The Market Revolution.

Charles Finney.

American Presbyterian minister and leader in the Second Great Awakening in the United States. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism.

Manifest destiny.

Attitude prevalent during the 19th century period of American expansion that the US was destined to stretch from coast to coast. This attitude helped fuel western settlement, Native American removal and war with Mexico.

"Cult of domesticity".

Belief that women should not do any work outside of the home. They should be: More religious than men, pure, stay at home and submission to husbands.

Second Great Awakening.

Emphasis on personal piety over schooling and theology. In northern New England, social activism took precedence; in western New York, the movement encouraged the growth of new denominations. In the Appalachian region of Tennessee and Kentucky, the revival energized Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists, and gave rise to the popular camp meeting,

Lowell mills.

Female workers who came to work for the textile corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the Industrial Revolution in the United States.

First factories in U.S.

First factory to produce spindles of yarn. At first operated by children then replaced by water powers.

Transportation revolutions.

First steamboat by Fulton. Erie Canal. Railroads.. Make access cheaper for business, etc. Caused rapid growth of cities.

Deteriorating conditions of the Lowell system.

Housed in supervised dormitories, educational and cultural opportunities. Safety in the workplace and positive living could ensure a steady supply of labor but conditions deteriorated and caused housing rates to increase, wages to drop and made shifts longer.

"Separate spheres".

Ideology that defines and prescribes separate spheres for women and men.

Women restrictions.

In an agrarian society, it was necessary for both husband and wife to put in a full day's labor, for the success of the farm depended on them both.

Market Revolution impact (North vs. South)

In the North, the Market Revolution led to increased urbanization and economic integration. It saw rapid growth of infrastructure including state and federally-subsidized roads, canals and railroads. And in the South, the expansion of cotton agriculture, famously facilitated by the invention of the cotton gin

New market-oriented economy's impact on American farm families.

Interactions of a country's citizens and businesses and there is little government intervention or central planning.

Cotton cultivation.

Invention of cotton gin and westward expansion.

Westward population movement.

Jefferson purchased this and believed the westward expansion was the key to the nation's health, $1.5 per acre. People would at first settle everywhere.

Waltham system.

Labor and production model. Made possible by inventions such as the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and water frame. USE OF DOMESTIC WORK.

German immigration.

More than a million Germans moved to the States trying to escape economic hardship. Unlike the Irish they had money to settle and decided to settle in New York and close states, religious opposition. low payments.

Free blacks restrictions.

No vote right unless owned property, citizenship proof as well.

Irish immigration.

One half of England's population migrated to US. Great poverty which caused Irish to rely on potatoes but the crop failed so it led to a famine. Since Irish were so poor they couldn't buy property and settled in northeastern states. Religious opposition. free labor.

Communication revolutions.

POST offices increased, telegraph.

Transcendentalist movement.

People, men and women equally, have knowledge about themselves and the world around them that "transcends" or goes beyond what they see, hear, taste, touch or feel. Intuition rather than logic.

"nativists".. concern over Irish immigration.

Political position of preserving status for certain established inhabitants of a nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Nativists objected primarily to Irish Roman Catholics because of their loyalty to the Pope and also because of their supposed rejection of republicanism as an American ideal

American scholar.

Sixty years after declaring independence, American culture was still heavily influenced by Europe, and Emerson, provided a visionary philosophical framework for escaping "from under its iron lids" and building a new country.

Cotton plantation slavery. (expansion)

The increased demand for cotton led to plantations owners to search for land in the west. The invention of cotton gin in 1793 allowed for much greater productivity. The result was an explosive growth in demand of slaves for cotton cultivation. Americans rushed to establish their own plantations and profit from free labor that slaves provided.

Thoreau's Walden.

Thoreau hoped to gain a more objective understanding of society through personal introspection. Simple living and self-sufficiency were Thoreau's other goals, and the whole project was inspired by transcendentalist philosophy, a central theme of the American Romantic Period.

"Self made man".

a person who was born poor or disadvantaged but who achieved great economic or other success thanks to their own hard work and ingenuity rather than inherited fortune, family connections or privileges.