Ther Ex Exam 1

CONTRACTURE

adaptive shortening of the mm. tendon unit and other soft tissues that cross or surround a joint resulting in significant resistance to passive or active stretch and limitation of ROM, which may compromise funct. abilities.

OVERWORK

or overwork weakness, refers to progressive deterioration of strength in muscles already weakened by nonprogressive neuromuscular disease.

PERIODIZATION

or periodized training, is an approach to resistance training that breaks up a training program into periods and builds systematic variation in exercise intensity and repetitions, sets, or frequency at regular intervals over a specified period of time.

EXERCISE

planned and structured physical activity designed to improve or maintain physical fitness

CONTRAINDICATIONS TO RESISTANCE EXERCISE

Pain, inflammation, severe cardiopulmonary disease

Distraction

Separation of joint surfaces

SAID PRINCIPLE

Specific Adaptations to Imposed Demands - suggests that a framework of specificity is a necessary foundation on which exercise programs should be built.

CENTER OF GRAVITY

The COG refers to the vertical projection of the COM to the ground. In the anatomical position, the COG of most adult humans is located slightly anterior to the second sacral vertebrae or approximately 55% of a person's height.

PROGRESSIVE RESISTANCE EXERCISE

a system of dynamic resistance training in which a constant external load is applied to the contracting muscle by some mechanical means and incrementally increased.

STRENGTH TRAINING

a systematic procedure of a muscle or muscle group lifting, lowering, or controlling heavy loads (resistance) for a relatively low number of repetitions or over a short time period. The adaptation to heavy resistance training is the increase in the maximum force-producing capacity of a muscle - increase in muscle strength (primarily due to neural adaptation and an increase in muscle fiber size)

MUSCLE ENDURANCE/AEROBIC POWER

ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load (resistance), generate and sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of time.

ENDURANCE

ability to perform low intensity, repetitive, or sustained activities over a prolonged period of time. Cardiopulmonary endurance is associated with repetitive, dynamic motor activities such as swimming, cycling, walking, upper extremity ergometry, etc. which involve use of large mm groups.

DYNAMIC FLEXIBILITY

aka Active ROM, is the degree to which an active mm. contraction moves a body segment through the available ROM of a joint. it is dependent on the degree to which a joint can be moved by a mm. contraction and the amount of tissue resistance met during the active movement.

PASSIVE FLEXIBILITY

aka PROM, the degree to which a body segment can be passively moved through available ROM. dependent on the extensibility of mm and CT that cross and surround a joint. Pre-req for, but doesn't ensure dynamic flexibility

EQUILIBRIUM

all competing influences or forces are balanced.

HYPERPLASIA

an increase in the number of of muscle fibers

HYPERTROPHY

an increase in the size (bulk) of an individual muscle fiber caused by an increase in myofibrillar volume.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

any bodily movement produced by the contraction of skeletal muscles that result in a substantial increase over resting energy expenditure.

RESISTANCE EXERCISE

any form of active exercise in which dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force applied manually or mechanically. Aka resistive training.

PROPRIOCEPTIVE NEUROMUSCULAR FACILITATION (PNF)

approach to therapeutic exercise that combines functionally based diagonal patterns of movement with techniques of neuromuscular facilitation to evoke motor responses and improve neuromuscular control and function

AEROBIC EXERCISE TRAINING

augmentation of the energy utilization of the muscle by means of an exercise program. The improvement of the muscle's ability to use energy is a direct result of increased levels of oxidative enzymes in the muscles, increased mitochondrial density and size, and an increased muscle fiber capillary supply.

ENDURANCE TRAINING

characterized by having a muscle contract and lift or lower a light load for many repetitions or sustain a muscle contraction for an extended period of time.

SUBSTITUTE MOTIONS

compensatory movement patterns caused by mm action of a stronger adjacent agonist or a muscle group that normally serves as a stabilizer (fixator)

OPEN CHAIN EXERCISE

completely unrestricted movement in space of a peripheral segment of the body, as in waving the hand or swinging the leg.

HYPOMOBILITY:

decrease mobility or restricted motion

BASE OF SUPPORT

defined as the perimeter of contact area between the body and its support surface; foot placement alters the BOS and changes a person's postural stability. A wide stance, such as is seen with many elderly individuals, increases stability, whereas a narrow BOS, such as tandem stance or walking, reduces it. So long as a person maintains the COG within the limits of the BOS, referred to as the limits of stability, he or she does not fall.

MECHANICAL RESISTANCE EXERCISE

form of active- resistive exercise in which resistance is applied through the use of equipment or mechanical apparatus.

MODE

form of exercise (ex. weight-bearing, NWB, types of mm contraction, position of exercise, forms of resistance, velocity, etc.)

PHYSICAL FITNESS

general term used to describe the ability to perform physical work. Performing physical work requires cardiorespiratory functioning, muscular strength and endurance, and musculoskeletal flexibility. Optimum body composition is also included when describing fitness.

OVERLOAD PRINCIPLE

guiding principle of exercise prescription that has been one of the foundations on which the use of resistance exercise to improve mm performance is based. If mm performance is to improve, a load that exceeds the metabolic capacity of the mm must be applied--that is, the mm must be challenged to perform at a level greater than which it is accustomed.

STABILIZATION

holding a body segment or holding the body steady.

GROUND REACTION FORCE(GRF

in accordance to newton's law of reaction, the contact between our bodies and the ground due to gravity(action forces) is always accompanied by a reaction from it, the so-called ground reaction force.

INTENSITY

in an exercise, in a resistance training program, is the amount of resistance (weight) imposed on the contracting mm during each repetition of an exercise.

NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL:

interaction of the sensory and motor system that enables synergists, agonists, and antagonists, as well as stabilizers and neutralizers to anticipate or respond to proprioceptive and kinesthetic information and, subsequently to work in correct sequence to create coordinated movement.

CENTER OF PRESSURE

location of the vertical projection of the ground reaction force. It is equal and opposite to the weighted average of all the downward forces acting on the area in contact with the ground.

VO2 MAX

measure of the body's capacity to use oxygen. Max amount of oxygen consumed per minute when the individual has reached max effort.

MYOCARDIAL O2 CONSUMPTION

measure of the oxygen consumed by the myocardial muscle.

COMPONENT MOTIONS

motions that accompany active motions but are not under voluntary control. Often used synonymously with accessory motion.

JOINT PLAY

motions that occur between the joint surfaces and also the distensibility or "give" in the joint capsule, which allows the bones to move. Necessary for ROM and can be done passively but not actively by the patient.

ACTIVE ROM

movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM produced by active contraction of the muscles crossing that joint.

PASSIVE ROM

movement of a segment within the unrestricted ROM that is produced entirely by an external force; there is little to no voluntary muscle contraction. The external force may be from gravity, a machine, another individual, or another part of the individual's own body. PROM and passive stretching are NOT synonymous (see ch.4)

ACCESSORY MOVEMENTS

movements in the joint and surrounding tissues that are necessary for normal ROM but that cannot be actively performed by the patient.

PHYSIOLOGICAL MOVEMENTS

movements the patient can do voluntarily i.e osteokinematic movement

REPETITION

number of times a particular movement is repeated; the number of muscle contractions performed to move the limb through a series of continuous and complete excursions against a specific exercise load.

DECONDITIONING

occurs with prolonged bed rest, and its effects are frequently seen in the patient who has had an extended, acute illness or long-term chronic condition. Decreases in VO2 max, cardiac output(stroke volume), and muscular strength occur rapidly.

MOBILIZATION/MANIPULATION:

passive, skilled manual therapy techniques applied to joint and related soft tissues at varying speeds for therapeutic purposes.

MUSCULOSKELETAL CONTRIBUTIONS

postural alignment, musculoskeletal flexibility such as joint ROM, joint integrity, muscle performance(strength, power, and endurance), and sensation(touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, and kinesthesia).

MOMENTUM

product of mass times velocity. Linear momentum relates to the velocity of the body along a straight path, for example, in the sagittal or transverse planes. Angular momentum relates to the rotational velocity of the body.

NERVOUS SYSTEM

provides the (1) sensory processing for the perception of body orientation in space provided mainly by the visual, vestibular, and somatosensory systems; (2) sensorimotor integration essential for linking sensation to motor responses and for adaptive and anticipatory aspects of postural control; and (3) motor strategies for planning, programming, and executing balance responses.

MANUAL CONTACT

refers to how and where the therapist's hands are placed over the agonist muscle groups or their tendinous insertions; this contact allows the therapist to apply resistance to the appropriate muscle groups and cue the patient as to the desired direction of movement.

LIMITS OF STABILITY

refers to the sway boundaries in which an individual can maintain equilibrium without changing his or her BOS. These boundaries are constantly changing depending on the task, the individual's biomechanics, and aspects of the environment

DETRAINING

reflected by a reduction in muscle performance, begins within a week or two after cessation of resistance exercises and continues until training effects are lost.

POWER

related to strength and speed of movement and is defined as the work (force * distance) produced by a muscle per unit of time (force * distance/time). It is the rate of performing work.

SELF-MOBILIZATION

self stretching techniques that use joint traction or glides that direct the stretch force to the joint capsule.

ISOMETRIC EXERCISE

static form of exercise in which a muscle contracts and produces a force without an appreciable change in the length of a mm.

CONTEXTUAL EFFECTS

that interact with the two systems are the environment whether it is closed(predictable with no distractions) or open(unpredictable and with distractions), the support surface(i.e., firm versus slippery, stable versus unstable, type of shoes), the amount of lighting, effects of gravity and inertial forces on the body, and task characteristics (i.e., well- learned versus new, predictable versus unpredictable, single versus multiple tasks)

CENTER OF MASS

the COM is a point that corresponds to the center of the total body mass and is the point at which the body is in perfect equilibrium. It is determined by finding the weighted average of the COM of each body segment.

MOBILITY

the ability of structures / segments of the body to move or be moved in order to allow the occurrences of ROM for funct. activities. passive mobility is dependent on soft tissue extensibility, in addition, active mobility requires neuromuscular activation. (functional mobility= the ability of an individual to initiate, control, or sustain active movements of the body to perform simple to complex motor skills)

POSTURAL STABILITY:

the ability of the neuromuscular system through synergistic mm. actions to hold a prox. or distal body segment in a stationary position or to control a stable base during superimposed movement. joint stability is the maintenance of proper alignment of bony partner of a joint by means of passive and dynamic components.

FUNCTIONAL STRENGTH

the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce, reduce, or control forces, contemplated or imposed, during functional activities in a smooth, coordinated manner.

BALANCE

the ability to align body segments against gravity to maintain or move the body within the available base of support without falling. requires interaction between sensory and motor systems and involves musculoskeletal, nervous, contextual effects, somatosensory, visual, and vestibular.

FLEXIBILITY

the ability to move freely, without restriction; used interchangeably with mobility

CARDIOPULMONARY FITNESS(endurance)

the ability to perform moderate intensity, repetitive, total body movements over an extended period of time.i.e walking, jogging, swimming, etc.

MUSCLE PERFORMANCE:

the capacity of the mm. to produce tension, and do physical work (force*distance). muscle performance encompasses strength, power, and muscular endurance.

COORDINATION

the correct timing and sequencing of muscle firing combined with the appropriate intensity of muscular contraction leading to the effective initiation, guiding, and grading of movement. Coordination is the basis of smooth, accurate, efficient movement, and occurs at a conscious or automatic level.

FUNCTIONAL EXCURSION:

the distance a muscle is capable of shortening after it has been elongated to its maximum. It can be directly influenced by the joint it crosses.

FREQUENCY

the number of exercise sessions per day or per week; the number of times per week a specific muscle groups are exercised or certain exercises are performed.

CLOSED CHAIN EXERCISE

the peripheral segment meet with "considerable external resistance." The distal segment is fixed or stabilized on a support surface.

EXERCISE ORDER

the sequence in which exercises are performed during an exercise session has an impact on muscle fatigue and adaptive training effects.

THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE

the systematic, planned performance of bodily movements, posture, or physical activities intended to provide a patient with the means to remediate or prevent impairments, improve, restore or enhance physical function.- optimize overall health status

DURATION

the total number of weeks or months during which a resistance program is carried out.

ACTIVE-ASSISTED ROM

type of AROM in which assistance is provided manually or mechanically by an outside force because the prime mover muscles need assistance to complete the motion.

MANUAL RESISTANCE EXERCISE

type of active-resistance exercise in which resistance is provided by a therapist or other health professional

POSTURAL CONTROL:

used interchangeably with static or dynamic balance.

OVERTRAINING

used to describe a decline in physical performance in healthy individuals participating in high-intensity, high-volume strength and endurance programs.

VOLUME

(of exercise) is the summation of the total number of repetitions and sets of a particular exercise during a single exercise session times the intensity of the exercise.

RANGE OF MOTION

: a basic technique used for the examination of movement and for the initiating movement into a program of therapeutic intervention. Full motion possible is ROM.

STRENGTH

Ability of contractile tissue to produce torsion and a resultant force based on the demands placed on the muscle; the greatest measurable force that can be exerted by a muscle or muscle group to overcome resistance during a single max effort.

ADAPTATION

Cardiovascular system and the muscles used adapt to the training stimulus over time. results in an increased efficiency of the cardiovascular system and the active muscles. Represents a variety of neurological, physical, and biochemical changes in the cardiovascular and muscle systems.

DYNAMIC EXERCISE

Dynamic exercise against constant external resistance (DCER) is a form of resistance training in which a limb moves through a ROM against a constant external load, provided by free weights such as handheld or cuff weights, torque arm units, weight machines or weight-pulley systems. Variable resistance exercise addresses the primary limitation of dynamic exercise against a constant external load; specifically designed resistance equipment imposes varying levels of resistance to contracting muscles to load the mm more efficiently at multiple points in the ROM.

ISOKINETIC EXERCISE

Dynamic exercise in which the velocity of a mm shortening or lengthening and the angular limb velocity is predetermined and held constant by a rate-limiting device known as an isokinetic dynamometer.

SPECIFICITY TRAINING

Exercises incorporated into the program should mimic the anticipated function.

Traction

Longitudinal pull

FATIGUE

Muscle (local) fatigue - the diminished response of muscle to a repeated stimulus- is reflected in a progressive decrement in the amplitude of motor unit potentials. Cardiopulmonary (general) fatigue - diminished response of an individual (the entire body) as the result of prolonged physical activity, such as walking, cycling, or repeated lifting or digging. It is related to the body's ability to use O2 efficiently. It is caused by decreased blood glucose levels, decreased in glycogen stores in muscle and liver, depletion of K.