The Psychology of Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood
Learning how to coordinate the activities of the senses with motor activities is highly characteristic of youth ages _________ and reflects the _________ stage of cognitive development. A) 0 to 2; preoperational B) 0 to 2; sensorimotor C) 2 to 4; preoperational D) 2 to 4; sensorimotor
0 to 2; sensorimotor
________ genotype → environment effects occur when a person's inherited characteristics stimulate responses from others in their environment. A) Effective B) Evocative C) Active D) Passive
Evocative
Which of the following best reflects an example of active genotype → environment effects? A) An adolescent boy's parents enroll him in piano lessons because they think he should develop musical skills. B) An adolescent girl's English teacher asks her to join the debate club because she is excelling in her writing coursework. C) An adolescent boy chooses to volunteer in the local animal shelter because of his longstanding interest in becoming a veterinarian. D) An adolescent girl's parents send her to boarding school because she has consistently been expelled from school for misbehavior.
An adolescent boy chooses to volunteer in the local animal shelter because of his longstanding interest in becoming a veterinarian.
Emmy and Matthew are 18-year-old adolescents and as such have undergone puberty. Which of the following best illustrates how Emmy and Matthew are different in terms of their physical growth by the end of puberty? A) as a result of a higher level of testosterone production during puberty, Matthew has a higher muscle-to-fat ratio than Emmy at the end of puberty B) as a result of increases in testosterone production during puberty, Matthew and Emmy have less fat at the end of puberty C) as a result of increases in testosterone production during puberty, Matthew and Emmy have equal muscle-to-fat ratios at the end of puberty D) as a result of a higher level of testosterone production during puberty, Matthew has a lower muscle-to-fat ratio than Emmy at the end of puberty
As a result of a higher level of testosterone production during puberty, Matthew has a higher muscle-to-fat ratio than Emmy at the end of puberty
In traditional cultures, puberty rituals for male adolescents typically involve activities that require boys to display which of the following characteristics? A) strength and humor B) Strength and courage C) Patience and kindness D) Humor and wit
Strength and courage
Which of the following best illustrates a custom complex in a culture that values individualism? A) Adolescents are allowed to spend time with their friends only when being supervised by a parent. B) Adolescents are allowed to have friends only of the same sex. C) Adolescents are allowed little time to spend with their friends due to family obligations D) Adolescents are allowed to choose their own friends with whom they spend a considerable amount of unsupervised time.
Adolescents are allowed to choose their own friends with whom they spend a considerable amount of unsupervised time.
_________ studies help disentangle the correlational limitation of interpreting passive genotype → environment effects. A) Ethnographic B) Adoption C) Longitudinal D) Cross-sectional
Adoption
which of the following statements best summarizes what scholars believe explains the secular trend in the age of puberty? A) steep declines in physical activity from middle childhood to adolescence have influenced puberty to come sooner B) as medical advances have reduced illnesses and advances in food production have enhanced nutrition over the past 150 years, puberty has come sooner C) as playing computer games and watching television have become the most popular leisure activities among adolescents over the past 50 years, this sedentary lifestyle has influenced puberty to come sooner D) an increase in the obesity rate among adolescents over the past 50 years has influenced puberty to come sooner
As medical advances have reduced illnesses and advances in food production have enhanced nutrition over the past 150 years, puberty has come sooner
_______ intelligence refers to mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing, processing, and reacting to information, and this type of intelligence tends to _______ in emerging adulthood. A) Fluid; stabilize B) Crystallized; stabilize C) Fluid; peak D) Crystallized; peak
Fluid; peak
Which child-rearing belief was rated as the least important value by women assessed during the late 1970s in the famous Middletown study? A) Loyalty to church B) Strict obedience C) Good manners D) Tolerance
Strict obedience
According to cognitive psychologist Daniel Keating, critical-thinking skills do not develop automatically in adolescence. Which of the following is necessary to occur during adolescence to increase the likelihood that youth will develop the utilization of critical thinking? A) Exposure to an educational environment that is structured so that one teacher lectures to a large group of students B) Exposure to an educational environment that is structured so that students are encouraged to achieve a 100 on every test C) Exposure to an educational environment that promotes and values rote memorization D) Exposure to an educational environment that promotes and values critical-thinking skills
Exposure to an educational environment that promotes and values critical-thinking skills
14-year-old Trey is taller, more muscular, and has some facial hair compared to the rest of his friends. Which of the following is Trey likely to experience? A) Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to have a poor body image. B) Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to have good relationships with his parents. C) Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to engage in volunteer activities. D) Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to be popular.
Compared to his friends, Trey is more likely to be popular.
Zhang Wei is a second-generation Chinese adolescent living with his mother in Sydney, Australia. Zhang Wei wants to be like the teens he sees in shows about White American and Australian families on television. This is likely to influence which of the following? A) Closer relationships between Zhang Wei and his parents B) Conflict between Zhang Wei and his friends C) Conflict between Zhang Wei and his parents D) Conflict between Zhang Wei and his teachers
Conflict between Zhang Wei and his parents
Amy was awarded a scholarship to study at a prestigious college preparatory school and must abide by all school rules, including a no cheating policy, to keep the scholarship. When one of Amy's friends asked to copy her chemistry homework, Amy agreed because she wants to remain loyal to their friendship. Which of the following stages of moral development would Kohlberg classify Amy? A) Preconventional B) Postconventional C) Conventional D) Nonconventional
Conventional
Sharon has not experienced her first menstruation. Which of the following would increase the likelihood of Sharon having a positive experience with her first period? A) Conversations with her mom about how menstruation is always painful B) Conversations with her mom about how menstruation can influence one's good luck C) Conversations with her friends about how menstruation is always painful D) Conversations with her mom about what menstruation is and how to prepare for it
Conversations with her mom about what menstruation is and how to prepare for it
_____________ involves recognizing the opportunity to analyze information, making judgments about what it means, relating it to other information, and considering how it might be valid or invalid. A) Dialectical thinking B) Metacognition C) Critical thinking D) Reflective judgment
Critical thinking
________________ are the commonly held norms and moral standards of a culture, the standards of right and wrong that set expectations for behavior. A) Custom complexes B) Cultural beliefs C) Symbolic inheritances D) Gender roles
Cultural beliefs
Many American adolescents are religious, but many others are not. Which of the following best explains differences among adolescents in their religiosity? A) School factors, such as relationships with teachers B) Biological factors, such as timing of puberty C) Family factors, such as parental agreement on religious beliefs D) Cognitive factors, such as IQ level
Family factors, such as parental agreement on religious beliefs
Kelly recently graduated from college and is out with friends. The conversation turns to cosmetics, and Kelly tells her friends that she no longer purchases any cosmetics that test their products on animals. In fact, she says she believes all animal testing is wrong, even when such testing can lead to drug advances for currently incurable diseases. She listens to her friends' counter-arguments and understands their points of view, but she still feels that her view is the most valid. In which stage of reflective judgement is Kelly operating? A) Dualistic thinking B) Commitment C) Multiple thinking D) Relativism
Commitment
The fact that youth in America must be 18 years of age to vote, make independent decisions about medical treatments, and enter into legally binding contracts reflects which of the following research findings about decision making? A) Because 18 is the age at which most youth complete high school, it follows that 18 should be the age at which independent decision making is allowed. B) Adolescents and emerging adults are equally skilled at identifying and evaluating and integrating information to make decisions. C) Adolescents and emerging adults are equally skilled at identifying and evaluating the consequences of a wide range of possible choices. D) Early adolescents are less skilled than late adolescents or emerging adults at identifying and evaluating the consequences of a wide range of possible choices.
Early adolescents are less skilled than late adolescents or emerging adults at identifying and evaluating the consequences of a wide range of possible choices.
According to the National Survey on Youth and Religion, which of the following is true about the relation between American adolescents' religious beliefs and religious practices? A) Eighty-five percent believe in God; 50% attend religious services twice a month B) Fifty percent believe in God; 85% attend religious services twice a month C) Fifty percent believe in God; 50% attend religious services twice a month D) Twenty percent believe in God; 90% attend religious services twice a month
Eighty-five percent believe in God; 50% attend religious services twice a month
Which of the following is the best developmental explanation for why emerging adults often become involved in political movements? A) Emerging adults are part of a "Millennial" generation known for being self-righteous B) Emerging adults are in a time of identity explorations, one aspect of which is ideology C) Emerging adults are at a life stage when worldviews tend to be fixed and rigid D) Emerging adults are part of a "Millennial" generation that is unusually self-centered
Emerging adults are in a time of identity explorations, one aspect of which is ideology
Adelson's research on political beliefs revealed three key changes from early to late adolescence. One of these changes highlighted older adolescents' desires to balance the goal of laws with considerations of individual rights. Adelson noted this change was which of the following? A) Increases in cognitive mode B) Declines in cognitive mode C) Increases in authoritarian political views D) Declines in authoritarian political views
Declines in authoritarian political views
Longitudinal results from the National Study on Youth and Religion found which of the following changes from adolescence through emerging adulthood? A) Increases in religious beliefs and participation B) Declines in religious beliefs and participation C) Declines in an individualized approach to religion D) Increases in adherence to standard religious doctrines
Declines in religious beliefs and participation
Which of the following could be an item from a Verbal subtest of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-V)? A) Arranging blocks into a geometrical pattern that is displayed on a card B) Completing pictures where something is missing C) Describing similarities between computers and cell phones D) Matching numbers and symbols
Describing similarities between computers and cell phones
Tanner is a freshman in high school and believes that the drinking age should be lowered to 18. His parents argue that there is sound evidence for why the drinking age should remain 21, and show him numerous articles that support their beliefs. Tanner thinks his parents are completely wrong and are just trying to control him. In which stage of reflective judgement is Tanner operating? A) Multiple thinking B) Dualistic thinking C) Relativism D) Commitment
Dualistic thinking
In adolescence and emerging adulthood, religiosity is associated with which of the following? A) Higher levels of well-being B) Higher levels of risky behaviors C) Higher levels of conflict with parents D) Higher levels of identity exploration
Higher levels of well-being
The __________ begins to increase its production of ________ to initiate puberty, which actually occurs in middle childhood at least a year or two before even the earliest bodily changes of puberty. A) hypothalamus; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) B) hypothalamus; luteinizing hormone (LH) C) pituitary gland; follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) pituitary gland; adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Hypothalamus; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
For her science project, Kara is investigating what type of environment influences the most amount of mold growth on bread. Kara knows there are multiple environmental variables that can influence mold growth, such as exposure to sunlight, moisture, and air. To determine which combination of variables influences the most mold growth on bread, Kara changes one variable at a time and then measures the mold on the bread. According to Piaget, what type of reasoning is Kara using? A) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning B) Mental operations reasoning C) Assimilation reasoning D) Accommodation reasoning
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning
According to behavioral decision theory, there are five steps to the decision-making process. First, there is identification of the range of possible choices. Which of the following is the second step in the decision-making process? A) Evaluating the desirability of each consequence B) Identifying the consequences that would result from each choice C) Assessing the likelihood of each consequence D) Integrating information gained from evaluation of consequences to make a decision
Identifying the consequences that would result from each choice
Which of the following best reflects adolescents' development of theory of mind? A) Harry is able to describe in detail his thoughts and feelings about his body image. B) Francis is able to describe in detail her thoughts and feelings about her future educational aspirations. C) Mary is able to describe in detail her thoughts and feelings about her relationships with her friends. D) Jack is able to describe in detail his parents' thoughts and feelings about their marriage.
Jack is able to describe in detail his parents' thoughts and feelings about their marriage.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects research on adolescent perspective taking, prosocial behavior, and peer relationships? A)Karen has many friends because she is a good listener, is empathic, and is kind and considerate. B) Abby has many friends because she wears fashionable clothes and educates her classmates about runway designers. C) Bobby has many friends because he excels at sports and was awarded the most valuable player of his soccer team. D) Jameson has many friends because he is funny and was awarded the class comedian of his sophomore class.
Karen has many friends because she is a good listener, is empathic, and is kind and considerate.
Postconventional reasoning has been found to be rare in non-Western countries. In critiquing Kohlberg's theory, Shweder argued that this research finding did not mean that adolescents in non-Western countries had less developed moral reasoning, but that it instead revealed which of the following? A) Kohlberg's theory is generalizable to all cultures. B) Kohlberg's theory is strongly rooted in an adolescent's level of cognitive development. C) Kohlberg's theory favors traditional and religious ways of thinking about moral issues. D) Kohlberg's theory is biased toward secular and individualistic ways of thinking about moral issues.
Kohlberg's theory is biased toward secular and individualistic ways of thinking about moral issues.
Which of the following exemplifies the development of secondary sex characteristics? A) Brad is 13 years old and just experienced semenarche, or his first ejaculation B) Sadie is 14 years old and has been experiencing monthly menstrual cycles for 1 year C) Leslie is 14 years old and has noticed her skin is oilier and more prone to acne Greg is 14 years old and has noticed that his penis has grown in length and diameter
Leslie is 14 years old and has noticed her skin is oilier and more prone to acne
Historically, traditional cultures have puberty rituals to mare the departure from childhood and the entrance into adolescence. Which pubertal event is most commonly marked by a ritual for adolescent girls? A) growth spurt B) breast development C) menarche D) pubic hair growth
Menarche
Max is studying for a science test on the planets. To remember the order of the plants, he is repeating the following "My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos." The first letter for each word in this phrase stands for a planet, such that it begins with Mercury and ends with Neptune. What type of memory strategy is Max using? A) Hierarchy technique B) Cramming C) Metacognition D) Mnemonic device
Mnemonic device
____________ is the development of a fatty sheath around neurons, and along with synaptic pruning ___________ executive functioning during adolescence. A) Overproduction; increases B) Myelination; increases C) Overproduction; decreases D) Myelination; decreases
Myelination; increases
Access to a culture's technologies that include adequate ________ and _________ can influence the timing of puberty because puberty takes place earlier when health conditions are favorable. A) medical care; education B) nutrition; medical care C) nutrition; education D) energy sources; nutrition
Nutrition; medical care
Which of the following traditional cultures engages in mikveh, which is a ritual bath taken a week after an adolescent girl's first period as a way of cleansing themselves of the impurity believed to be associated with menstruation? A) Asante of Ghana B) Sambia of New Guinea C) Orthodox Jews D) Samoans
Orthodox Jews
Darren is studying for his upcoming 11th-grade history test on 20th-century America. Which of the following best reflects a metacognitive strategy that Darren might use while studying? A) Memorizing the information his history teacher said would be on the test about 20th-century America B) Listening to music by composers from 20th-century America while reading his history textbook C) Memorizing as many facts as possible about America in the 20th century D) Pausing at the end of each chapter section on 20th-century America to mentally identify the main concepts
Pausing at the end of each chapter section on 20th-century America to mentally identify the main concepts
______ is when the adolescent growth spurt is at its maximum and adolescents grow an average of about 4 inches per year. A) Asynchronicity B) Set point C) Peak height velocity D) Hormone production
Peak height velocity
Researchers critiquing Piaget's theory have speculated about the extent to which cultures differ in whether their members reach formal operations at all. Which of the following statements best reflects Piaget's response to this critique? A) Piaget suggested that because formal operations require so much effort and time, all cultures are limited in the number of members who can achieve formal operations. B) Piaget suggested that even though all people have the potential for formal operational thinking, they apply it first to areas in which their culture has provided them with the most experience. C) Piaget suggested that because certain cultures do not have formal schooling, the absence of this education will limit the development of formal operations. D) Piaget suggested that formal operations will only be used in cultures that are scientifically advanced because science requires utilization of hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
Piaget suggested that even though all people have the potential for formal operational thinking, they apply it first to areas in which their culture has provided them with the most experience.
Although synaptic pruning during adolescence is a normative biological process that enhances the efficiency and maturity of cognitive skills, recent research has also found that it may be linked to development of mental health disorders during emerging adulthood. Which of the following best summarizes the research on the link between synaptic pruning and mental health disorders? A) Slow synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus increase the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood. B) Rapid synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus increase the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood. C) Slow synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus decrease the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood. D) Rapid synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus decrease the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood.
Rapid synaptic pruning during adolescence may heighten vulnerability to stress, and thus increase the likelihood of developing mental health disorders in emerging adulthood.
Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's stage of Postconventional moral reasoning? A) Reasoning is based on adhering to laws to maintain social order. B) Reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments, which may conflict with what others view as right and wrong. C) Reasoning is based on the value of conforming to the moral expectations of others. D) Reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.
Reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments, which may conflict with what others view as right and wrong.
Overall, research has found that emerging adults' political involvement is typified by which of the following? A) Rejection of conventional political participation B) Rejection of political demonstrations C) Acceptance of conventional political participation D) Acceptance of traditional political parties
Rejection of conventional political participation
Results from the National Study on Youth and Religion prompted researchers to create four categories to describe emerging adults' individualized approach to religion. Which of the following categories would an emerging adult fit who says "I definitely believe that there is some kind of higher power, but otherwise I'm not sure what to believe"? A) Spiritually open B) Religiously indifferent C) Committed traditionalists D) Selective adherents
Spiritually open
Carol Gilligan critiqued Kohlberg's theory of moral development by claiming that his theory was biased toward males, because girls follow an ethic of "care" and boys follow and ethic of "justice." Which of the following reflects the research results regarding her claim? A) Research results found that boys were consistently rated lower than girls in level of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg's system. B) Research results found that no significant differences existed between males and females in level of moral reasoning as rated by Kohlberg's system. C) Research results found that significant differences existed between males and females in level of moral reasoning as rated by Kohlberg's system. D) Research results found that boys were consistently rated higher than girls in level of moral reasoning according to Kohlberg's system.
Research results found that no significant differences existed between males and females in level of moral reasoning as rated by Kohlberg's system.
__________ attention is the ability to focus on relevant information while screening out information that is irrelevant, and adolescents tend to be __________ than preadolescent children at tasks that require this kind of attention. A) Selective; worse B) Divided: worse C) Divided; better D) Selective; better
Selective; better
Which of the outcomes of socialization listed reflect the following scenario: Maria's friends want her to skip school to go shopping at a new store that is opening at the mall. Maria feels pressure to join her friends and really wants to go to the store; however, she decides not to join them because she does not want to get in trouble and receive detention. A) Sources of meaning B) Self-regulation C) Role preparation D) Individualism
Self-regulation
_____________ is the term for the way we think about other people, relationships, and institutions. A) Social cognition B) Institutional cognition C) Relational cognition D) Personal cognition
Social cognition
Gene is an emerging adult in college who is interested in becoming active in a campus organization. Like many other emerging adults, Gene is interested in improving the state of his community, society, and the world. Given this information, which of the following organizations is Gene most likely to join? A) The lacrosse team B) Student Yearbook Association C) Student Environmental Action Coalition D) Student Marketing Society
Student Environmental Action Coalition
During adolescence, the socialization influence of school tends to increase as youth spend more time in school to garner an education and prepare for adult responsibilities. Cultures can be broad or narrow with regard to school socialization. Which of the following pairs of examples below reflects the contrast between broad and narrow school socialization? A) Youth are allowed to choose their own friends; youth are expected to socialize with members of the same social class B) Students are encouraged to engage in critical thinking; students are taught a standardized curriculum that focuses on memorization of facts C) Teachers promote individual achievements; teachers promote creativity D) Students are firmly disciplined; students must abide by a dress code
Students are encouraged to engage in critical thinking; students are taught a standardized curriculum that focuses on memorization of facts
A researcher is investigating optimistic bias among adolescents and adults by administering a survey on smoking risks. An item on the survey is "I could smoke for a few years and then quit if I want to," and participants respond to the item on a scale that ranges from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 5 (Strongly Agree). What is likely to be a finding from this study, and why? A) Nearly all adults will Strongly Disagree (score of 1) with this item because they have the cognitive abilities to predict the long-term health consequences associated with becoming addicted to smoking. B) The majority of adolescents are likely to Strongly Agree (score of 5) with this item because they do not believe they will ultimately die from smoking because they think they will not become addicted. C) The majority of adolescent smokers are likely to Strongly Disagree (score of 1) with this item because they have been educated about smoking risks through their health classes at school. D) Adults and adolescents are equally likely to Strongly Agree (score of 5) with this item because both believe they will not succumb to the addictive properties of nicotine.
The majority of adolescents are likely to Strongly Agree (score of 5) with this item because they do not believe they will ultimately die from smoking because they think they will not become addicted.
Which of the following statements best describes physical functioning in emerging adulthood compared to adolescence? A) susceptibility to physical illness is lowest during adolescence, where as physical functioning is highest during emerging adulthood B) physical functioning, such as VO2 max, cardiac output, and reaction time, is similar during adolescence and emerging adulthood C) peak physical functioning, including VO2 max and cardiac output, are achieved during adolescence and then decline into emerging adulthood D) the opportunity for peak physical functioning is highest during emerging adulthood; however, as a result of lifestyle behaviors, emerging adulthood is also a time in which there is a high incidence of disease, injury, and death
The opportunity for peak physical functioning is highest during emerging adulthood; however, as a result of lifestyle behaviors, emerging adulthood is also a time in which there is a high incidence of disease, injury, and death
Recent studies investigating Adelson's model of political thinking during adolescence have found which of the following? A) Tolerance of opposing political views increases across adolescence. B) Adolescents do not engage in thinking about opposing political views. C) Tolerance of opposing political views remains the same across adolescence. D) Tolerance of opposing political views decreases across adolescence.
Tolerance of opposing political views increases across adolescence.
_____ cultures tend to experience ______ distancing in parent-child relationships during puberty because youth typically spend a large portion of their day in shared labor with their parents. A) Traditional; less B) Western; less C) Western; more D) Traditional; more
Traditional; less
A researcher is investigating decision-making skills in adolescence by asking groups of 4th, 8th, and 12th graders to identify risks associated with dropping out of high school. According to behavioral decision theory, which of the following is likely to be a result of this study? A) Eighth graders were able to identify an equal amount of risks associated with dropping out of high school as fourth graders, including the basic consequence of not earning a high school diploma. B) Twelfth graders were able to identify the most risks associated with dropping out of high school, including consequences such as limiting future career opportunities. C) Fourth graders were able to identify an equal amount of risks associated with dropping out of high school as 12th graders, including the basic consequence of not earning a high school diploma. D) Eighth graders were able to identify the most risks associated with dropping out of high school, including consequences such as limiting future career opportunities.
Twelfth graders were able to identify the most risks associated with dropping out of high school, including consequences such as limiting future career opportunities.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescents' experiences of the personal fable? A) Stuart does not own a pair of Nike brand shoes, which are popular at his school, and when he wears his non-Nike shoes and hears someone giggling he is convinced they are laughing at him because he isn't wearing Nike shoes. B) Marian spilled ketchup on her t-shirt during lunch and is extremely embarrassed, so she tries to hide the red stain by wearing a jacket so that none of her classmates will notice. C) Laura is obsessed with having the best social m profile picture, so she had her make-up done by a professional stylist and then had pictures taken by a professional photographer. D) Tyler does not care about doing well in school because he believes he will become a professional basketball player in the NBA given he was recently awarded the most valuable player of his high school team and was also featured in the town newspaper as a star athlete.
Tyler does not care about doing well in school because he believes he will become a professional basketball player in the NBA given he was recently awarded the most valuable player of his high school team and was also featured in the town newspaper as a star athlete.
In America, boys are ________ to tell their friends about their first ejaculation, and most boys report feeling ________ as part of their experience of semenarche. A) likely; proud B) unlikely; guilt C) unlikely; proud D) likely; guilt
Unlikely; guilt
Cory is a sophomore in high school. He just finished taking Algebra and will take Geometry during his junior year. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, because of Cory's Algebra foundation, some of the Geometry concepts will be familiar and he will be able to use ________ to incorporate them into his existing math scheme. However, many of the Geometry concepts will be brand new and he will have to use ________ to develop new aspects of his math scheme. A) assimilation; maturation B) assimilation; accommodation C) accommodation; assimilation D) accommodation; maturation
assimilation; accommodation
Contrary to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the information-processing approach is discontinuous and instead focuses on the components of thinking that are integral to cognition across the life span. The two components of the thinking process that the information-processing approach focuses on are _________ and _________. A) assimilation; accommodation B) memory; assimilation C) attention; memory D) attention; assimilation
attention; memory
An increase in _________ during adolescence is hypothesized to be the main factor explaining increases in active genotype → environment effects. A) autonomy B) parental control C) peer relationships D) cognitive ability
autonomy
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence has received many criticisms; however, the overarching issue revolves around how intelligence should be defined. Critics of Gardner's theory assert his definition of intelligence is too _______. A) narrow B) broad C) fragmented D) reductionistic
broad
As a resulting of recent findings from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, researchers now know that the ________ is the last brain structure to stop growing in emerging adulthood and is involved in higher functions such as development of _________. A) cerebellum; social skills B) frontal lobe; posture C) frontal lobe; social skills D) cerebellum; posture
cerebellum; social skills
The ethic of ____________ defines individuals as members of social groups to which they have commitments and obligations. A) conventional B) divinity C) autonomy D) community
community
Scholars define a _________________ as consisting of two primary components, which include a typical practice in a culture and the cultural beliefs that provide the basis for the practice. A) symbolic inheritance B) socialization outcome C) custom complex D) gender role
custom complex
During puberty, adolescents' hearts and lungs experience considerable growth. This growth has implications for changes in physical functioning such that adolescents' heart rate _______ and vital capacity ______ A) increases; decreases B) decreases; increases C) stabilizes; increases D) increases; stabilizes
decreases; increases
Research by Basseches on the development of postformal thinking has found that emerging adults develop an awareness that problems often have no clear solution and that two opposing points of view may each have merit, which is called _____________. A) dialectical thought B) twofold thought C) binary thought D)dualistic thought
dialectical thought
Research on Perry's theory of reflective judgment has found that although significant gains are made in emerging adulthood, these gains tend to be more as a result of _________ than of maturation. A) peer influences B) educational influences C) genetic influences D) media influences
educational influences
Researchers critiquing the information-processing approach have found that adolescents and emerging adults placed in situations that elicit a high level of ___________ are ___________ likely to engage in advanced reasoning. A) boredom; more B) emotions; less C) emotions; more D) boredom; less
emotions; less
According to the theory of genotype → environment effects, __________ genotype → environment effects are stable from childhood through emerging adulthood. A) effective B) passive C) evocative D) active
evocative
Adolescents are better than children at integrating cognitive abilities such as attention, memory, planning, and reasoning. This skill is called ____________, and an example of it is ____________. A) automaticity; adding B) executive functioning; driving a car C) executive functioning; adding D) automaticity; driving a car
executive functioning; driving a car
The two primary hormones that the pituitary gland releases to stimulate the development of the gametes are: A) estradiol and testosterone B) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol D) luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
Sandy's parents have taught her how to change a tire and the oil in her car because they want her to develop self-sufficiency. Sandy is growing up in a(n) ____________ culture that promotes the development of the ____________ self. A) individualistic; interdependent B) collectivistic; independent C) collectivistic; interdependent D) individualistic; independent
individualistic; independent
Sofia is a 14-year-old Latina girl growing up in the United States. She greatly respects the authority of her parents and feels a strong attachment and obligation to her family. As part of an American __________ culture, she is being socialized to develop __________ values. A) minority; collectivistic B) majority; collectivistic C) majority; individualistic D) minority; individualistic
minority; collectivistic
Compared to early maturing boys, early maturing girls are _______ likely to have a negative body image and _______ likely to become involved in delinquent behaviors. A) equally; more B) more; equally C) less; more D) more; less
more; equally
In the early 1900s, Robert Baden-Powell developed the Boy Scouts to fill a need for formally educating children about moral standards and values. An example of a moral value listed in the Scout Oath that all boys memorized is _________________. A) independence B) self-expression C) obedience D) uniqueness
obedience
Research by Labouvie-Vief on postformal thinking has found that emerging adulthood brings about an awareness of how social and situational factors must be taken into account when problem solving in real life, which is called __________. A) practicalism B) pragmatism C) skepticism D) realism
pragmatism
Emerging adults develop enhanced self-control over their emotions because of new connections in the brain between the ____________ and parts of the lower brain that are involved in emotion and motivation. A) cerebral cortex B) prefrontal cortex C) temporal lobes D) occipital lobes
prefrontal cortex
During puberty, increases in the production of the sex hormones promote the development of eggs and sperm and the sex organs, which are called the ________. A) secondary sex characteristics B) reproductive characteristics C) primary sex characteristics D) puberty characteristics
primary sex characteristics
Results from transracial adoption studies have found that in general, when Black children are raised in adoptive White families, their IQs are as high or higher than the average IQ for Whites. These findings indicate overall differences in IQ between Whites and African Americans are mostly a result of _________ factors. A) evocative B) social class C) passive D) genetic
social class
David has begun to shave because of the growth of his facial hair over the past few months. Which of the following has David already experienced regarding his pubertal development? A) spermarche B) Peak VO2 max C) maximum physical height D) Menarche
spermarche
Kevin and Katie are both 13-year-old adolescents who have just begun to show the observable changes of puberty. Increases in the sex hormones have influenced these observable changes, with Kevin producing more ________ than Katie and Katie producing more ______ than Kevin. A) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH); luteinizing hormone (LH) B) estradiol; testosterone C) testosterone; estradiol D) sperm; egg cells
testosterone; estradiol
According to Vygotsky's theory, adolescents learn best if instruction is provided at the ________ of their zone of proximal development and then is gradually removed as competence is developed. This principle of gradually removing direct instruction is known as ________. A) top; scaffolding B) bottom; mentoring C) top; mentoring D) bottom; scaffolding
top; scaffolding
