Topic 6 = The "New Imperialism" & Global Interaction (& Geography)

Agricultural

For centuries, China was able to be isolated from the West because it was largely self-sufficient. The basis of this self-sufficiency was China's healthy _____ economy, which produced crops like rice, maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts.

Livingstone

"Dr. __________, I presume?"--Henry Stanley (1871)

Imperialism

A policy in which one country seeks to extend its authority by conquering other countries or by establishing economic and political dominance over other countries:

Boers

Also known as Afrikaners, the name of the Dutch farmers that initially settled in South Africa (but ultimately fled north during the "Great Trek" of the 1830 to escape the British):

Boxer Rebellion

Anti-foreign, anti-imperialist, anti-Christian, and anti-Qing uprising that took place in China between 1899 and 1901, which was led by members of the "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists"; this movement was crushed by an eight-nation alliance among the "Western" powers:

Tea

British Railroads transported raw products from the interior of India to the ports and manufactured goods back again. Most of the raw materials were agricultural products produced on plantations. Plantation crops included tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute (a fiber used for sacks and cord). Another crop was opium. The British shipped opium to China and exchanged it for _____, which they then sold in England.

Liberia

By 1914, only __________ and Ethiopia (Abyssinia) remained free from European control:

British

By the early 20th century, its empire was the largest in world history, an empire on whom "the sun never sets":

Ten

Europeans had established contacts with sub-Saharan Africans as early as the 1450s. However, powerful African armies were able to keep the Europeans out of most of Africa for 400 years. In fact, as late as 1880, Europeans controlled only __________ percent of the continent's land, mainly on the coast.

Matthew Perry

His arrival in Japan in 1853 with a flotilla of steam-powered warships led to favorable trade treaties for the United States:

Longitude

Imaginary vertical lines on a map that run north and south and express how far east or west of Prime Meridian you are; also called meridians:

Feudal

In the early 17th century, Japan had shut itself off from almost all contact with other nations. Under the rule of the Tokugawa shoguns, Japanese society was very tightly ordered. The shogun parceled out land to the daimyo, or lords. The peasants worked for and lived under the protection of their daimyo and his small army of samurai, or warriors. This rigid ______ system managed to keep the country free of civil war. Peace and relative prosperity reigned in Japan for two centuries.

Protectorate

In this form of imperialism, country or a territory maintains its own internal government but is under the control of an outside power:

Indirect control

In this imperial management method (adopted by the British and Americans), local government officials are used, limited self rule is granted to the colony, government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules, and a goal is to develop future leaders:

Direct control

In this imperial management method (adopted by the French, Germans, and Portuguese), foreign officials were brought in to rule, the colony was not granted self-rule, government institutions were based only on European styles, and a key goal was assimilation:

Rubber

King Leopold II claimed that his primary motive in establishing the colony was to abolish the slave trade and promote Christianity. However, he licensed companies that brutally exploited Africans by forcing them to collect sap from __________ plants. At least 10 million Congolese died due to the abuses inflicted during Leopold's rule.

Hemisphere

Large half sections of the Earth; half a sphere:

Continents

Largest units of Earth's land:

Modernize

On the positive side of British colonial rule in India, the laying of the world's third largest railroad network was a major British achievement. When completed, the railroads enabled India to develop a modern economy and brought unity to the connected regions. Along with the railroads, a modern road network, telephone and telegraph lines, dams, bridges, and irrigation canals enabled India to _____. Sanitation and public health improved. Schools and colleges were founded, and literacy increased. Also, British troops cleared central India of bandits and put an end to local warfare among competing local rulers.

Four

Over time, __________ forms of colonial control emerged: colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, and economic imperialism.

Substantial

The "new" imperialism of the 18th and 19th centuries was conducted differently from the "old" explorations of the 15th and 16th centuries. In the earlier period, imperial powers often did not penetrate far into the conquered areas in Asia and Africa. Nor did they always have a __________ influence on the lives of the people.

Assimilation

The French also supported a policy of __________. That policy was based on the idea that in time, the local populations would adopt French culture and become like the French. To aid in the transition, all local schools, courts, and businesses were patterned after French institutions.

Scramble

The __________ for African territory had begun in earnest about 1880:

White Man's Burden

The idea—which partially fueled the "new" imperialism—that Europeans had a moral responsibility to civilize ignorant peoples:

Relative location

The location of a place in relation to other places (e.g., NW, SE, downstream from, north of...):

Mineral

The major source of great wealth in Africa proved to be the continent's rich __________ resources. The Belgian Congo contained untold wealth in copper and tin. Even these riches seemed small compared with the gold and diamonds in South Africa.

Great Trek

The name of the long journey made in the 1830s by several thousand Boers (voertrekkers) to escape the British:

Social Darwinism

This social theory supported imperialism; it argued that those nations that were "fittest" for survival enjoyed wealth and success and were considered superior to others:

Missionaries

Those Europeans who did penetrate the interior of Africa were explorers, __________________, or humanitarians who opposed the European and American slave trade. Europeans and Americans learned about Africa through travel books and newspapers.

Late 19th and early 20th century

Timeframe of the "New Imperialism":

Favorable balance of trade

When exports outweigh imports:

Nationalist

Besides some calls for modernization and Westernization, _____ feelings started to surface in India in the late 19th century. Indians hated a system that made them second-class citizens in their own country.

Ethiopia

As in Nigeria, Africans across the continent resisted European attempts to colonize their lands. However, the contest between African states and European powers was never equal because of the Europeans' superior arms. Africans resisted the Europeans with whatever forces they could raise and often surprised the Europeans with their military ability. With the single exception of __________, though, all these attempts at resistance ultimately failed.

Imports

Because of their self-sufficiency, the Chinese had little interest in trading with the West. For decades, the only place they would allow foreigners to do business was at the southern port of Guangzhou. And the balance of trade at Guangzhou was clearly in China's favor. This means that China earned much more for its exports than it spent on _____.

Fillmore

Beginning in the early 19th century, Westerners tried to convince the Japanese to open their ports to trade. British, French, Russian, and American officials occasionally anchored off the Japanese coast. Like China, however, Japan repeatedly refused to receive them. Then, in 1853, U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry took four ships into what is now called Tokyo Harbor. These massive black wooden ships powered by steam astounded the Japanese. The ships' cannons also shocked them. The Tokugawa shogun realized he had no choice but to receive Perry and the letter Perry had brought from U.S. president Millard _____.

Opium War

Aptly named struggle between the British and Chinese in 1839, after which the British won important trading privileges and were ceded the island of Hong Kong:

Hokusai

Artist of The Great Wave off Kanagawa, ca. 1833

Imperialistic

As Japan's sense of power grew, the nation also became more _____. As in Europe, national pride played a large part in Japan's imperial plans. The Japanese were determined to show the world that they were a powerful nation.

Porcelain

Chinese self-sufficiency was also built on its extensive mining and manufacturing industries. Rich salt, tin, silver, and iron mines produced great quantities of ore. The mines provided work for tens of thousands of people. The Chinese also produced beautiful silks, high quality cottons, and fine _____ ("China").

Responsive

Despite the failure of the Boxer Rebellion, a strong sense of nationalism had emerged in China. The Chinese people realized that their country must resist more foreign intervention. Even more important, they felt that the government must become _____ to their needs.

Competition

During colonial rule, the British set up restrictions that prevented the Indian economy from operating on its own. British policies called for India to produce raw materials for British manufacturing and to buy British goods. In addition, Indian _____ with British goods was prohibited.

Cash-crop

During the New Imperialism in Africa, European businesses eventually developed __________ plantations to grow peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, and rubber. These products displaced the subsistence food crops grown by farmers to feed their families.

Poppy

European merchants were determined to find a product the Chinese would buy in large quantities. Eventually they found one—opium. Opium is a habit forming narcotic made from the _____ plant. In the late 18th century, however, British merchants smuggled opium into China for nonmedical use. It took a few decades for opium smoking to catch on, but by 1835, as many as 12 million Chinese people were addicted to the drug.

Disease

European travel into the African interior on a large-scale basis was virtually impossible. Europeans could not navigate African rivers, which had many rapids, cataracts (waterfalls), and changing flows. The introduction of steam-powered riverboats in the early 1800s allowed Europeans to conduct major expeditions into the interior of Africa. __________, like malaria, also discouraged European exploration.

Malaria

Even with superior arms and steam engines to transport them, another factor might have kept Europeans confined to the African coasts. They were highly susceptible to __________, a disease carried by the dense swarms of mosquitoes in Africa's interior.

Unity

Factors within Africa also made the continent easier for Europeans to colonize. Africans' huge variety of languages and cultures discouraged __________ among them. Wars fought between ethnic groups over land, water, and trade rights also prevented a unified stand. Europeans soon learned to play rival groups against each other.

Rudyard Kipling

Famous English writer whose poem, the "White Man's Burden," encapsulated one of the primary motivations for the "New Imperialism":

Kanagawa

Fillmore's letter politely asked the shogun to allow free trade between the United States and Japan. Perry delivered it with a threat, however. He would come back with a larger fleet in a year to receive Japan's reply. That reply was the Treaty of _____ of 1854. Under its terms, Japan opened two ports at which U.S. ships could take on supplies. After the United States had pushed open the door, other Western powers soon followed. By 1860, Japan, like China, had granted foreigners permission to trade at several treaty ports. It had also extended extraterritorial rights to many foreign nations.

Qing

Foreigners were not the greatest of China's problems in the mid-19th century, however. The country's own population provided an overwhelming challenge. The number of Chinese grew to 430 million by 1850, a 30 percent gain in only 60 years. Yet, in the same period of time, food production barely increased. As a result, hunger was widespread, even in good years. Many people became discouraged, and opium addiction rose steadily. As their problems mounted, the Chinese began to rebel against the _____ Dynasty (r. 1636-1912).

Ieyasu

He was the first shogun of the Tokugawa family and lived from 1543-1616 CE:

Latitude

Imaginary horizontal lines on a map that run east and west and express how far north or south of the equator you are; also called parallels:

Open Door

In 1899, the USA proposed this policy in which the "doors" of China be open to merchants of all nations. Britain and the other European nations agreed. This policy thus protected both U.S. trading rights in China, and China's freedom from colonization. But the country was still at the mercy of foreign powers.

Colony

In this form of imperialism, a country or a territory is governed internally by a foreign power:

Economic imperialism

In this form of imperialism, an independent but less developed country is controlled by private business interests rather than other governments:

Sphere of influence

In this form of imperialism, an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges in a certain area:

Railroad

India became increasingly valuable to the British after they established a _____ network there.

Racist

India both benefited from and was harmed by British colonialism. On the negative side, the British held much of the political and economic power. The British restricted Indian-owned industries such as cotton textiles. The emphasis on cash crops resulted in a loss of self-sufficiency for many villagers. The conversion to cash crops reduced food production, causing famines in the late 1800s. The British officially adopted a hands-off policy regarding Indian religious and social customs. Even so, the increased presence of missionaries and the _____ attitude of most British officials threatened traditional Indian life.

New Imperialism

Industrialization stirred ambitions in many European nations. They wanted more resources to fuel their industrial production. They competed for new markets for their goods. Many nations looked to Africa and southeast Asia as a source of raw materials and as a market for industrial products. As a result, colonial powers seized vast areas of Africa and southeast Asia during the 19th and early 20th centuries, a period called the _________ __________.

Quinine

Invented in 1829, this drug protected Europeans from becoming infected with malaria:

Maxim

Invented in 1884, it was the world's first automatic machine gun and could fire 500 rounds per minute:

Treaty of Nanjing

It ended the Opium War in 1842 CE, and gave Britain control over Hong Kong (which has maybe the most valuable port in the world), five other ports where foreigners were not subject to Chinese law (the colonists there gained extraterritorial rights), and the equivalent (inflation adjusted) of 2 billion dollars in cash:

Nation-state

It involves a centralized government that can claim and exercise authority over a distinctive territory, and a certain degree of linguistic and cultural homogeneity:

Daimyo

Local lords in feudal and early modern Japan who were responsible to pay stipends to samurai:

Westernize

Many missionaries believed that European rule was the best way to end evil practices such as the slave trade. They also wanted to "civilize," that is, to "_____________________," the peoples of the foreign land.

Bakufu

Name for the military style Japanese government of feudal and early modern Japan:

Isthmus

Narrow strip of land that separates two larger land masses:

International

On the positive side, colonialism in Africa reduced local warfare. Humanitarian efforts in some colonies improved sanitation and provided hospitals and schools. As a result, lifespans increased and literacy rates improved. Also positive was the economic expansion. African products came to be valued on the __________ market. To aid the economic growth, railroads, dams, and telephone and telegraph lines were built in African colonies. But for the most part, these benefited only European business interests, not Africans' lives.

The Rhodes Colossus

Punch magazine, 1892

Extraterritorial

Rights granted to foreign nationals that exempt them from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations:

Boer War

Some historians argue this was the first modern "total war" as the Boers launched commando raids and used guerrilla tactics against the British, while the British countered by burning Boer farms and imprisoning women and children in disease-ridden concentration camps; fought between 1899-1902 CE:

Dutch

South Africa demonstrated the impact that Europeans had on African peoples. The history of South Africa is a history of Africans, __________, and British clashing over land and resources.

Jewel

The Industrial Revolution had turned Britain into the world's workshop, and India was a major supplier of raw materials for that workshop. Its 300 million people were also a large potential market for British made goods. It is not surprising, then, that the British considered India the brightest "_____ in the crown," the most valuable of all of Britain's colonies.

Meiji

The Japanese were angry that the shogun had given in to the foreigners' demands. They turned to Japan's young emperor, Mutsuhito, who seemed to symbolize the country's sense of pride and nationalism. In 1867, the Tokugawa shogun stepped down, ending the military dictatorships that had lasted since the 12th century. Mutsuhito took control of the government. He chose the name Meiji for his reign, which means "enlightened rule." Mutsuhito's reign, which lasted 45 years, is known as the _____ era.

Industrialization

The Meiji emperor realized that the best way to counter Western influence was to modernize. He sent diplomats to Europe and North America to study Western ways. The Japanese then chose what they believed to be the best that Western civilization had to offer and adapted it to their own country. The emperor also energetically supported following the Western path of ______. By the early 20th century, the Japanese economy had become as modern as any in the world.

Stipend

The annual salary paid by the daimyo to the samurai:

Racism

The belief that one race is superior to others, an important motive of the "New Imperialism":

De Beers

The biggest diamond company in the world today, which was founded in 1888 CE by British businessman and imperialist Cecil Rhodes:

Absolute location

The exact location of a point on the Earth's surface which can be expressed by latitude and longitude (for instance, Centerville High School = 39.6270° N, 84.1483° W):

Artificial

The most harmful political legacy from the colonial period was the division of the African continent. Long-term rival chiefdoms were sometimes united, while at other times, kinship groups were split between colonies. The __________ boundaries combined or unnaturally divided groups, creating problems that plagued African colonies during European occupation. These boundaries continue to create problems for the nations that evolved from the former colonies.

Sinocentrism

The name of the longstanding belief that China was the center of all civilization and that it was superior to other nations:

National

The race for colonies also grew out of a strong sense of national pride. Europeans viewed an empire as a measure of __________ greatness. As the competition for colonies intensified, each country was determined to plant its flag on as much of the world as possible.

Shogun

The title of the military dictators of feudal and early modern Japan:

Samurai

The warrior class of feudal and early modern Japan:

Leopold II

This Belgian king (r. 1865-1909 CE) oversaw a brutal colonial empire in the Congo River valley:

Cecil Rhodes

This British businessman, imperialist, and supporter of Social Darwinism tried to connect "Cairo to Cape Town":

Berlin

This conference, held in 1884 & 1885, included 14 European nations and the United States and tried to regulate conditions under which territorial annexations in Africa could be made (no Africans were present):

Menelik II

This famous Ethiopian emperor (r. 1889-1913) defeated the Italians decisively at the Battle of Adowa in 1896, which kept the Ethiopians free from European imperial rule; he was able to do so by building a modern army and playing off European rivals against each other:

Foothold

Throughout the late 19th century, many foreign nations took advantage of the domestic strife in China and attacked. Treaty negotiations after each conflict gave these nations increasing control over China's economy. Many of Europe's major powers and Japan gained a strong foothold in China. This _____, or sphere of influence, was an area in which the foreign nation controlled trade and investment.

Paternalism

Underlying the direct control of imperial management was this attitude in which Africans were unable to handle the complex business of running a country and instead needed a "parent" to provide for them:

Projections

Various map plans--like the "Mercator" and "Robinson" that depict the earth as a flat object, each of which distorts the earth in some way:

Shaka

With his disciplined warriors and military organization, this Zulu chief was able to carve out a large centralized kingdom in South Africa in the early 19th century:

Equator

Zero degrees latitude:

Prime Meridian

Zero degrees longitude: