

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

observational

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic and episodic

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ________.

their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire.

thermoception

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

What is a binaural cue?

two-eared cue to localize sound

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common?

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury (2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

________ concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that are always exhibited, such as what defines different basic shapes.

artificial

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

associational

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus.

higher order

________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

higher; louder

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

increases

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field (which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ________ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ________ side of the brain.

left; right

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

logical-mathematical

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long-term

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________.

longer wavelengths

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

modest

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Aram is proficient in playing a number of instruments and can easily learn new songs and rhythms. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

musical

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

optic chiasm

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

since birth

What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

Which of the following exemplifies gustation?

tasting freshly caught salmon

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.

CS + UCS; continuous

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaptation

Why are event schemata difficult to change? They are ________.

automatic

Carmela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ________ bias.

confirmation

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement.

continuous

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

cornea; pupil

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________.

crest; trough

Hertz is a measure of ________.

frequency

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

lens; fovea

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies.

lower; higher

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language.

phoneme

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

relearning

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

severe

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

Sensations and information are received by our brains, filtered through emotions and memories, and processed to become ________.

thoughts

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior?

vicarious punishment