Translation Final

1. Why does Pym believe translators should be invisible?

Readers might know who the translator is but they don't care! The "I" in the text refers to the "I" in the original text, not to the translator. Based on the equivalence operator's primacy

5. How does Pym view translator invisibility?

Readers might know who the translator is but they don't care! The "I" in the text refers to the "I" in the original text, not to the translator. Based on the equivalence operator's primacy Pym argues that for readers, the translator is "nobody in particular" (2004:69). The translator is "nobody" because the translated text functions as an "ideal equivalent" (2004:86) of the source text.

9. Describe the relationship between the literary system's "regulatory body" and patronage.

Regulatory body: the person, institutions, governors, church etc who or which extends patronage to the literary system The patronage consists of at least three components: an ideological one, an economic one, and a status component. They cant influence the literature directly.

3. Name one book you have read (one set in China, for example) in which the narrator covertly translated for you.

Spirit - the animated horse movie

3. How does the "banality" of translation provide an explanation for narrator amnesia?

That very ubiquity, however, can make translation seem banal. Just as people do not generally notice their own breathing, so do they not generally notice the extraordinary amounts of translation in their lives. Translation's banality makes it easy to forget or overlook. Translation's ubiquity and concomitant banality can create narrator amnesia even when no covert translation occurs

1. What is subjectivity?

The choices that the translator makes Nothing to do with biases. It refers to the translator's self. How the translator views her responsibility as she is translating.

13. Why doesn't Joseph Smith qualify as a classic spirit channeler?

The first point is that the translation did not occur spontaneously or easily; it required work A second point weakening the classic-channeling model concerns the numerous editorial changes Smith made in the 1837 (second edition) and 1840 (third edition) printings of the Book of Mormon What is a spirit channeler: something like a vantriliquist doll. The author puts his or her hand in the translator and moves the translators mouth

1. What is translator subjectivity?

The translator's self - an old model. How the translator views herself as she is translating What amount of the self is active while translating

1. What is a hermeneutic framework?

a. A term that attempts to describe the accumulated life experiences, the interior psychological forces, and the exterior ideological and social forces that determine how we understand the world. b. Used because it suggests an act of interpretation. Shapes both translators' reading of the foreign text and their production of the finished translation. c. Hermeneutics: the philosophy of understanding. d. Framework comes from us. We aren't born into a vacuum. We are born into a situation. All these experiences combine to control how we read.

1. What is Stylesight, and how does the company help the style and design industries?

a. A trend forecasting company that provides coverage on fashion, style, design of clothing, accessories, and interiors. \ b. The company pays attention to style all over the globe and creates forecasts. Newsletters, images, etc

1. How does retranslation illustrate the influence of hermeneutic frameworks?

a. Different retranslations can challenge each other's validity, especially when they are very different yet they are from the same cultural location or generation.

1. Provide your own example of a false cognate, such as "actualmente." How do false cognates illustrate the influence of hermeneutic frameworks?

a. Embarazada - pregnant, not embarrassed. b. Exito - success, not exit c. They show how the first language and world will influence what 'sounds right' because they have always been part of the language learners world.

1. Why does Card believe that "any depiction of life without evil is a lie"? (P. 71)

a. He believes this because no one wants to read a story without evil in it. Evil is more entertaining that unrelenting goodness. Also, it is what brings some truth to the lie of fiction.

1. Why did Martin Luther's Bible translation exercise such powerful influence on the development of German?

a. He chose to use words and language that sounded good when read aloud - focused more on pleasing to the ear rather than pleasing to the eye. He made it readable for the common man b. Think of influence of language of kings James on English speaking culture. "thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's wife."

1. Based on your answer to the foregoing question, what might the gates of hell be?

a. I think they might be the human suffering/Satans power.

1. In Matthew 16, Jesus talks about the gates of hell. Provide two possible definitions of hell.

a. It could mean the literal gateway to the place called hell. b. It could mean that Satan's power won't overcome the followers of Christ. c. It could also mean that death will not have power over Christ's church. (Hades/hell/underworld/place of death)

1. Why does wine create a huge challenge for translators?

a. It involves knowledge of wine taste itself, also the agriculture and lots of other stuff.

1. What is the Poetry Translation Centre, and what does it have to do with Amazonian bejuco vines?

a. It is a group of diverse people who work to translate poems from languages in Africa and such. These people worked to translate a poem that had the work "bejuco" who is not easily translated into English. They decided to leave it in its native language and to just add 'vine' after it to clarify.

1. Why is translation competence considered a "supercompetence?"

a. It is considered a supercompetence because it requires more than the basic four language skills. You have to have a greater knowledge.

1. On page 107, a poet laureate says that translating poetry is an "act of supreme empathy." Other people, however, argue that literary translation can be an act of colonization. How so?

a. It is empathy because you are trying to share something special with people of another language. But other people see it as an act of colonization because it is a mix of culture b. Their translation of God included "Buddha" its radically different.

1. What is transcreation, and what is transcreation's role in the greeting-card industry?

a. It isn't translation. It is recreating entirely. They focus on the concept that needs to be conveyed b. It's a marketing term. Define: gets rid of idea of translation. Best way to package a message

1. What does diversity suggest about why Church members might view a particular book as evil or not? (Pp. 83-92)

a. It suggests that we all have different beliefs and are allowed to decide for ourselves. b. Example of public health care. In south America, they think free is good. Many don't here in north America.

1. Why does Card argue that fiction "depends as much on the reader as on the writer"? (Pp. 92-93, the example of the play)

a. It totally depends on how the reader interprets the fiction. Two people can take away entirely different perspectives from a single work of fiction. b. We change

1. Why is Alta Vista, which is a machine translation program, like a glossary?

a. Its like a glossary because it translates words without taking context into account. Basically it just looks for syononyms of the words in the other languages and puts it down. Example of "the spirit of God" being translated to "el alcohol of God."

1. What does Juan Ramón have to do with Dr. Seuss?

a. Juan Ramon is the name given to "Sam I am" in Green Eggs and Ham. It is Ramon because it rhymes with jamon

1. How do we see self-censorship among translators of Buddhist writings?

a. Many people didn't translate things they didn't agree with or that didn match their preferred and socially accepted version of Buddhism. There was also sexually explicit content that they didn't want to write.

1. What is translation's role in the so-called "medical tourism" area of cosmetic surgery?

a. Many people want to get surgery overseas, and these places put a lot of effort into translating their websites so that they will get customers.

1. What does cow dung have to do with Clairol's inability to sell its Mist Stick in Germany?

a. Mist in german means cow dung

1. What does Card mean by "the substance of truth" or "the ring of truth"? (Pp. 71-72, 81)

a. No matter how many deliberate lies a writer tells, his own most deeply held beliefs about good and evil will appear in his work. Cant write a morally neutral work of fiction. b. Also requires evil to be present in fiction

1. Do translators enjoy the same copyright protections as other writers (who supposedly aren't "derivative")? In your answer, explain why you might prefer to translate into Thai as opposed to some to other language.

a. No, they do not have the same copyright protections. In most countries you have to receive permission from the plaintiff. However in Thailand, it is not necessary if you are not aware of the law.

1. Do most literary translators make tons of money? Explain your answer, and make sure you mention toilet paper.

a. Nope. They would make more translating for an assembly line. Those who translate the toilet paper ingredients make more. "starving artist"

1. Why is the phrase "if only" a lie? (Pp. 87-89)

a. Only implies that a single change would have had a single effect. b. There is not single cause of any event and no single result from any change c. "if" implies that the predictor has a perfect knowledge of the cause and effect chain. But no man has the perfect knowledge

1. Why is there so much confusion about lunch ("almuerzo") in Latin American Spanish?

a. People have different cultural meals. So lunch can fall at different times during the day and can have different names

1. How is reality an escape from fiction? (74-75)

a. People say that fiction is an escape from reality, but really the reader is living the experiences of the character and is suffering and rejoicing when the character does. The happy ending comes as a relief, and the reader can come back into their world. b. Fiction is another kind of reality

1. What are the four skills that people usually use to measure linguistic competence?

a. Reading, writing, listening, and speaking b. (reading and listening are easier cuz they are passive, you don't have to produce anything.)

1. Pages 142-144 describe how a make-up translator helps Sarah Ferguson, a.k.a. "Fergie," sell a line of cosmetics for MAC. What kind of research does the successful Mexican translator do to translate this kind of material?

a. She researches magazines, the internet, blogs, and has even made her own glossary

1. Name two kinds of good wishes that people express while drinking (e.g., "Cheers!")]

a. Skal - Icelandic, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish b. Salud - spanish c. Bottoms up

1. Describe two challenges that make translating colors difficult.

a. Sometimes green and blue are the same word in a different language. b. Sometimes the same word is used for the sky and green. c. Some languages don't have words for all the colors - they use descriptions or comparisons instead.

1. Name two ways that fast-food restaurants have adapted to different countries.

a. The have translators that help employees know how to do their job well b. They adapt the food so it is appropriate for the country.

1. Why might Mormons, who presumably reject the concept of hell as a place where people burn forever, assume that the gates of hell refer to just such a place?

a. The influence of popular culture has influenced them in their thinking.

1. Concerning criminal cases, how are judges' powers in some Latin American different from those of U.S. judges?

a. The judges there are allowed to file criminal charges against someone. This can cause confusion to students who don't know this because the 'know' that this isn't possible (in their world).

1. What problem did Nestle face in marketing coffee to Latin Americans living in the U.S.?

a. The taste palate was different. Also coffee had another significance for them - social vs energy

1. Why does St. Jerome's Moses have horns?

a. There was a mistranslation cuz he was using a translation that didn't have the little marks. The error was fixed but not entirely. "it can also mean to cheat on someone behind their back"

1. Why do Japanese women give chocolates to Japanese men on Valentine's Day?

a. There was a mistranslation, and it lead them to believe it was their responsibility to buy men chocolates on Valentines Day

1. How does the problem of translating "God" and "Jesus" into Chinese illustrate the ethical issues that translators face?

a. These translations show that it is not very easy - they have to consider the words they choose to use and the meanings that will follow. Language is living, and translators are not impartial.

1. Muslims have an interesting attitude toward Koran translation. What is that attitude?

a. They believe that it cant be translated because it is the word of God. They think its vibrations can be felt, but the actual text cant be translated. They say that it can be explained in other languages, but its not the same as being translated. b. You are changing the actual word of God. c. *this is different than the Christian view. We know prophets make mistakes and we make changes.

1. Why didn't some LDS readers understand the purpose of the pipe shown in an Ensign article? (Pp. 69-70, 77)

a. They didn't understand that it wasn't advocating evil. It was trying to attract those who might be struggling. "showing evil is not necessarily advocating it.

1. Why might a translator catch errors that proofreaders may not?

a. They have never read the work before and are reading it with a real intention of understanding. They are focusing on making the original work make sense in a new language, and they tend to catch error (missing sentences, changes in names, etc.) a. Saco/maletin (bag vs. briefcase) example from Dr. Hague's translation

1. Why have many food companies had to change the names of their products for foreign markets (pp. 150-152)?

a. They have to change because the literal translation of the word or the English word itself is an inappropriate word in the target language

1. Name three things that interpreters do to help the Miss Universe pageant.

a. They interpret their answers to questions live on camera b. They give them the stage directions, c. They help them as they travel and need to get to different places

1. Depending on your language, find out how Portuguese or Spanish translators have resolved the problem of "Tom Marvolo Riddle" in the Harry Potter books.

a. They just changed a few letters of his name so that it would be "soy lord Voldemort" in Spanish. "Tom Sorvolo Ryddle"

1. Umberto Eco argues that translators must be like encyclopedias, not dictionaries. Why?

a. They need to be able to identify context in addition to vocabulary. They also need a basic knowledge of the world and how it works.

1. What do translators do when attempting to translate colors, such as the Spanish color guindo, that do not have precise equivalents in other languages?

a. They often use more descriptive words rather than a single word

1. Why does one translation of Los de abajo include profanity that the others do not?

a. They opt for the insult rather than using the verb. They use profanity to underscore the insult. b. They add the profanity to communicate the feelings that would have been invoked .

1. Many people assume that the gates of hell refer to Satan's power. Why?

a. They think that because they see it as a metaphor for the power of Satan. It is what they have learned growing up and its part of their hermeneutic framework.

1. What do the colors blue and green have to do with the linguistic term grue?

a. This term is used for the phenomenon of a word that means two colors/meanings

1. Why isn't translation competence simply an amalgam (mix/blend) of these four skills?

a. Translator must have knowledge of the languages, knowledge of the ccultures, and domain-specific knowledge. With this knowledge, they can translated for specific audiencs and purposes. b. There doesn't seem to be a correlation between these four skills and the ability to translate - need cultural mediation (exist in two cultures at the same time)

1. What is the difference between observation and truth? (P. 87)

a. Truth defined by the Lord is things as they are, as they were, and as they will be. b. But since we are human, we have not direct contact with that truth. Past events are told to us by observers, they color their observations with their prejudices. Our own prejudices cloud our vision of things as they are c. Observation tells us not what happened, but what was observed to have happened.

1. In the novel Brunswick Gardens, two letters illustrate how hermeneutic frameworks influence translation. Why?

a. We see how the background of the girl influenced her translation to be more passionate and worldly, while the translation of the reverend was much more spiritual and wholesome

1. What is retranslation?

a. When a piece is translated into the same language more than once

1. What does Card mean by "the illusion of truth"? (Pp. 71-72)

a. While the reader surrenders himself to the writer's controlled tour of life, the reader insists on some correspondence between the surface details of the story and the reality that the reader knows in his own life. b. Requires evil to be present in fiction c. Verisimilitude - illusion of truth. When fiction feels truthful enough for us to participate and relate

1. Is there really a language of high fashion (a "language of luxury", p. 144)? If so, how can we learn it?

a. Yes. It is very hard to learn. You need to be fluent in several languages as well as fluent in the language of fashion and high end living. b. Example of Rolex. What are they selling? They are selling a 'friend'. "if you get a Rolex, you can be as accomplished as James.." selling status

1. The word "condom" has a not-so-predictable equivalent in Portuguese and Spanish. What is it?

a. preservativo

1. How does Pym define translation competence?

a. the ability ot generate a target/text series of more than one viable term for the source text. And the ability to select only one target text from this series, quickly and with justified confidence, and to propose this garget text as a replacement of source text for a specified purpose and reader. (Anthony Pym) b. He helps us understand that there is not just one perfect translation. There are several. c. Select the best/proper one.

3. What is a "continuity problem" in film?

A torn shirt in one scene and torn somewhere else in the next. It isn't continuous. Its cuz filmmaking has many people collaborating.

6. Why does Robinson reject the (rationalist) idea that an executive self is in charge of everything we say or do?

Concerning these forces, Robinson cites current cognitive science and neuropsychology to assert that no "executive 'mind'" mediates them (2001:152). In lieu of an executive mind, Robinson borrows philosopher Daniel Dennett's concept of a "pandemonium"

14. What is unusual about Joseph Smith's approach to revealed language?

Joseph Smith's translator subjectivity served as a model for how he perceived his role as a revelator. Indeed, Smith did not usually claim that the words of his revelations were God's.

7. Lefevere's systems approach has four assumptions. These assumptions concern certain "constraints" on literature. What are they?

Literature is a system, embedded in the environment of a culture or a society It is a contrived system It is a stochastic system It is possible to present systems in an abstract, formalized way

2. Why does Lefevere consider refraction to be simply a "fact" of literature?

Lives have been affected by translations - like the bible Every reading is a type of rewriting The refraction of characters. Vampires, ghosts - funny, scary, back again

1. What does Lefevere mean by "refraction" or "rewriting"?

Misunderstandings and misconceptions - work is refracted through a certain spectrum Adaptation of a work of literature to a different audience, with the intention of influencing the way in which that audience reads the work Any interpretation/act of reading. My understanding of the work, regardless of whether or not im translating it

10. Why is the constraint of "natural language" similar to the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Natural language often reflects the culture. When this is changed to adapt it to another language, there is something missing. Part of the culture is missing

9. Do translators' personalities disappear in the translation process?

No because their 'personality demons' convey their personality through subjectivity

3. Literature often makes translation appear quick and easy. Should translators be concerned about that?

No because there will always be a need for translation.

It keeps things in their cultural context "Studying translations in their cultural context is a strength of Toury's approach "

Obvious form of translation Less obvious forms of criticism Commentary teaching

5. What does Lefevere mean when he says that Romanticism assumes that texts have "a sacred character"?

People think that texts should not be tampered with - hence the horror with which "bad" translations are rejected

15. How would Joseph Smith qualify as a creative translator?

creative translators will enjoy pandemonium again and again as they explore the polyvalence of the texts they engage.

3. Pym criticizes Venuti. What is Pym's criticism?

objection concerns what readers will accept as translational discourse that readers expect all texts received as translations, idiomatic or foreignized, to be the ideal equivalent of a source text

16. Why didn't God simply provide an English translation of the Book of Mormon?

As Kathleen Flake notes, Cowdery failed to translate because he failed to "study things out"; he seems to have believed that translation simply meant "parroting God's reading" (2007:507). In contrast to Cowdery, Joseph Smith apparently did "study things out." Specifically, the revelation above implies that Smith wrestled to render channeled impressions - the ancient text's content - into idiomatic English. This process would be analogous to that of a translator who understands the concepts of a source text but struggles to express them in the target language. This struggle to "study things out" does not fit well with a classic channeling model Everything in the church is based on revelation. Its not something easy to explain away. It teaches joseph how to receive revelation.

3. According to Lefevere, Romantic thought opposes refraction for four reasons. What are they?

Assumption of the genius and originality of the author who creates ex nihilo as opposed to an author like Brecht Sacred character of the texts - not to be tampered with The belief in the possibility of recovering the author's true intentions The concomitant belief that works of literature should be judged on the intrinsic merit only

3. How is the suspension of disbelief similar to a translation reader's willingness to forget?

By suspending disbelief, readers accept the unreal as real; they participate in a reality bordered by the covers of a book. This suspension of disbelief may drive readers to extraordinary lengths to overlook or explain possible narrator amnesia.

11. How does refraction represent a compromise between two systems?

It tries to carry a work of literature from one system to another - indicator of the dominant constraints in both systems

11. What is the role of habitualization in translation work?

Experienced translators, in contrast, will quickly produce a "'stock' or 'standard' transfer pattern" (ibid.). These quickly produced patterns reflect the power of habitualization. Such habitualization, one might argue, supports the rationalist account of an executive mind. Robinson asserts, however, that habitualization simply makes the process of demon-sifting more efficient: "Pandemonium ensues anew with every new translation. It's just that [with experienced translators] the pandemonium is a bit more streamlined, a bit less like a bar room brawl"

6. Lefevere proposes a "systems approach" to literature. Based upon your prior readings, how does this systems approach depend upon Gideon Toury's concept of norms?

It keeps things in their cultural context "Studying translations in their cultural context is a strength of Toury's approach "

12. How does habitualization suggest something like rationalism's executive self?

It produces patterns

4. Lefevere opposes the idea of a truly original work of literature. Why?

He believes that everyone has to get their ideas from somewhere! Like Shakespeare We don't live in a vacuum. We have lots of ideas floating around us.

3. How in the heck did Dr. Seuss mess up like he did?

He just had narrator amnesia. He didn't realize his mistake The monkeys knew the words 'mayor' and 'whos' without Horton ever saying anything

3. How does Venuti propose making translators visible?

He proposes to raise visibility through foreignizing translation - resists dominant target-language cultural values so as to signify the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text' will not feel natural or transparent to target-culture readers. As a result, translators will no longer be invisible

4. How does Venuti view translator invisibility?

He proposes to raise visibility through foreignizing translation - resists dominant target-language cultural values so as to signify the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text' will not feel natural or transparent to target-culture readers. As a result, translators will no longer be invisible Venuti recognizes this modern preference for translator nobodies, but, unlike Pym, he opposes the kind of idiomatic translations that make translators invisible to readers. Venuti argues that idiomatic translation creates two negative situations: first, it "reinforces" the perception that translation is a "marginal" (1995:8) or derivative activity; second, it elides "linguistic and cultural difference" (1995:18), providing target readers the "narcissistic" (1995:15) experience of seeing themselves reflected in the translated text

3. How do authenticated translations view subjectivity?

Hermans makes a kind of legal argument: like international treaties, he says, the Book of Mormon functions as an "authenticated" text, and such texts effectively eliminate the translator's presence

2. How has Theo Hermans addressed the issue of authenticated translations?

Hermans makes a kind of legal argument: like international treaties, he says, the Book of Mormon functions as an "authenticated" text, and such texts effectively eliminate the translator's presence Authenticated translation: translations that are treated as originals - like in the European union. People know they aren't originals. "the translator doesn't exist."

12. How does the author's reputation in the source culture affect the degree of compromise listed above?

If they are more popular, in one place, it is easier to get popular in another

10. How do translators use imagination to perform their work?

Importantly, these word-demons exist only in the translator's imagination. That is, the translator imagines them while working. "Imagined-source-authordemons," for example, will flow from the translator's "imagining what the source author was trying to say", while "imagined-colleague-demons" will arise as the translator imagines "how another translator in the same language combination . . . would render this or that"

8. Where do Robinson's "word-demons" come from?

Informed by both exterior and interior forces - e.g. economic demons, ideological demons, personality demons - these word-demons represent responses to a source text. What are word demons/where do they come from: the experiences of the translator What kind of people do you imagine reading your translation "dr hague demons" they all exist in your imagination

3. How is narrator amnesia like a continuity problem?

It causes a break in the story, it messes with the readers mind. It just doesn't make sense.

7. How does the example of FL learners illustrate Robinson's rejection of an executive self?

It shows how many exterior and interior forces are pulling them in different directions. There is no executive mind that mediates them.

14. How does Brecht's work illustrate that Britain "needed" him more than did the U.S.?

What he was writing was more pertinent to the people of Britain in their "phase of evolution." Seemed to make an impact on the debate as to whether or not a state subsidized National Theater should be set up in England. "where the need for a foreign writer is felt, the critical establishment will be seen to split more easily.

15. What is a literary canon?

When a student accepts selections as "classics" without questioning them. The plays receive a position of relative hegemony. A literary work that becomes important/impactful. Who makes that decision? Regulatory body

16. How do anthologies create a literary canon?

When a student accepts selections as "classics" without questioning them. The plays receive a position of relative hegemony. A literary work that becomes important/impactful. Who makes that decision? Regulatory body

3. What is covert narrator translation?

When there is a narrating agent - the translation is hidden.

13. How does the target culture's "need" for the author affect the degree of compromise?

Where the need for the foreign writer is felt, the critical establishment will be seen to split more easily.